Influence of simulated and natural space environment factors on dielectric properties of epoxyamine polymers and polymer-based composite materials

The variations of dielectric properties of epoxyamine polymers and polymer-based composite materials during ground-based tests imitating the influence of space environment factors and under the conditions of long-term active experiments using the ERE instrumentation onboard the Mir station are compared. The influence of space environment factors is shown to result in both reversible and irreversible changes of dielectric properties. The former are related to temperature effects and effects of charged particles. The latter are related to the removal of low-molecular components from the composition of binders in a vacuum, and to increasing density of polymeric lattice under an effect of thermal cycling and various types of radiations. It is established that the influence of ultra-violet radiation reveals itself, first of all, in changing temperature of samples, while the influence of irradiation by a flux of electrons is reduced to charge accumulation and discharges.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2005, pp. 27–35.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Babaevsky, Kozlov, Churilo, Slagoda.     

复合相变热沉在电子设备热管理中的应用

某些特殊电子设备的短时高功耗运行往往会引起急剧温升,进而导致设备失效。文章采用膨胀石墨/高碳醇复合相变材料(PCM)作为热沉,针对某高功耗模块进行了散热仿真,并与传统铝热沉进行了对比,结果表明无主动散热平台下PCM热沉显著优于铝热沉。同工况温箱实验进一步验证相变热沉散热特性,并与仿真结果进行对比,结果表明实验结果与仿真结果具有一致的温度变化趋势,但由于相变温度范围的差异导致不同时间段温升速率不同。分析了二者的差异及原因,为严酷条件下应用相变材料进行热设计和热管理提供参考。     

Stability of amino acids and their oligomerization under high-pressure conditions: implications for prebiotic chemistry

The polymerization of amino acids leading to the formation of peptides and proteins is a significant problem for the origin of life. This problem stems from the instability of amino acids and the difficulty of their oligomerization in aqueous environments, such as seafloor hydrothermal systems. We investigated the stability of amino acids and their oligomerization reactions under high-temperature (180-400°C) and high-pressure (1.0-5.5?GPa) conditions, based on the hypothesis that the polymerization of amino acids occurred in marine sediments during diagenesis and metamorphism, at convergent margins on early Earth. Our results show that the amino acids glycine and alanine are stabilized by high pressure. Oligomers up to pentamers were formed, which has never been reported for alanine in the absence of a catalyst. The yields of peptides at a given temperature and reaction time were higher under higher-pressure conditions. Elemental, infrared, and isotopic analyses of the reaction products indicated that deamination is a key degradation process for amino acids and peptides under high-pressure conditions. A possible NH(3)-rich environment in marine sediments on early Earth may have further stabilized amino acids and peptides by inhibiting their deamination.     

On the conditions of gas inclusions formation in melts under zero gravity state (after “Pirin” experiment)

Thermodynamics relations have been considered under which gas inclusions may form in melts (closed systems), due to both volatility of components and the presence of dissolved gases. It has been shown that in the melts with sufficient volatility of components, gas inclusions may form under equilibrium conditions if the ampoule is wetted well by the melt, whereas in case of low wettability they form under non-equilibrium state only. The foaming in the tellurium-selenium system has been analysed (“Pirin”, KP-4 experiment).In the melts containing dissolved gases, gas inclusions form under conditions of deviation from equilibrium and it is the main mechanism of outgassing. It has been demonstrated that the melt foaming method using hydrid compounds may be applied to the materials exhibiting a hysteresis of temperature dependence of diluted hydrogen concentration. Production of foam aluminium under zero gravity state has been considered as an example (“Pirin”, SP-3 experiment).     

