Bidirectional DC-to-AC inverter with improved performance

Switch-mode DC-to-AC inverters using DC-to-DC converter topology have many advantages over the traditional bridge-type inverter. A bidirectional power circuit combined with a nonlinear robust control is proposed to form a high performance inverter. The output voltage of the inverter can be stabilized regardless of large changes in input voltage and output current. The distortion near the zero crossing point can be minimized. The load of the inverter can be resistive, inductive, or capacitive. Simulation results and experimental verification are provided     

High power factor operation of DCM series-parallel resonantconverter

This work presents the operating principle, analysis, design, simulation, and experimental results for a high frequency (HF) transformer isolated single stage ac-to-dc series-parallel resonant converter (SPRC) operating on the utility line, in discontinuous current mode (DCM). The equivalent circuit models and the state space analysis of the SPRC in DCM are presented. PROMATLAB software is used to solve the equations and to obtain important design parameters. SPICE3 simulation and experimental results obtained from a 150 W prototype are presented to verify the analysis. High power factor operation (>0.99) with low harmonic distortion (<18%) have been achieved for the entire load range even without active control, in addition to eliminating switching losses     

Parameter extraction for the extended cantilever model of magneticcomponent windings

The extended cantilever model (ECM) for transformer or inductor windings is convenient from the parameter extraction standpoint since, theoretically, each model parameter can be extracted from a single measurement of an open-circuit voltage or a short-circuit current. The impedance of the sensor used to measure a short-circuit current, however, makes the “short” less ideal, and it has been believed that each parameter in the ECM cannot be directly measured unless the impedance of the current sensor is negligible. It is shown that as long as the ECM parameters are reactive (inductive or capacitive) and the current sensor resistive, the current-sense resistance does not have to be restrictively small for the ECM parameters to be directly measurable. A linear, broadband formulation is also presented for extraction of the model admittances using current sensors with significant impedances     

Determination of the Number of Cells in a Stepped Sine Wave Inverter for Equal Charge Transfer

The synthesis of an inverter sine wave output voltage by a staircase wave shape of low level voltage sources (cells) is accomplished by combining the cells in series at specific time intervals. Different cells of the inverter are then connected to the load for different time durations which results in unequal discharging of the cells. In order for the cells to transfer equal charge during the system operation, each voltage step should consist of a different number of cells in a parallel combination (module), the number of which depends on the time along the wave shape. The number of cells in each module is determined from the circuit current analysis and the appropriate switching time intervals, and is performed for a resistive and an inductive load. This number depends on the number of inverter voltage steps, the cell internal resistance, and the type of the load. The proper number of cells in the modules ensures identical state of charge of the cells, and equal cell recharging, and simplifies cell inspection, maintenance, and replacement.     

Frequency-Domain Analysis of Switching Closed-Loop Regulators

An accurate analysis of a switching voltage regulator power stage is performed by eliminating the mathematical unrigorousness of the averaging technique. The differential equations are solved for the ON and OFF intervals to obtain the exact mean values in function of the values at the beginning and at the end of the intervals. The accurate relation is used for the integral of the derivative forming the left member of some equations. A flyback regulator power stage is analyzed as an example. Some considerations are made concerning the regulator compensation using a two-loop control circuit.     

Capacitive-loaded push-pull parallel-resonant converter

Results of a theoretical and experimental investigation of a capacitive-loaded push-pull parallel-resonant DC-DC converter (CL-PPRC) are presented and discussed. The push-pull parallel-resonant converter (PPRC) is driven by a lower-than-resonance frequency and the secondary voltage is rectified and smoothed by a capacitive filter. The CL-PPRC is shown to operate in the zero voltage switching (ZVS) mode with a boost-like DC transfer ratio that is approximately linear with the period of the switching frequency. Experimental results of a 180 W, high output voltage (1.8 KV) prototype are found to be in good agreement with the analysis, models, and simulation results presented. The basic characteristic of ZVS, the fact that the resonant current is passing through the switches only during a fraction of the period, the high-voltage transfer ratio, and the inherent input/output (I/O) isolation, make the proposed topology a viable design alternative in avionic and aerospace applications     

