Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

燃烧加热类高超声速高温风洞流场校测与评估

为建立统一的燃烧加热类高超声速高温风洞流场品质评价标准,针对国内6座不同喷管出口直径的燃烧加热类高超声速高温风洞,从统一的皮托压探针、总温探针和流场校测排架设计出发,分别研制了流场校测装置,完成了典型试验状态的流场校测试验。根据相同的数据处理和分析方法得到了相关风洞喷管出口截面的速度场、温度场及均匀区信息。6座风洞速度场均匀区直径分别对应喷管出口直径的73.3%、76.5%、75.0%、80.0%、74.7%、83.3%。根据各风洞流场校测结果,初步掌握了国内同类型风洞流场品质整体水平,提出了当前燃烧加热类高超声速高温风洞流场品质参考评价指标。对于马赫数4.5~6.0的试验状态,风洞速度场均匀区直径应不小于喷管出口直径的70%,均匀区内马赫数标准偏差与平均马赫数的比值应小于2%,总温标准偏差与平均总温的比值应小于5%。     

Interference-free wind tunnel testing of jet propelled missiles

Wind tunnel evaluation of the aerodynamic interaction effects between plume and the external flow past the missile body including the wake boundary (“slipstream”) over powered flight envelopes of rocket propelled vehicles can be greatly facilitated — or even made possible — by a methodology replacing the hot propellant by cold, inert gases. Model nozzle design is based on the second order matching of plume geometry and first order modeling of plume stiffness. Since modeled nozzles will have larger throat radii than the prototypes, one can use sting-supported, sting-fed model installations thus eliminating aerodynamic interference effects due to struts. The concepts of simulated altitude and simulated full-scale Reynolds Number greatly reduce wind tunnel occupancy time. Computer programs, covering all steps of evaluating prototype nozzle performance, model sting nozzle design, model test evaluation and interpretation have been developed. The modeling methodology is supported by experimental results obtained in an induction wind tunnel at the FFA, Bromma, Sweden and in the 16 T and VKF-A altitude tunnels at AEDC, Tullahoma, Tenn.     

超声速/高超声速双拐点喷管设计

为实现直连式试验台、高温风洞等试验设备的多马赫数运行,提出了双拐点喷管设计方法.喷管分2段设计,第1段共用,采用3次B-Spline函数描述喷管轴线马赫数分布.首先采用特征线方法求解Euler方程,得到无黏的理想喷管型面.其次采用参考温度方法求解边界层位移厚度,对无黏壁面进行修正得到实际壁面.共用段喷管出口的平行均匀流作为第2段喷管设计的初值.为验证设计方法的可行性,设计了中间马赫数为3.0,出口马赫数分别为4.0,4.5和5.0的双拐点喷管,并采用雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程对设计的喷管流场进行数值模拟.计算结果表明:喷管出口流场均匀,试验菱形区的马赫数误差小于1.2%.该方法提高了喷管设计精度,保证消波干净,为直连式试验台、高温风洞等设备的多个喷管共用一套动力系统提供了基础.      

超声速/高超声速风洞试验段结构形式对流场性能的影响研究

通过求解轴对称 N-S 方程,对Φ1 m 高超声速风洞马赫数3和6状态下的流场进行了模拟,计算结果与试验数据基本一致,验证了所用数值方法的可信性。在此基础上,对比研究了马赫数3和6状态下采用闭口等直圆截面和开口自由射流两种试验段结构形式的超声速/高超声速风洞在起动条件下的稳态流场性能。结果表明：采用闭口等直圆截面试验段和开口自由射流试验段的流场均匀区内速度场性能指标均满足相关标准要求;马赫数3喷管采用闭口试验段时,沿风洞轴向-300mm-900mm 截面范围内的流场均匀区直径均保持在Φ882mm 以上,均匀区面积较开口试验段增加了约31.57%;马赫数6喷管采用闭口试验段时,均匀区面积比开口试验段仅增加了约8.24%,流场品质略为提高。超声速条件下,闭口试验段的流场均匀区增加明显;但在高超声速条件下,闭口试验段的流场均匀区增加比较有限。     