分子动力学及热分析方法研究CL-20与推进剂主要组分的相互作用

采用分子动力学模拟(MD)计算与差示扫描量热法(DSC)相结合,研究六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)与推进剂主要组分间的相互作用,用理论键长变化趋势分析实验结果。分子动力学模拟计算键长变化趋势结果表明,CL-20与黑索今(RDX)、奥克托今(HMX)混合体系的引发键N—NO2键最大键长Lmax随温度升高显著的单调递增,且当CL-20与RDX、HMX共混后,键长普遍增大,更容易断裂分解;而CL-20与硝化棉(NC)、硝化甘油(NG)共混后各个键长均与单质状态下存在时的键长相比变化不大,一些键长均小于其单质状态下存在时的键长,推测CL-20与NG、NC键混合后稳定性较好,不易发生键的断裂分解。DSC结果表明,CL-20与RDX和HMX之间在大于156℃的较高温度条件下存在强烈的相互作用,CL-20与NG、NC之间没有明显的化学作用。     

第二代490N发动机热控设计

为解决“东方红四号”卫星平台因第二代490 N发动机点火而导致其周边重要结构件温度偏高的问题,重新对发动机周边结构件的热控进行了设计,包括采取隔热垫、高温隔热屏、热防护筒及控制对接框表面状态参数等热控措施,同时利用TMG热分析软件对改进的热设计进行了分析验证。分析结果表明:对接框在发动机点火期间的最高温度为57.5℃,小于温度指标上限值（70℃）,且余量充足;发动机支架的热变形情况也满足指标要求,验证了改进热控设计的正确性。     

The turbulent combustion of a propane-air mixture

This paper models the combustion of a turbulent homogeneous mixture of propane and air within a duct having a stationary one-dimensional mean flow. The Bray-Moss model is applied to the closure of the chemical production terms, using a probability density function (pdf) of the temperature which is chosen as the characteristic variable. Under the conditions chosen for the study, chemical kinetic factors are important and the conventional assumption, that heat release is controlled by turbulent mixing, is not valid. The chemical model of Edelman and Fortune for the combustion of hydrocarbons is used and simplifying assumptions are made which reduce the systems of unknowns to that of the temperature alone. This leads to the introduction of two chemical production terms which are defined respectively in a “delay zone”, where the heat release is modest, and a “combustion zone”. The required equations for the Favre-averaged temperature, turbulence kinetic energy and the mean square fluctuation of the temperature are solved numerically. In the delay zone, a comparison is made between a second order Borghi type closure and the pdf closure. Good agreement is found in the case of relatively small turbulence intensity. It is shown that the pdf formulation does not require the two zones to be spatially distinct. Differing chemical source terms can be discriminated instantaneously by the reaction progress variable and contributions to the average production terms appropriately apportioned by its pdf. Predictions are made of the profiles of mean temperature and mean square fluctuation under different initial turbulence levels.     

Application of the Mars Organic Analyzer to nucleobase and amine biomarker detection

The Mars Organic Analyzer (MOA), a portable microfabricated capillary electrophoresis instrument being developed for planetary exploration, is used to analyze a wide variety of fluorescamine-labeled amine-containing biomarker compounds, including amino acids, mono and diaminoalkanes, amino sugars, nucleobases, and nucleobase degradation products. The nucleobases cytosine and adenine, which contain an exocyclic primary amine, were effectively labeled, separated, and detected at concentrations <500 nM. To test the general applicability of the MOA for biomarker detection, amino acids and mono- and diamines were extracted from bacterial cells using both hydrolysis and sublimation followed by analysis. The extrapolated limit of detection provided by the valine biomarker was approximately 4 x 10(3) cells per sample. Products of an NH(4)CN polymerization that simulate a prebiotic synthesis were also successfully isolated via sublimation and analyzed. Adenine and alanine/serine were detected with no additional sample cleanup at 120 +/- 13 microM and 4.1 +/- 1 microM, respectively, corresponding to a reaction yield of 0.04% and 0.0003%, respectively. This study demonstrates that the MOA provides sensitive detection and analysis of low levels of a wide variety of amine-containing organic compounds from both biological and abiotic sources.     

