Behaviour of hypersonic wind tunnels diffusers at low Reynolds numbers

This paper deals with the behaviour of hypersonic wind tunnels diffusers at low Reynolds numbers. The phenomena that occur in the diffusers at relatively low Reynolds numbers are particularly critical due to the interactions between shock waves and the large boundary layers present in the long throat, which can reduce the maximum recovery pressure and therefore the efficiency of the diffuser. The aim of the present paper is to correlate the results obtained by numerical simulations of the diffusers with the experimental results, obtained using a high enthalpy blow down arc jet facility. The numerical and experimental results are in agreement and show that, for the range of Reynolds number investigated, the diffuser efficiency is smaller compared to the values determined for similar diffusers operating at larger Reynolds numbers.     

基于图像的测量方法在工业风洞跨声速流测量中的最新进展

风洞中非定常复杂流场的实验研究要求先进的测量技术.基于图像的测量技术中最重要的是测量平面流速度场、平面压强分布、模型位置和变形、模型温度以及定量的高速流可视化等技术.DLR(德国宇航研究院)对这些技术的应用包括从低速流到跨声速流、从增升装置到螺旋桨和旋翼、从弹射装置和水塔储水罐尾迹流旋涡到三角翼上涡破裂现象等的研究.由于跨声速风洞的特殊环境,将基于图像的测量技术用于跨声速流要求专门的技术开发和有经验的科学家.给出了DLR空气动力学和流动技术研究所将基于图像的测量技术应用于跨声速流研究的最新进展.     

高焓激波风洞有效试验时间的诊断

高焓激波风洞能够产生模拟高马赫数飞行条件的气流总温,是研究高温真实气体效应以及再入物理问题的有效试验装备,但是激波风洞的试验时间较短,且随着气流焓值的提高大幅降低,仅为几毫秒,因此试验测试数据曲线中有效时间段的分辨十分重要,它直接影响到试验结果的可靠性及精度。鉴于此,采用压力测量、静电探针测量、非接触光学测量和热流测量的方式,针对中国科学院力学研究所JF-10高焓激波风洞16 MJ/kg总焓、7700 K总温的流场状态,对比研究了风洞喷管的起动时间以及有效测试时间。试验结果表明:静电探针测量方法最为有效地分辨了喷管起动时间段、有效试验时间段以及驱动气体的到达; JF-10高焓风洞在16 MJ/kg的状态下,喷管起动时间约为1.3 ms,风洞有效试验时间约为2 ms。     

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

对流传热场协同原理在高速可压缩边界层流动中的推广

应用理论分析方法对适用于不可压缩层流与湍流流动的对流传热场协同原理进行了可压缩层流与湍流流动上的推广。分析结果表明,与不可压缩流动的对流传热场协同原理不同,可压缩层流与湍流的对流传热取决于流动当地单位体积的动量与总焓梯度的协同。用当地单位体积的动量与总焓梯度的协同研究可压缩流动的壁面传热问题,对层流热流,不但计及了高速流动的密度变化对热流的作用,而且包括了静焓梯度、压力梯度、壁面分子黏性剪切效应对热流的影响;对湍流问题,除了高速流动的密度变化、压力梯度、壁面分子黏性剪切效应对热流的影响外,还计及了雷诺剪切应力对热流的作用。另外,对黏性影响不能忽略的不可压缩流动的对流传热问题,用速度向量与总温（总焓）梯度协同更精确。     

一种进气道自起动特性检测方法

发展了一种应用于激波风洞中快速检测高超声速进气道自起动能力的实验方法。该方法通过在隔离段内预先设置轻质堵块,迫使进气道在风洞运行初期不起动,待堵块被吹出后,流道恢复畅通,进而考察进气道是否具有起动能力。实验采用高速纹影拍摄同步壁面压强测量的手段,对二元高超声速进气道的起动特性进行了研究。通过对纹影照片以及相应的壁面压强信号的分析,对所发展的自起动检测方法的可靠性进行了考核,并进一步研究了内收缩比对进气道起动特性的影响。在激波风洞中获得了进气道自起动过程以及起动／不起动双解区的流场特征和相应的壁面压强变化历程。     

