舱门信号控制系统设计

随着民用飞机的发展,舱门信号系统也变的越来越重要了。特别是经历了几次有关货舱门故障导致飞机坠毁之后,舱门系统的重要性越来越突出。因此FAA出台了AC25.114修正案,给出了舱门信号系统设计应注意的事项,保证飞机飞行的安全。参照最新的FAA适航条例为依据,给出了某型飞机舱门信号控制系统的功能描述、设计方案和控制流程,并对该系统的核心部分进行了分析。     

A study of flight-critical computer system recovery from spaceradiation-induced error

It is well known that space radiation, containing energetic particles such as protons and ions, can cause anomalies in digital avionics onboard satellites, spacecraft, and aerial vehicles flying at high altitude. Semiconductor devices embedded in these applications become more sensitive to space radiation as the features shrink in size. One of the adverse effects of space radiation on avionics is a transient error known as single event upset (SEU). Given that it is caused by bit-flips in computer memory, SEU does not result in a damaged device. However, the SEU induced data error propagates through the run-time operational flight program, causing erroneous outputs from a flight-critical computer system. This study was motivated by a need for a cost-effective solution to keep flight-critical computers functioning after SEU occurs. The result of the study presents an approach to recover flight-critical computer systems from SEU induced error by using an identity observer array. The identity observers replicate the state data of the controller in distinct data partitions. The faulty controller can be recovered by replacing data image of the faulty data partition with that of the healthy data partition. The methodology of applying such an approach from the fault tolerant control perspective is presented. The approach is currently being tested via computer simulation     

Flight-critical distributed systems: design considerations [avionics]

With the proliferation of so-called "smart" components and the availability of small, low-cost, and high-speed data networks, avionics that have traditionally been centralized are becoming distributed. A distributed approach offers many potential benefits, such as reduced development time and cost, simplified system installation, increased flexibility for system expansion or modifications, and greater reuse of proven components. The distributed approach can also reduce the risk associated with design errors by splitting complex hardware and software into more manageable components. However, distributed systems also introduce new challenges in meeting real-time deadlines and providing fault tolerance. This paper examines the many design considerations and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each. Emerging automotive drive-by-wire alternatives are compared for application to aerospace systems. This paper is based on a Draper Laboratory-sponsored effort to look at flight-critical distributed systems and to evaluate emerging hardware and software for building them.     

国外运输类飞机最新结冰适航规章差异初步研究与分析

总结了FAR 25部与CS 25部最新结冰相关的规章条例。因为引入过冷大水滴条件和混合相与冰晶结冰条件,FAA与EASA在其适用性方面产生了差异,导致了两者条款规定的不同要求,所以将FAR 25部与CS 25部运输类飞机结冰相关的适航规章进行了比较。根据两部结冰适航规章,具体阐述和分析规章中存在的差异性。总结出CS25部更为严格,限制的范围也更大。同时也对过冷大水滴结冰条件规章作了分析。这对国内适航规章的研究和未来取得FAA和EASA对我国运输类飞机设计批准有着重要的参考作用。     

Secure wireless collection and distribution of commercial airplane health data

The introduction of wireless communication capabilities supporting transfer of sensor data and information on-board commercial airplanes as well as between airplanes and supporting ground systems has the potential to significantly improve the safety and efficiency of air travel. The benefits, however, come at the cost of information security vulnerabilities introduced by data networks. Regulatory institutions, including the FAA, are aware that security requirements for network-enabled airplanes must be fully identified. Therefore, this focuses on wireless airplane health monitoring and management, and contributes a security framework to identify threats and system requirements to mitigate these threats. We also present challenges and open problems in enabling secure use of wireless sensor networks for health monitoring and control of commercial airplanes.     

农林5A型飞机驾驶员座椅FAA适航验证强度分析

介绍了农5A飞机驾驶员座椅在FAA适航取证中的强度验证计算方法。先对农5A飞机驾驶员座椅验证试验假件作用在安全带和肩带上载荷进行了分析,然后施加到座椅强度有限元计算模型上进行计算。座椅经参考强度计算结果设计改进后,顺利完成了强度验证试验,满足了FAA适航要求。本文为小型飞机座椅适航取证提供了思路和方法。     

FAA污染跑道运行飞机起飞性能数据适航要求

针对FAA发布的AC25-31 Takeoff Performance Data for Operations on Contaminated Runways进行了研究,内容包括污染道面类型及定义、污染道面起飞性能要求、污染道面起飞性能验证、污染道面中断起飞反推的使用等,同时对CAAC、EASA和FAA对飞机在污染跑道上运行时飞机起飞性能要求进行了分析对比,供飞机设计及适航审定参考使用。     