Survival of amino acids in micrometeorites during atmospheric entry

The delivery of amino acids by micrometeorites to the early Earth during the period of heavy bombardment could have been a significant source of the Earth's prebiotic amino acid inventory provided that these organic compounds survived atmospheric entry heating. To investigate the sublimation of amino acids from a micrometeorite analog at elevated temperature, grains from the CM-type carbonaceous chondrite Murchison were heated to 550 degrees C inside a glass sublimation apparatus (SA) under reduced pressure. The sublimed residue that had collected on the cold finger of the SA after heating was analyzed for amino acids by HPLC. We found that when the temperature of the meteorite reached approximately 150 degrees C, a large fraction of the amino acid glycine had vaporized from the meteorite, recondensed onto the end of the SA cold finger, and survived as the rest of the grains heated to 550 degrees C. alpha-Aminoisobutryic acid and isovaline, which are two of the most abundant non-protein amino acids in Murchison, did not sublime from the meteorite and were completely destroyed during the heating experiment. Our experimental results suggest that sublimation of glycine present in micrometeorite grains may provide a way for this amino acid to survive atmospheric entry heating at temperatures > 550 degrees C; all other amino acids apparently are destroyed.     

Thermal fatigue in structural components of flying vehicles engines

The paper deals with the problems of deformation and damage of the materials of structural components of complex shape subjected to cyclic loading by convective thermal flows which induces in them non-uniform temperature and thermal-stress fields. A new testing technique is proposed employing the use of models of different shape and, in particular, those of wedge-shape prism type. Variation of the level of thermal stresses and temperatures, as well as of the degree of non-uniformity of temperature and stress fields, is effected by changing the models dimensions under the given thermal loading conditions. It is shown that in simultaneous testing of a great number of models of different size it is possible to obtain information sufficient for deriving the equations of the material state under complex thermo-mechanical loading in aggressive gas flows. Examples are presented of practical application of the technique proposed.     

Calculation of ignition and combustion of a hydrogen jet in air with finite chemical reaction rates

A comparison between two analytical models of a free turbulent mixing of reacting streams with finite chemical reaction rates is presented and the results of calculations compared with experimental data. The substance is a mixture of the inert non-dissociated nitrogen and oxygen that dissociates and reacts with hydrogen.For the first model the local values of flow parameters along the streamlines were provided by the numerical solution of the conservation equations in the boundary layer form for a multicomponent mixture of perfect gases in the von Mises coordinate system. In the course of this analysis the problem was treated by dividing the flowfield into a large number of regions and by solving the Cauchy problem of the conservation equations for each region.The second analytical model was based on the ignition delay to describe the chemistry in the region of pre-ignition. The external air stream was heated by combustion and the influence of the water vapor and the intermediate species on the reaction kinetics in the mixing zone was numerically investigated.The results of calculation are compared with the experimental data with respect to the location of a visible flame edge under combustion of hydrogen jet in the co-current flow.     

Comparison of the roles of nucleotide synthesis, polymerization, and recombination in the origin of autocatalytic sets of RNAs

Ribozymes that act as polymerases and nucleotide synthases are known experimentally, even though no fully self-replicating system has yet been found. If the RNA World hypothesis is true, ribozymes must have arisen initially from within a random abiotic polymerization system. To investigate the origin of the RNA world, we studied a mathematical model of a chemical reaction system describing RNA polymerization. It is supposed that, in absence of ribozymes, polymerization occurs at a small spontaneous rate, and that in the presence of polymerase ribozymes, polymerization occurs at a faster rate that is proportional to the ribozyme concentration. Chains must be longer than a minimum threshold length in order to have the possibility of acting as ribozymes. The reaction system has two stable states that we term dead and living. The dead state is controlled by the small spontaneous rate and has negligible concentration of ribozymes. The living state has high concentration of ribozymes, and the reaction rates are determined by the ribozymes; thus, the system is autocatalytic. Concentration fluctuations in a finite volume can cause a transition to occur from the dead to the living state, that is, an origin of life occurs within this model. We also consider ribozymes that catalyze nucleotide synthesis. We show that living and dead states arise in the presence of synthase ribozymes in the same way as for polymerases. It has been proposed that recombination reactions are a way of generating long RNA chains in the early stages of life. We show that if the possibility of random reversible recombination reactions is added to our model, this does not lead to an increase in long polymer concentration. Thus, if recombination is fully reversible, there is no autocatalytic state controlled by recombination. Nevertheless, recombination can play an important role in ribozyme synthesis if there is an additional process that keeps the recombination reactions out of equilibrium. We modeled a case studied experimentally in which building block strands of moderate length associate due to RNA secondary structure formation. A recombination reaction then occurs between these strands to form a longer sequence that catalyzes its own formation via the recombination reaction. This system has an autocatalytic state, and it is possible for it to arise within our random polymerization system. If complexes formed by associations of shorter strands can act as catalysts without the requirement that the strands be covalently linked, this would alleviate the need for synthesis of very long strands; hence, it makes the emergence of an autocatalytic system from an abiotic random polymerization system much more likely.     