高焓激波风洞爆轰驱动技术研究

激波风洞爆轰驱动技术利用引爆可燃混合气体快速释放的化学能产生强激波,压缩激波管的试验气体,提供产生超高速流动所需的试验气源,是近十几年来发展成功的激波风洞强驱动方法.本文分布介绍了反向爆轰驱动、正向爆轰驱动和反向爆轰膨胀驱动模式,分析了应用这些驱动技术产生的高焓、高雷诺数、高超声速流动的气源特点,探讨了不同驱动模式影响激波风洞性能的关键因素.并重点介绍了反向爆轰膨胀驱动模式,分析了影响缝合条件的参数以及二次波现象.应用这些爆轰驱动技术,研制了能够产生总焓为1000K～8000K,具有较长试验时间的高品质超高速气流.为开展高超声速气动实验研究奠定了良好的基础.     

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

S形进气道锤击波荷载特性分析

利用基于改进的延迟分离涡模拟（IDDES）方法，对亚声速和超声速来流条件下某S形模型进气道进行了非定常计算，研究了发动机喘振所产生的瞬时高压波形对锤击波传播规律的影响.结果表明:锤击波产生后沿进气道迅速向前传播，运动过程中锤击波的运动速度基本保持不变，但强度不断增强.同时受气流离心力的影响，S形进气道弯曲段半径较大一侧壁面受到的锤击波气动荷载值更大.发动机喘振所产生的瞬时高压的加载梯度增加使得锤击波传播速度及强度增强，而压力卸载方式对锤击波强度的影响不明显.在亚声速和超声速来流条件下，增加瞬时高压峰值均使得锤击波荷载强度显著增强，并近似符合二次函数分布规律，而且超声速来流条件下锤击波强度较亚声速来流更强.      

壁压法用于高速风洞大迎角实验力和力矩修正

 用改进的壁压法,对 Ma≤ 0 .9时飞机的大堵塞比模型、大迎角风洞实验数据进行了洞壁干扰修正计算。修正中考虑了洞壁干扰修正量分布不均匀的影响,初步解决了大迎角实验洞壁干扰修正中最困难的力矩修正问题。该方法可用于各种透气壁或实壁风洞     

Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

超声速气流中的斜激波诱导自点火

在来流马赫数为2.5的条件下对氢气和乙烯燃料的斜激波诱导自点火过程进行了试验研究.采用纹影和高速摄影获得了自点火初始火核的形成和发展过程.试验考察了不同的来流总温、喷注条件、凹腔长度、斜激波强度等因素对自点火过程和点火边界的影响.研究结果表明:入射斜激波能够提高气流的局部参数起到强化自点火的作用.凹腔内形成的低速回流区有助于初始火核形成后的火核逆流传播,并起到防止初始火核因气流振荡而吹脱的稳定源作用.增加喷注压力、增加凹腔长度、提高来流总温有助于自点火的发生.      

A low-diffusion robust flux splitting scheme towards wide-ranging Mach number flows

This paper develops a low-diffusion robust flux splitting scheme termed TVAP to achieve the simulation of wide-ranging Mach number flows. Based on Toro-Vázquez splitting approach, the new scheme splits inviscid flux into convective system and pressure system. This method introduces Mach number splitting function and numerical sound speed to evaluate advection system. Meanwhile, pressure diffusion term, pressure momentum flux, interface pressure and interface velocity are constructed to measure pressure system. Then, typical test problems are utilized to systematically assess the robustness and accuracy of the resulting scheme. Matrix stability analysis and a series of numerical cases, such as double shear-layer problem and hypersonic viscous flow over blunt cone, demonstrate that TVAP scheme achieves excellent low diffusion, shock stability, contact discontinuity and low-speed resolution, and is potentially a good candidate for wide-ranging Mach number flows.     