关于PA-34飞机空中最小操纵速度的试验研究

主要介绍空中最小操纵速度,并以PA-34飞机的一次飞行试验为例,对空中最小操纵速度试飞的试验目标、试验方法和条件以及试验结果进行了论述。从飞机实际操作影响、FAA适航条款(14CFR23部)[1]等方面对该飞机的空中最小操纵速度试验结果进行了分析和讨论。试验表明,PA-34飞机的空中最小操纵速度满足FAA适航条款要求,飞机向好发动机方向适度倾斜会减小最小操纵速度。     

飞机舱门失效乘客减载计算方法的探讨

从适航当局、航空器制造商要求出发，从适航角度探寻了飞机舱门失效时需要进行旅客人数减载的原因。根据FAA、EASA、CAAC对各种机型舱门失效的要求，对比分析了各民航体系的要求差异，总结了舱门失效时计算旅客人数减载量的方法。在舱门失效对旅客人数进行减载时，航空公司需要综合考虑航班是否为跨水航班、舱门性能、救生筏性能。根据实际飞机客舱布局，结合航班的销售情况，在满足适航要求的同时，将因客舱门失效带来的经济损失降到最低。通过公式和表格，可以比较迅速地完成旅客人数减载量计算和减载区域指定。最后根据分析和实例计算，发现FAA体系下计算方法简单，但是对减载区域的限制比较严格；EASA计算方法比较繁琐，但在指定减载区域时比较灵活。     

电子飞控飞机的飞行品质适航验证

FAA AC25-7A中的飞行品质评定方法 (HQRM)能够对使用电子飞控系统的民用运输机进行飞行品质评估。分析了HQRM评估程序以及相关适航要求,根据某民用飞机飞控系统功能危险分析,针对单侧升降舵卡阻这一典型故障,提出了在该失效状态下的模拟器飞行品质评估试验程序,分别给出了HQRM和相应军用标准评估方法,对军民评估方法的差异性和一致性进行了分析。研究结果对采用电子飞控系统的现代飞机的飞行品质适航验证具有工程参考意义。     

民机燃油箱防爆闪电防护新适航要求研究

民用飞机燃油箱系统防爆设计是飞机设计的一个重要方面,其中适航对燃油箱系统闪电防护设计要求作为燃油箱防爆设计及验证的一个重要组成部分,历来受到航空工业界及美国联邦航空局(FAA)的普遍关注。通过研究FAA 关于民用飞机燃油箱系统防爆方面闪电防护的最新适航要求,总结了相关条款的变化内容及相应的符合性验证方法,并预判了未来航空工业界由此产生的影响,对民用飞机适航验证有一定借鉴意义。     

浅析FAA和CAAC制造检查领域委任代表的授权职能

基于民用航空器制造的实践经验和美国联邦航空局（Federal Aviation Administration,以下简称FAA）与中国民用航空局（Civil Aviation Administration of China,以下简称 CAAC）适航规章的研究,重点分析了FAA与CAAC制造符合性检查领域对委任代表的授权职能。从适航规章要求、制造符合性检查领域委任代表的分类、具体的授权职能及产生这些差异的原因进行了阐述。虽然两个民航局在制造符合性检查的授权职能上存在差异,但是只有与航空工业水平相适应的适航管理,才能更好地促进航空业的发展。     

民用小飞机取美国FAA型号合格证研究

洪都航空工业集团公司设计生产的N5A飞机先后取得中国民用航空局（CAAC）颁发的型号合格证和生产许可证。为了开拓国际市场,根据中美双边适航协议,按14CFR23适航标准与美国联邦航空局（FAA）小飞机管理中心达成的型号合格评估项目（CRI）要求,洪都集团主要从设计工程技术资料、持续适航文件、现场试飞评估等几个主要方面,接受FAA的审查,完成了FAA对该型飞机的颁证工作。本文结合该型飞机完整的型号取证过程,为我国航空工业企业按CCAR23部生产的小飞机申请美国FAA型号合格证,将产品推向国际市场探索出了一条可行之路。     

最小离地速度试飞数据分析方法研究

最小离地速度试飞是适航条款要求必须完成的科目,具有风险高、机组操纵难度大的特点,对飞行试验团队提出了很高的要求。从受力分析出发,对最小离地速度试飞的数据分析方法进行了推导,并与咨询通告建议等传统的方法进行了对比。基于受力分析推导的方法,理论基础更清晰,数据分析更简单,可供后续民机试飞参考。     

运输类飞机发动机短舱火焰防护设计与验证

通过对CCAR-25部运输类飞机发动机短舱火焰防护适航条款的要求进行分析,按照防火、耐火要求将条款内容进行对比,参考美国联邦航空局的咨询通告和修正案,对火焰防护的确定原则、设计要求与验证方法进行了研究,明确发动机短舱内的材料和零部件的防火、耐火要求。     