A numerical optimization of high altitude testing facility for wind tunnel experiments

High altitude test facilities are required to test the high area ratio nozzles operating at the upper stages of rocket in the nozzle full flow conditions.It is typically achieved by creating the ambient pressure equal or less than the nozzle exit pressure.On average,air/GN2is used as active gas for ejector system that is stored in the high pressure cylinders.The wind tunnel facilities are used for conducting aerodynamic simulation experiments at/under various flow velocities and operating conditions.However,constructing both of these facilities require more laboratory space and expensive instruments.Because of this demerit,a novel scheme is implemented for conducting wind tunnel experiments by using the existing infrastructure available in the high altitude testing(HAT)facility.This article presents the details about the methods implemented for suitably modifying the sub-scale HAT facility to conduct wind tunnel experiments.Hence,the design of nozzle for required area ratio A/A*,realization of test section and the optimized configuration are focused in the present analysis.Specific insights into various rocket models including high thrust cryogenic engines and their holding mechanisms to conduct wind tunnel experiments in the HAT facility are analyzed.A detailed CFD analysis is done to propose this conversion without affecting the existing functional requirements of the HAT facility.     

高超声速推进系统用单膨胀斜面喷管型面设计和流场模拟

基于特征线法,并考虑变比热的影响,开展了高超声速飞行器用单膨胀斜面喷管设计。利用CFD数值模拟技术,计算得到了设计状态和沿飞行轨迹其它飞行状态下的单膨胀斜面喷管内外流场和特性。结果表明,在设计状态马赫数5时,基于特征线法得到的单膨胀斜面喷管内流场分布符合设计要求,而在其它较低的飞行马赫数下,单膨胀斜面喷管处于过膨胀状态,并且过膨胀的程度随飞行马赫数的降低而愈加严重。在马赫数2.5时,喷管膨胀面气流已发生明显分离,喷管性能急剧恶化。为了提高低马赫数条件下单膨胀斜面喷管的性能,采用变几何结构(调节下斜板角度)或基于二次流控制的单膨胀斜面喷管是必须的。     

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。     

升力体飞行器尾喷流模拟气动力试验方法研究

尾喷流对升力体高超声速飞行器的气动特性影响显著,风洞喷流模拟测力试验是研究升力体飞行器尾喷流干扰效应的重要手段。在尾喷流模拟气动力试验中,选取恰当的喷流模拟参数,以及克服喷流供气管路对天平测力的干扰以提高测量精准度,是需要解决的关键技术。在 CARDC 的Ф1米高超声速风洞中,研究了采用冷喷流模拟、飞行器整体模型测力的升力体飞行器尾喷流模拟测力试验方法。通过优化模型结构设计、选用小干扰的喷管分断缝隙密封措施,解决了带尾喷流模拟条件下的升力体飞行器气动力精确测量问题,提高了带喷流气动力试验数据精度,接近常规气动力试验的水平。     

低速风洞进气道试验柱形分布式引射器优化设计

为适应低速风洞发动机进气道试验的大流量模拟的迫切需要，介绍了适用于4 m量级低速风洞的柱形分布式引射器的设计方案。通过ANSYS-CFX软件采用有限体积法对引射器内流场进行了数值模拟,重点优化了引射器的引射面积比、离散的喷嘴分布方式和喷嘴出口设计点总压、马赫数等参数。综合考虑引射器在风洞中的使用条件限制和吸入流量技术指标要求,完成了引射器设计。优化后的引射器方案解决了小体积、大吸入流量需求之间的矛盾。在FL-14风洞的验证试验表明,优化后引射器的最大吸入流量达到9.07 kg/s,满足4 m量级低速风洞进气道试验大流量模拟需求。     