超临界碳氢燃料的射流特性研究

针对未来先进航空发动机的超临界燃油喷射混合问题,采用纹影法对超临界正十烷(n-decane)/正戊烷(n-pent ane)混合物在静止环境中的射流激波结构进行试验,同时采用理论分析的方法研究了射流的相变途径和流量特性。纹影照片显示,在试验工况下射流在喷口附近呈现出马赫波等激波结构,燃料的压力是激波结构的主要影响因素。理论分析表明:在混合物的临界点附近,燃料压力较高时更有可能导致相变。由于物性的不同,大分子与小分子碳氢燃料的相变途径存在一定的差异,小分子燃料在喷射过程中更容易发生冷凝。采用1维等熵计算方法可以较精确地计算高温高压碳氢燃料的流量。     

Magnetically Driven Shock-Tube Flow Studies at High Velocities

An attempt to employ a magnetically driven shock tube as a tool for aerodynamic studies of high velocity and high enthalpy flows is described. Examples of results are given.     

一种高速风洞三维洞壁干扰壁压信息修正法

给出以壁压信息法为基础的高速风洞三维模型试验洞壁干扰修正方法。该方法要求洞壁附近为亚音速流动,但允许模型附近出现超音速区及激波。方法可用于各种通气壁或实壁风洞的亚跨音速试验。最后对四个模型在三种试验段中的二十多种试验进行了修正,其结果和NASA非线性修正方法的结果吻合得很好。     

超声速气流中凹槽结构煤油喷射和掺混研究

针对凹槽超声速气流中的喷射掺混现象开展了实验和数值计算研究。实验中采用了高速阴影法和PLIF(Plane laser induced fluorescence)方法详细地记录了实验现象。结合高速阴影得到的喷射和掺混随时间的流动变化过程,分析了其流动结构和机理。针对在凹槽内喷射的方案研究了喷射压力(1.0 MPa,3.0 MPa,4.0 MPa)、喷射角度(45°,90°)、来流总压和马赫数对掺混的影响。结果表明:在高速气流中,煤油破碎雾化机理依赖于大速度差、强剪切气流作用。煤油雾化区和来流空气混合边界存在涡结构。对小孔(d=0.4 mm)喷射,即使在高压(4.0 MPa)垂直喷射条件下,煤油射流产生的弓形激波强度也较弱。由于剪切层的存在导致上述参数变化对煤油穿透深度的影响较小。     

两类对转风扇的设计与气动特征数值研究

采用一维设计程序分析了前后转子设计转速比的影响,研究了平均半径处的增压比、绝热效率、扩散损失和激波损失随转速比的变化规律.用计算流体力学分析了设计点与非设计状态的两个对转级流场,研究了其详细物理现象.结果表明两个对转级的设计与非设计性能均良好.发现低速风扇的两个转子均为常规跨声速转子,而高速风扇的前转子常规,后转子则为前缘激波和通道激波均贯穿全叶展的全超声速转子.同时发现,均带有与常规风扇级相当的失速裕度,低速对转级是两个转子同时达到失速点并且激波被推出叶栅,而高速对转级则是后转子先达到失速点并激波推出,从而后转子决定着级失速裕度.      

超高速高焓流动研究进展

本文介绍了中国科学院高温气体动力学重点实验室在超高速高焓流动模拟技术和试验方法方面取得的研究进展.文章主要包括三部分研究内容:第一部分是关于发展先进的超高速试验模拟技术,包括爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞和爆轰驱动高焓膨胀管.高焓激波风洞产生的超高速气流速度的范围是3.5km/s～6.0km/s,高焓膨胀管能够模拟速度为6.5km/s～10km/s的超高速气流.第二部分介绍高焓激波风洞喷管流场诊断结果,用来检验喷管产生的超高速流场的流场品质及其与飞行条件的差异.第三部分是关于超高速流动的试验方法和数值技术研究,包括高焓流动中真实气体效应对飞行器俯仰力矩变化的影响;热化学反应流动中表面催化效应诱导的气动热变化规律;喷管流场的气流非平衡效应对试验结果可能产生的影响.     

Theories and methods for designing hypersonic high-enthalpy flow nozzles

Hypersonic high-enthalpy wind tunnels have been a challenge to ground tests in aerospace research area for decades and its test flow uniformity is one of the most important parameters for evaluating wind tunnel performances. Regarding to the performance requirement, theories and methods for designing hypersonic flow nozzles at high enthalpy conditions are quite difficult, but very interesting topics, especially when air molecule dissociations take place in wind tunnel test gas reservoirs. In thi...