民用飞机燃油箱点火源防护符合性分析及验证研究

飞机燃油箱系统的点火源防护设计是保证飞机安全和适航取证的关键技术之一,开展该领域的研究很有必要。通过参考相关FAA咨询通告,对25.981条款(102修正案)进行逐条解析,归纳出燃油箱点火源防护的符合性分析思路、防护要求及设计指南,并总结出相应的符合性验证方法;其中针对点火源防护的持续适航要求,归纳出编制持续适航文件的原则和思路。     

In-flight entertainment-getting from wishlist to reality

Much of what we see in the consumer electronics stores will eventually find its way into airplanes in the form of In-Flight Entertainment (IFE). This consumer electronic equipment is often referred to as “the leading edge of technology”. Unfortunately, that same equipment that is the “leading edge” of consumer electronics, often stalls to feel like the “bleeding edge” when you try to integrate it into IFE systems for today's modern aircraft. Unlike Avionics Systems, the technologies behind IFE equipment are not usually mature before they are integrated into the aircraft. What may work well in a home environment, may not work well at all in the aircraft environment. Often this problem results in last minute redesign in an effort to make the equipment function as intended on the aircraft. Both the FAA and the aircraft manufacturer impose many requirements on the suppliers and products of IFE. Systems need to be designed for the aircraft environment. Many variations on IFE Systems have forced the creation of new standards for integration into commercial aircraft. Power, cooling, and EMC issues are becoming more of a concern as we move to fill aircraft implementations. Beyond the technical evaluations and lab/aircraft testing, one key component is customer satisfaction. This paper will cover some of the methods and tools we use to get IFE from wishlist to reality     

民机机组氧气面罩快速佩戴适航验证要求研究

CCAR25. 1447( c) (2) ( i)条款明确了机组氧气面罩快速佩戴的要求,满足该要求对于民用飞机氧气系统适航取证至关重要。 对民用飞机机组氧气面罩快速佩戴的适航验证要求进行了研究,从条款解读、机组氧气面罩设计和布置要求、适航验证要求和适航验证方法等方面进行了分析,条款中的机组氧气面罩快速佩戴要求本质上是为了保证飞行机组在各种可预期的应急情况下能够及时获得必要的缺氧保护,同时不影响对飞机的操作。 对于机组氧气面罩快速佩戴适航验证要求,试验方法既要能包容多变的人为因素,又能综合体现佩戴试验结果。 目前 FAA 有一份咨询通告指导了该条款的符合性验证要求和详细方法,在研究 FAA 相关咨询通告的基础上,提炼总结出了开展机组氧气面罩快速佩戴的适航验证方法,为国内民用飞机机组氧气面罩快速佩戴的适航验证工作提供参考。     

High-torque density integrated electro-mechanical flight actuators

Electro-mechanical flight actuators (EMFAs) are core flight-critical vehicle components. Fly-by-wire or fly-by-light control of EMFAs is performed by flight management systems (flight, mission, propulsion, and integrated controls that manage any combination of specific flight, mission, and propulsion functions). Reported here are novel results in the analysis of EMFAs with permanent-magnet synchronous motors, with particular interest in the application of brushless high-torque density motors which have superior characteristics compared with other state-of-the-art motor technologies. It is shown that due to nonlinearities and bounds, new control algorithms must be developed and implemented to achieve a spectrum of performance and requirements for EMFAs. A number of important issues in control, analysis, model development, integration, and verification are studied. Tracking control algorithms are synthesized, stability studied, and novel analysis results are reported. Advanced computer-aided engineering software tools and emerging simulation-based design environments are used to guarantee high fidelity modeling and analysis within data intensive simulation. Proof-of-concept demonstration testbeds for the design of advanced EMFAs and their components are developed, and EMFA imitator performance thoroughly studied. Verification of the concepts reported are formed and documented. Precise tracking, disturbance attenuation, accuracy, stability, robustness, and excellent acceleration capabilities are reported. A demonstration is performed to substantiate the theoretical analyses to add credence to its applicability as an approach and method that the designer of future EMFAs can use to design a new class of actuators for aircraft flight control surfaces     

国内外民机适航管理体系浅析

世界上各个国家和地区的适航管理机构和体系,其工作内容和性质是一致的,但由于各国民用航空产业发展程度不一,研制民航产品的能力有别,以及各国的管理办法和习惯做法的差异,导致各国适航管理的体系和机构在名称、规模和工作方式上常常不一样,这其中,以美国和欧洲两套体系最具代表性。