用微机控制的SPWM逆变器的研制

本文说明了利用 MCS-51系列单片机控制的 SPWM 型恒压恒频单相逆变器的设计思想,线路及其实现方法。为了改善在电感性负载下的输出波形,采用了方波及 SPWM 波混合控制的桥式功放电路。并采用了独特的调压方法,使输出波形及转换效率在不同负载下保持不变。该逆变器还具有电瓶亏电指示、过载保护、软起动等多种功能。最后给出实验结果。     

Surge and Noise Generation in a Forward DC-to-DC Converter

Switching surge and noise voltages are analyzed under the common-mode condition in a forward dc-to-dc converter. The analysis is performed by partitioning the switching time into several states and introducing the high-frequency equivalent circuits. The equivalent circuits include not only inductive and capacitive parameters, but also the parameters related to the switching speed of the transistor and the recovery characteristics of the diode. As a result, the effects of these various parameters on the surge and noise generation are made clear quantitatively.     

Design and implementation of an AC active load simulator circuit

An AC active load simulator circuit which can simulate a desired load impedance with a power factor from zero to unity (leading or lagging) for the tested AC source is realized and tested. An interface circuit is designed to compute the simulated current waveform for the load-driver circuit according to the specified program of the system control unit and the measured source frequency and voltage amplitude. Both inductive and capacitive loads can be simulated by adjusting the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms. A software feedback control approach is employed to adjust the current amplitude and the power factor for the purpose of maintaining the impedance value constant regardless of the variation of the source voltage amplitude     

Analysis of series-parallel resonant converter

A frequency-domain steady-state analysis is given for a series-parallel resonant converter (SPRC) operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) using Fourier series techniques. Equations for performance parameters are derived under steady-state conditions to provide simple design tools. The topology of the SPRC combines the advantageous properties of both the series resonant converter (SRC) and the parallel resonant converter (PRC). The key results of the work are: a novel half-wave rectifier SPRC, conditions for obtaining high part-load efficiency; and several boundary frequencies and limiting conditions such as the capacitive/inductive load boundary and open-circuit and short-circuit cases. Experimental results measured for an 80-W converter above the resonance at different load resistances and input voltages show excellent agreement with the theoretical performance predicted by the equations     

热防护系统高温纤维隔热毡传热及有效热导率分析

针对重复使用运载器热防护系统纤维隔热毡内部导热和辐射的耦合换热问题进行了分析,应用有限差分法建立了纤维隔热毡的数值分析模型.通过数值求解传热方程,计算了稳态的有效热导率.计算结果表明辐射和气体传导是纤维隔热毡内的主要传热方式,辐射作用随压力和试样密度的增加而降低,在试样温度高的一侧辐射是主要的传热方式,而在温度低的一侧气体传导为主要的传热方式;试样的有效热导率随纤维的平均直径、压力和温差的增加而增加,随试样密度的增加而降低.本文的计算结果与文献中的实验结果吻合较好,可以为纤维隔热毡及热防护系统的优化设计提供理论参考.     

Chopper-controlled wind-driven self-excited induction generators

Two chopper circuit configurations, one with voltage commutation, are shown to be useful for obtaining a controllable DC voltage from wind-driven self-excited pole-changing induction generators. For the case of a resistive load, expressions for the average load voltage and power are derived, and a set of normalized curves relating the voltage ratio and time ratio is drawn. Experimental results on a self-excited induction generator with a 4/6-pole combination using these choppers fully demonstrate the utility of the setup as a whole. Test results on an induction generator controlled by DC choppers demonstrate that any desired load voltage up to a maximum of input voltage can be maintained easily by varying the time period in the case of a load-commutated chopper and the on-off-time ratio in the case of a voltage-commutated chopper     

稳定状态下锥形伞结构分析

通过合理简化和假设确定轴对称锥形降落伞模型，建立了充满稳定状态下锥形伞受力平衡微分方程，然后根据空间几何关系和弹性力学，补充约束方程，通过数值方法求解方程，最终得到伞绳和伞衣的形状和应力。编成非线性迭代程序对锥形伞进行验证。算例表明，该模型可以用于锥形伞结构的初步分析和设计。     

A fixed frequency LCL-Type series resonant converter

A fixed frequency LCL-type series resonant converter (SRC) which uses an inductive output filter is proposed. Steady-state analysis of the converter is presented using complex ac circuit analysis. Based on the analysis, a simple design procedure is given. Detailed space integrated control experiment (SPICE) simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of the designed converter under varying load and supply voltage conditions. Also, detailed experimental results obtained from a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) based 500 W converter are presented to verify the analysis and SPICE simulation results. The results obtained from the analysis, SPICE simulation and the experimental converter are compared. The proposed converter requires a narrow variation in pulsewidth while maintaining lagging power factor mode of operation for a very wide variation in the load as well as supply voltage     