脉冲风洞热喷流实验方法初步研究

发动机燃气喷流对高超声速飞行器后体气动热环境有显著的影响,燃气喷流的物理模型对预测飞行器局部热环境有显著影响,为了利用脉冲风洞研究这类影响规律,研制了一套瞬态热喷流供气系统,建立了瞬态热喷流供气系统的工作方法。该系统的核心技术是利用氢氧燃烧驱动路德维希管（Ludwiegtube）,提供瞬态热喷流气源。本研究包括以下内容：不同氢氧比例对燃烧产物热力学状态及产生方式的影响;不同点火、破膜方式对气源产生及喷流流场稳定性的影响。本研究提出的热喷流供气系统可以提供满足缩比模型喷流实验所需喷流状态的热气源;可以在50ms内起动工作,满足与脉冲风洞同步工作的要求。     

高温燃气流风洞非稳态运行过程实验和数值模拟研究

针对热考核用高温燃气流风洞运行过程中的非稳态过程开展研究，采用风洞实验与数值计算相结合的方法研究了风洞整体起动、扩压器背压抬升、关机三种过程中喷管、实验舱和扩压器内瞬态流动特性。实验结果揭示了燃气风洞诸多有趣的瞬态现象，且披露了一手实验数据。而通过数值计算能较好地复现上述瞬态现象；借助数值计算能合理地解释试验现象产生的原因；还能捕捉实验中无法观测到的现象；此外还评估了该风洞扩压器的抗反压裕度在10kPa以上。因此，数值方法是研究大型燃气风洞瞬态流动特性最重要的辅助手段。该研究可为类似风洞运行调试提供借鉴，并为风洞实际运行提供数据支撑。     

声学风洞的设计

介绍声学风洞设计理论，重点阐述流场和声场以及声学测量中值得注意的一些问题，包括；声学风洞的定义；低速声学风洞和高速声学风洞的特点，关于设计方法；全新声学风洞的设计和常规风洞改造成声学风洞，设计遇到的声折射、声散射、流动振荡，消声大厅的回流，频率范围以及风扇叶片的失速问题；试验段的霍尔数以及提高霍尔数的方法；风洞消声器及降低风洞背景噪声的方法。本文还以ＮＨ－２风洞为例，简单讨论了常规风洞改造成声学风     

Integrated supersonic wind tunnel nozzle

In supersonic wind tunnels, the airflow at the exit of a convergent-divergent nozzle is affected by the connection between the nozzle and test section, because the connection is a source of disturbance for supersonic flow and the source of disturbance generated by this disturbance propagates downstream. In order to avoid the disturbance, the test can only be carried out in the rhombus area. However, for the supersonic nozzle, the rhombus region is small, limiting the size and attitude angle of the test model. An integrated supersonic nozzle is a nozzle and a test section as a whole, which is designed to weaken or eliminate the disturbance. The inviscid contour of the supersonic nozzle is based on the method of characteristics. A new curve is formed by the smooth connection between the inviscid contour and test section, and the boundary layer is corrected for the overall curve. Integrated supersonic nozzles with Mach number 1.5 and 2 are designed, which are based on this method. The flow field is validated by numerical and experimental results. The results of the study highlight the importance of the connection about the nozzle outlet and test section. They clearly show that the wave system does not exist at the exit of the supersonic nozzle, and the flow field is uniform throughout the test section.     

高焓激波风洞有效试验时间的诊断

高焓激波风洞能够产生模拟高马赫数飞行条件的气流总温,是研究高温真实气体效应以及再入物理问题的有效试验装备,但是激波风洞的试验时间较短,且随着气流焓值的提高大幅降低,仅为几毫秒,因此试验测试数据曲线中有效时间段的分辨十分重要,它直接影响到试验结果的可靠性及精度。鉴于此,采用压力测量、静电探针测量、非接触光学测量和热流测量的方式,针对中国科学院力学研究所JF-10高焓激波风洞16 MJ/kg总焓、7700 K总温的流场状态,对比研究了风洞喷管的起动时间以及有效测试时间。试验结果表明:静电探针测量方法最为有效地分辨了喷管起动时间段、有效试验时间段以及驱动气体的到达; JF-10高焓风洞在16 MJ/kg的状态下,喷管起动时间约为1.3 ms,风洞有效试验时间约为2 ms。     

