纯方位二维目标跟踪的航迹起始算法

 针对传统航迹起始算法在纯方位目标定位和跟踪系统应用中存在的弊端,提出了一种完全基于角度量测的快速航迹起始算法。该方法通过深入分析目标在角度坐标下的运动特性,给出了全新的关联门构造方法。该波门技术有效提高了纯方位二维目标真实量测的确认效率,极大限制了虚假航迹随密集杂波的扩张。利用此波门,通过基于逻辑的方法对仅有角度量测的目标航迹进行扩展。该方法有效地解决了角度坐标系下机动目标的航迹起始分辨率下降的问题,为基于单个被动传感器纯方位跟踪系统进行快速、准确的航迹起始提供了新的思路。仿真结果及实际应用表明了此算法的有效性和实用性。     

基于傅里叶变换的航迹对准关联算法

研究了在组网雷达存在系统误差情况下的目标航迹关联问题,理论分析了雷达系统误差对目标航迹的影响,并将该影响表示为目标航迹的旋转和平移量。在此基础上,提出了一种基于傅里叶变换的系统误差配准前航迹对准关联算法,该算法将组网雷达的航迹数据看做为一种整体信息,采用傅里叶变换理论来估计和补偿组网雷达目标航迹数据到融合中心航迹数据的相对旋转量和平移量,将雷达网中雷达上报的目标航迹数据对准到融合中心,从而不依赖于估计雷达网系统误差,实现了误差配准前的航迹准确关联,能够为后端的系统误差配准提供可靠的关联目标航迹数据。     

Precision large scale air traffic surveillance using IMM/assignmentestimators

We present the development and implementation of a multisensor-multitarget tracking algorithm for large scale air traffic surveillance based on interacting multiple model (IMM) state estimation combined with a 2-dimensional assignment for data association. The algorithm can be used to track a large number of targets from measurements obtained with a large number of radars. The use of the algorithm is illustrated on measurements obtained from 5 FAA radars, which are asynchronous, heterogeneous, and geographically distributed over a large area. Both secondary radar data (beacon returns from cooperative targets) as well as primary radar data (skin returns from noncooperative targets) are used. The target IDs from the beacon returns are not used in the data association. The surveillance region includes about 800 targets that exhibit different types of motion. The performance of an IMM estimator with linear motion models is compared with that of the Kalman filter (KF). A number of performance measures that can be used on real data without knowledge of the ground truth are presented for this purpose. It is shown that the IMM estimator performs better than the KF. The advantage of fusing multisensor data is quantified. It is also shown that the computational requirements in the multisensor case are lower than in single sensor case, Finally, an IMM estimator with a nonlinear motion model (coordinated turn) is shown to further improve the performance during the maneuvering periods over the IMM with linear models     

基于人工神经网络的多模型目标跟踪算法

针对在目标跟踪中单模型跟踪算法难以应对目标运动形式的变化,而多模型跟踪算法存在结构固定、跟踪精度被非匹配模型削弱且模型切换缓慢的矛盾,文章提出了一种基于人工神经网络的多模型目标跟踪算法。通过分析目标几种基本运动模式的轨迹特点,归纳出目标运动轨迹的特征向量。利用训练好的BP神经网络对滑窗里的轨迹段进行运动模型识别,按结果进行跟踪模型切换,达到使跟踪算法实时适应目标运动状态的目的。仿真结果证明了该算法的有效性,且与传统的多模型算法相比,具有结构更加简单、更强的灵活性和拓展性的特点。     

螺旋俯冲机动突防的制导律设计

针对识别和拦截技术高度发展所带来的突防难题，提出高超声速滑翔飞行器（HGV）螺旋俯冲机动突防的概念，并为此设计了一种基于虚拟滑动目标的自适应比例导引律。首先，通过分析HGV绕目标飞行的运动学特性，建立对数型的螺旋运动模型，以该模型为基础利用曲线渐伸线原理设计虚拟目标的滑动轨迹。然后，采用包含时变附加项的比例导引律追踪虚拟目标，从而实现引导HGV进行螺旋俯冲机动以及对真实目标的打击。接着，为提高虚拟目标的跟踪精度以及抵抗外部干扰的能力，设计了制导参数的闭环非线性自适应律，能根据当前偏差在线选择制导参数值。此外，还分析了满足收敛条件的制导参数的取值范围以及其进入闭环更新的策略。最后，分别针对静止目标和低速移动目标进行数值仿真验证，结果表明所设计的制导律不但能够引导HGV实施螺旋俯冲机动，还能够准确地命中目标。     