一类特殊的一阶常微分方程的初等积分法

微分方程是与微积分同时诞生的，从诞生的时候起，人们就试图用初等积分法求微分方程的解。经过一百多年的努力，人们掌握了一些可以用初等积分法求解的微分方程类型，也发现有许多微分方程无法用初等积分法求解。但还有很多微分方程可用初等积分法求解，只是人们还没有发现它们。所以，用初等积分法求解微分方程仍是微分方程领域的一个基本研究内容。在这篇文章里讨论了一类类似黎卡提方程的一阶微分方程的初等积分法。     

二次空气系统一维非定常计算方法

研究了燃气轮机二次空气系统的非定常计算方法.通过将整个二次空气系统划分为两部分,特征"长"元件以及局部损失元件.特征线法用于单个特征"长"元件的求解,通过将连续方程、动量方程、能量方程构成的偏微分方程组转换为常微分方程组并联立求解,可以充分考虑内部流动与换热的相互影响;基于压力修正的流体网络法则用于由多个局部损失元件组成的局部流体网络,首先对动量方程组进行求解,进而对各自的能量方程进行求解.如何在采用这两种方法进行求解的上述两类元件之间进行数据交互将被讨论.此外,所提出的时间步长定义方法以及改进的元件计算模型使得二次空气系统的非定常分析得以实现.计算程序经与某系统定常实验数据及单个元件的非定常计算数据进行对比,在10s的计算时间内,基于特征线法得到结果与CFD数据偏差达到10.2%,结果表明该计算程序可以满足二次空气系统非定常计算的要求.     

重力姿轨耦合效应引起的太阳能电站轨道共振

以任意相控阵天线式空间太阳能电站为研究对象,主要研究了其在轨运行过程中受到的重力姿轨耦合效应对其轨道运动的影响。首先,通过Hamilton原理建立起考虑重力姿轨耦合效应时的姿态运动和轨道运动的方程。其中,任意相控阵天线式空间太阳能电站被简化成刚体,它的重力势能以其结构尺寸和其轨道半径的比值为小量进行泰勒展开,并保留至二阶项。之后,采用解析的方法对方程进行分析,并发现当电站的姿态运动满足一定条件时,其轨道运动将会出现共振现象。此外,重力姿轨耦合效应还会引起空间太阳能电站轨道运动长期的漂移,通过选择合适的轨道运动初始条件可以消除漂移;而且,在一定条件下,重力姿轨耦合效应还会引起轨道运动的发散。最后,数值仿真结果验证了分析的正确性。     

Hybrid simulation codes with application to shocks and upstream waves

Hybrid codes in which part of the plasma is represented as particles and the rest as a fluid are discussed. In the past few years such codes with particle ions and massless, fluid electrons have been applied to space plasmas, especially to collisionless shocks. All of these simulation codes are one-dimensional and similar in structure, except for how the field equations are solved. We describe in detail the various approaches that are used (resistive Ohm's law, predictor-corrector, Hamiltonian) and compare results from the various codes with examples taken from collisionless shocks and low frequency wave phenomena upstream of shocks.     

ZVT boost converter using a ZCS auxiliary circuit

A soft switching boost converter with zero-voltage transition (ZVT) main switch using zero-current switching (ZCS) auxiliary switch is proposed. Operating intervals of the converter are presented and analyzed. Design considerations are discussed. A design example with experimental results obtained from a 600 W, 100 kHz, 380 V output, power factor corrected, ac-to-dc, boost converter using insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) is presented, Results show that the main switch maintains ZVT while the auxiliary switch retains ZCS for the complete specified line and load conditions     

Stepped Sinewave Inverter

A stepped sinewave dc/ac inverter was analyzed for an inductive load with respect to load current and voltage, harmonics, power factor, and efficiency. This special inverter of high efficiency and low harmonic content is constructed by synthesizing the sinusoidal output by discrete voltage sources, such as storage batteries, solar cell, etc., with electronic switching of the sources at specific time intervals. The switching times are determined for the condition of minimum distortion of the synthesized wave. A 50 W inverter was built and tested to demonstrate this approach.