Investigation of dual ignition for a detonation-driven shock tunnel in forward driving mode

A detonation-driven shock tunnel is useful as a ground test facility for hypersonic flow research. The forward detonation driving mode is usually used to achieve high-enthalpy flows due to its strong driving capability. Unfortunately, the strong detonation wave front results in diaphragm fragments that disturb the test flow and scratch the nozzle or test models. In this study, a dual ignition system was developed to burst a metal diaphragm without fragmentation in the forward driving mode. A series of experiments were conducted to validate the proposed technique. The influences of the delay time setting on the test conditions were investigated in detail. Numerical simulations were also conducted to obtain a better understanding of the wave processes in the shock tube. The results showed that the dual ignition system solved the diaphragm issues in the forward driving mode. The test time was shortened due to the additional ignition close to the primary diaphragm; the smaller the delay time, the shorter the effective test time. However, a small amount of time loss is considered worthwhile because the severe diaphragm problems have been solved.     

提高大迎角跨声速风洞实验堵塞度的有效途径—采用低超声速喷管

本文介绍用低超声速喷管代替声速喷管,解决了大迎角大堵塞度跨声速实验时的风洞壅塞问题。低超声速喷管可以在大堵塞的实验条件下,形成稳定的低超声速流场,消除风洞在大堵塞度实验时的马赫数空白区,从而使风洞的允许实验迎角和堵塞度范围增加一倍,并且能确保流场达到使用指标。模型实验结果和同一尺寸的模型在口径大一倍风洞中实验结果基本重合。     

吸气式高超声速飞行器机体推进一体化技术研究进展

吸气式高超声速一体化飞行器最显著的特点是子系统之间的耦合较其他类型飞行器更加强烈,这使得其设计具有挑战性。所有的子系统之间部件相互干涉,包括:气动、推进、控制、结构、装载和热防护等,特别是机体与超燃冲压发动机之间的耦合最为突出。飞行器的前体和后体下壁面既是主要的气动型面,又是超燃冲压发动机进气道外压缩型面和尾喷管的膨胀型面,在产生推力的同时也产生升力和俯仰力矩。机体与发动机的强耦合作用对飞行器的推力、升力、阻力、俯仰力矩、气动加热、机身冷却、稳定性和控制特性有直接的影响。本文介绍了国内外机体推进一体化技术的研究进展,重点介绍了中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)的相关研究工作,包括:密切曲锥曲面乘波进气道和基于双激波轴对称基准流场内转式进气道设计方法、独创的大尺度脉冲式燃烧加热风洞一体化飞行器带动力试验技术和高超声速内外流耦合数值模拟技术等。对高速飞行中激波边界层相互干扰、流动分离机理、可压缩湍流转捩及其控制、超燃冲压发动机燃烧流动机理等相关基础问题也进行了研究,强调了对高效高精度计算方法的迫切需求。     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

2m超声速风洞结构设计与研究

 2 m超声速风洞是一座下吹-引射式暂冲型超声速风洞,采用全钢结构。针对该风洞具有结构尺寸大、运行工况多、流场品质要求高、试验段和模型更换快捷以及采用全挠性喷管实现宽马赫数范围调节等特点进行了风洞总体和主要部段结构设计与研究。在风洞设计中利用试验方法以及丰富的风洞设计经验对洞体结构设计中的重点、难点问题进行了研究,广泛使用有限元分析方法进行理论计算,采用新颖的刚性烧结金属丝网材料进行消声降噪处理,并用挠性喷管和试验段一体化设计技术排除了挠性喷管与试验段间阶差对流场品质的影响,运用气垫运输技术使试验段和模型更换快捷、稳定。通过水压试验、振动检测、风洞静调和流场校测等方法验证风洞的结构设计是合理的,设计中新材料、新技术的应用是成功的。