Track labeling and PHD filter for multitarget tracking

Multiple target tracking requires data association that operates in conjunction with filtering. When multiple targets are closely spaced, the conventional approaches (as, e.g., MHT/assignment) may not give satisfactory results. This is mainly because of the difficulty in deciding what the number of targets is. Recently, the probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter has been proposed and particle filtering techniques have been developed to implement the PHD filter. In the particle PHD filter, the track labeling problem is not considered, i.e., the PHD is obtained only for a frame at a time, and it is very difficult to perform the multipeak extraction, particularly in high clutter environments. A track labeling method combined with the PHD approach, as well as considering the finite resolution, is proposed here for multitarget tracking, i.e., we keep a separate tracker for each target, use the PHD in the resolution cell to get the estimated number and locations of the targets at each time step, and then perform the track labeling ("peak-to-track" association), whose results can provide information for PHD peak extraction at the next time step. Besides, by keeping a separate tracker for each target, our approach provides more information than the standard particle PHD filter. For example, in group target tracking, if we are interested in the motion of a specific target, we can track this target, which is not possible for the standard particle PHD filter, since the standard particle PHD filter does not keep track labels. Using our approach, multitarget tracking can be performed with automatic track initiation, maintenance, spawning, merging, and termination     

基于相对位置矢量的群目标灰色精细航迹起始算法

为解决群内目标精细航迹起始的难题,基于对传统航迹起始算法及现有群目标航迹起始算法优缺点的分析,给出了完整的群目标航迹起始框架,并提出了一种基于相对位置矢量的群目标灰色精细航迹起始算法。首先基于循环阈值模型、群中心点进行群的预分割、预关联,然后对预关联成功的群搜索对应坐标系,建立群中各量测的相对位置矢量,基于灰色精细互联模型完成群内量测的互联,最后基于航迹确认规则得到群目标状态矩阵。经仿真数据验证,与修正的逻辑法、基于聚类和Hough变换的多编队航迹起始算法相比,该算法在起始真实航迹、抑制虚假航迹及杂波鲁棒性等方面综合性能更优。     

海上目标雷达与 AIS航迹时空匹配方法

针对海上目标的雷达与船舶自动识别系统(Automatic Identification System,AIS)中,航迹之间存在的时空不匹配现象,提出了在空间对准之后结合海上航迹运动特点,对 AIS航迹数据进行插值对准雷达目标航迹的方法,在解决雷达与 AIS航迹之间时空不匹配问题的同时,最大程度减小插值误差。该方法根据船舶航向变化率,结合航速航向法和内插外推法的优势,针对不同航迹特点自动选择最佳的插值配准方法,实现海上目标的雷达与 AIS航迹点的自动插值和时空对齐。仿真实验结果表明,所提方法针对海上目标复杂运动,可以自动匹配选择最佳插值方法,有效降低误差,实现雷达与 AIS航迹之间的时空匹配。     

基于模板匹配的集中式多传感器群内目标精细跟踪算法

为解决多传感器探测下群内目标精细跟踪的难题,基于非机动情况下各探测周期内群内目标真实回波位置相对固定的特性,提出了一种基于模板匹配的集中式多传感器群内目标精细跟踪算法。该算法通过预关联成功的群状态集合与群量测集合分别建立模板形状矩阵和待匹配形状矩阵,利用匹配搜索模型和匹配矩阵确认规则选出代价最小的匹配矩阵,并基于模板和对应的匹配矩阵利用 kalman滤波完成群内各目标航迹的状态更新。仿真表明,与传统多传感器多目标跟踪算法中性能优越的基于数据压缩的集中式多传感器多假设算法相比,该算法在跟踪精度、实时性、有效跟踪率方面的性能明显优越,能很好的满足群内目标精细跟踪的实际工程需求。     

空间非合作目标多指包络抓捕路径设计

针对现有空间非合作目标抓捕中存在无固定抓捕点以及待抓捕目标存在动态性等问题,提出了一种"主-从"式多指包络抓捕路径设计算法。首先,为了降低多指包络构型设计中的自由度,将多指机构分为一根主手指和其余从手指两类。然后,为了实现对具有动态性的空间非合作目标的抓捕,采用误差跟踪控制方法使主手指的基关节与包络点之间的运动保持同步。接着,引入单向距离的概念衡量主手指构型和包络边相似度,并利用快速搜索随机树算法寻找使得单向距离最小的主手指关节角取值。进一步,根据多指机构的结构模型,确定其余从手指的构型。最后,根据包络条件选择能够约束住空间非合作目标运动的有效包络构型。通过对可以简化为扁平型的空间非合作目标和一般性三维空间非合作目标这两类目标的包络抓捕仿真可以得出,所设计的算法可适用于一般性空间非合作目标的包络抓捕,同时计算复杂度也大大降低。     

Multitarget tracking using the joint multitarget probability density

This work addresses the problem of tracking multiple moving targets by recursively estimating the joint multitarget probability density (JMPD). Estimation of the JMPD is done in a Bayesian framework and provides a method for tracking multiple targets which allows nonlinear target motion and measurement to state coupling as well as nonGaussian target state densities. The JMPD technique simultaneously estimates both the target states and the number of targets in the surveillance region based on the set of measurements made. We give an implementation of the JMPD method based on particle filtering techniques and provide an adaptive sampling scheme which explicitly models the multitarget nature of the problem. We show that this implementation of the JMPD technique provides a natural way to track a collection of targets, is computationally tractable, and performs well under difficult conditions such as target crossing, convoy movement, and low measurement signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).     

New assignment-based data association for tracking move-stop-move targets

We present a new assignment-based algorithm for data association in tracking ground targets employing evasive move-stop-move maneuvers using ground moving target indicator (GMTI) reports obtained from an airborne sensor. To avoid detection by the GMTI sensor, the targets deliberately stop for some time before moving again. The sensor does not detect a target when the latter's radial velocity (along the line-of-sight from the sensor) falls below a certain minimum detectable velocity (MDV). Even in the absence of move-stop-move maneuvers, the detection has a less-than-unity probability (P/sub D/<1) due to obscuration and thresholding. Then, it is of interest, when a target is not detected, to develop a systematic technique that can distinguish between lack of detection due to P/sub D/<1 and lack of detection due to a stop (or a near stop). Previously, this problem was solved using a variable structure interacting multiple model (VS-IMM) estimator with a stopped target model (VS-IMM-ST) without explicitly addressing data association. We develop a novel "two-dummy" assignment approach for move-stop-move targets that considers both the problem of data association as well as filtering. Typically, in assignment-based data association a "dummy" measurement is used to denote the nondetection event. The use of the standard single-dummy assignment, which does not handle move-stop-move motion explicitly, can result in broken tracks. The new algorithm proposed here handles the evasive move-stop-move motion by introducing a second dummy measurement to represent nondetection due to the MDV. We also present a likelihood-ratio-based track deletion scheme for move-stop-move targets. Using this two-dummy data association algorithm, the track corresponding to a move-stop-move target is kept "alive' during missed detections both due to MDV and due to P/sub D/<1. In addition, one can obtain reductions in both rms estimation errors as well as the total number of track breakages.     

Efficient target tracking using dynamic programming

A dynamic programming (DP) algorithm has been developed for the detection and tracking of subpixel-sized, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) targets observed by side-or forward-looking imaging sensors. A distinguishing feature of this approach is that target detection and tracking are combined into a single optimization procedure that takes into account statistical models of target motion, background noise, and clutter. Current work has led to a number of technical innovations that improve the performance and efficiency of the DP tracking algorithm, including the development of a new track scoring function, and an extension to the basic DP algorithm that reduces computation requirements by over an order of magnitude. A prototype infrared (IR) target tracking system incorporating these enhancements has been implemented for a step-starting IR camera application. Sensitivity improvements of several decibels over conventional sequential detection and tracking algorithms were realized     

A non-Bayesian segmenting tracker for highly maneuvering targets

The segmenting track identifier (STI) is introduced as a new methodology for tracking highly maneuvering targets. This nonBayesian approach dynamically partitions a target track into a sequence of track segments, making hard estimates of when the target's maneuvering mode transitions occur, and then estimates the parameters of the target model for each segment. STI is compared with two variable structures interacting multiple model (VS-IMM) algorithms through simulations, where it is shown to have a three fold performance advantage in median absolute turn rate estimation errors, as well as better position estimation for very highly maneuvering targets. STI is also shown to outperform a Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) fixed-interval smoother when estimates are retrospectively derived, and STI accurately characterize the temporal pattern of maneuvers.     

Road-map assisted ground moving target tracking

Tracking ground targets with airborne GMTI (ground moving target indicator) sensor measurements proves to be a challenging task due to high target density, high clutter, and low visibility. The exploitation of nonstandard background information such as road maps and terrain information is therefore highly desirable for the enhancement of track quality and track continuity. The present paper presents a Bayesian approach to incorporate such information consistently. It is particularly suited to deal with winding roads and networks of roads. The target dynamics is modeled in quasi one-dimensional road coordinates and mapped onto ground coordinates using linear road segments taking road map errors into account. The case of several intersecting roads with different characteristics, such as mean curvature, slope, or visibility, is treated within an interacting multiple model (IMM) scheme. Targets can be masked both by the clutter notch of the sensor and by terrain obstacles. Both effects are modeled using a sensor-target state dependent detection probability. The iterative filter equations are formulated within a framework of Gaussian sum approximations on the one hand and a particle filter approach on the other hand. Simulation results for single targets taken from a realistic ground scenario show strongly reduced target location errors compared with the case of neglecting road-map information. By modeling the clutter notch of the GMTI sensor, early detection of stopping targets is demonstrated     

基于超短基线声传感器阵的高速目标轨迹估计

针对低空高速飞行目标跟踪问题，首先研究了某典型目标噪声信号的时频特性，发现其信号呈现宽带低频特征，难以从频域对目标轨迹进行估计。在此基础上，从各路接收信号的到达时延量入手，考虑到声基阵只能布设于有限空间内的制约，提出了一种基于超短基线阵时延估计的目标跟踪方法。该方法利用各个超短基线阵接收声强极值点分别估计目标运动轨迹垂线方向，计算多个垂线的叉乘向量实现对目标运动方向的估计，再利用多面交汇的方式获估计得到目标运动轨迹。分别对目标俯仰角、方位角及运动轨迹估计的理论误差进行了推导，根据理论估计误差，为能够实现对目标运动轨迹的估计，各个超短基线阵应尽量保证与目标运动轨迹不在同一平面上。根据仿真结果，在采用4个传感器基阵时，角度估计平均误差在4°以内，位置估计相对误差在5%左右。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Sequential track extraction

Sensors like radar or sonar usually produce data on the basis of a single frame of observation: target detections. The detection performance is described by quantities like detection probability Pd and false alarm density f. A different task of detection is formation of tracks of targets unknown in number from data of multiple consecutive frames of observation. This leads to quantities which are of a higher level of abstraction: extracted tracks. This again is a detection process. Under benign conditions (high Pd, low f and well separated targets) conventional methods of track initiation are recommended to solve a simple task. However, under hard conditions the process of track extraction is known to be difficult. We here concentrate on the case of well separated targets and derive an optimal combinatorial method which can be used under hard operating conditions. The method relates to MHT (multiple hypothesis tracking), uses a sequential likelihood ratio test and derives benefit from processing signal strength information. The performance of the track extraction method is described by parameters such as detection probability and false detection rate on track level, while Pd and f are input parameters which relate to the signal-to-noise interference ratio (SNIR), the clutter density, and the threshold set for target detection. In particular the average test lengths are analyzed parametrically as they are relevant for a user to estimate the time delay for track formation under hard conditions     

多目标跟踪的概率假设密度粒子滤波

在多目标跟踪中,当目标数很大时,目标状态的联合分布的计算量会非常大。如果目标独立运动,可用各目标分别滤波来代替,但这要求考虑数据互联问题。文章介绍一种可以解决计算量问题的方法,只需计算联合分布的一阶矩——概率假设密度(PHD),PHD在任意区域S上的积分是S内目标数的期望值。因未记录目标身份,避免了数据互联问题。仿真中,传感器为被动雷达,目标观测值为距离、角度及速度时,对上述的PHD滤波进行了粒子实现,并对观测值是否相关的不同情况进行比较。PHD粒子滤波应用在非线性模型的多目标跟踪,实验结果表明,滤波可以稳健跟踪目标数为变数的情况,得到了接近真实情况的结果。     

Knowledge-based system for multi-target tracking in a littoral environment

The paper addresses how to efficiently exploit the knowledge-base (KB), e.g. environmental maps and characteristics of the targets, in order to gain improved performance in the tracking of multiple targets via measurements provided by a ship-borne radar operating in a littoral environment. In this scenario, the nonhomogeneity of the surveillance region makes the conventional tracking systems (not using the KB) very sensitive to false alarms and/or missed detections. It is demonstrated that an effective use of the KB can be exploited at various levels of the tracking algorithms so as to significantly reduce the number of false alarms, missed detections, and false tracks and improve true target track life. The KB is exploited at two different levels. First, some key parameters of the tracking system are made dependent upon the track location, e.g., sea, land, coast, meteo zones (i.e., zones affected by meteorological phenomena) etc. Second, modifications are introduced to cope with a priori identified regions nit hi high clutter density (e.g. littoral areas, roads, meteo zones etc.). To evaluate the behavior of the proposed knowledge-based tracking systems, extensive results are presented using both simulated and real radar data     

An Algorithm for Tracking a Maneuvering Target in Clutter

We consider the problem of tracking a maneuvering target in clutter. In such an environment, missed detections and false alarms make it impossible to decide, with certainty, the origin of received echoes. Processing radar returns in cluttered environments consists of three functions: 1) target detection and plot formation, 2) plot-to-track association, and 3) track updating. Two inadequacies of the present approaches are 1) Optimization of detection characteristics have not been considered and 2) features that can be used in the plot-to-track correlation process are restricted to a specific class. This paper presents a new approach to overcome these limitations. This approach facilitates tracking of a maneuvering target in clutter and improves tracking performance for weak targets.