机械冲击载荷下固体推进剂热点微观模型探讨

分析了推进剂内部初始裂纹在机械冲击载荷作用下的扩展以及与反应气体产物相互作用。利用Ⅰ、Ⅱ型裂纹扩展、推进剂分解化学动力学模型,建立微观热点模型,研究了裂纹面摩擦、推进剂分解以及裂纹内部气相反应等微观过程。进行数值模拟计算,得出了推进剂产生高温热点或导致冲击点燃的外部条件。认为裂纹间摩擦和气相产物在高速冲击下压缩可导致推进荆热点产生。     

Eutectic phases in ice facilitate nonenzymatic nucleic acid synthesis

Polymeric compounds similar to oligonucleotides are relevant to the origin of life and particularly to the concept of an RNA world. Although short oligomers of RNA can be synthesized nonenzymatically under laboratory conditions by second-order reactions in concentrated solutions, there is no consensus on how these polymers could have been synthesized de novo on the early Earth from dilute solutions of monomers. To address this question in the context of an RNA world, we have explored ice eutectic phases as a reaction medium. When an aqueous solution freezes, the solutes become concentrated in the spaces between the ice crystals. The increased concentration offsets the effect of the lower temperature and accelerates the reaction. Here we show that in the presence of metal ions in dilute solutions, frozen samples of phosphoimidazolide-activated uridine react within days at -18 degrees C to form oligouridylates up to 11 bases long. Product yields typically exceed 90%, and approximately 30% of the oligomers include one or more 3'-5' linkages. These conditions facilitate not only the notoriously difficult oligouridylate synthesis, but also the oligomerization of activated cytidylate, adenylate, and guanylate. To our knowledge, this represents the first report to indicate that ice matrices on the early Earth may have accelerated certain prebiotic polymerization reactions.     

推力室多孔面板发汗冷却试验研究

为了研究液体火箭发动机推力室喷注器多孔面板发汗冷却特性,以缩比推力室挤压热试验的形式开展了多孔面板发汗冷却特性研究,试验采用常温气氢对喷注器多孔面板进行发汗冷却。发汗冷却试验共进行5次,燃烧室压力为3.9～7.6 MPa,燃烧室氢氧混合比为2.8～7.2。研究结果表明在本试验研究状态下面板燃气侧温度为680～830 K...     

空间站空空支架天线热设计与仿真分析

为研究核心舱飞行姿态、空间外热流、核心舱发动机羽流参数以及天线外表面热控涂层对空间站空空支架天线温度的综合影响,验证天线被动热控设计的有效性,进行了2种低温工况和6种高温工况的热分析。结果显示:低温工况下,通信天线惯性飞行时的最低温度低于正向飞行时的;展开臂多层表面最低温度为-85 ℃,满足温控指标。高温工况下,通信天线惯性飞行时的温度高于正向飞行时的;轨控发动机的羽流热效应大于偏航发动机的。通信天线内外表面均喷涂ACR-1温控白漆,1倍轨控发动机羽流热流密度时,最高温度为123 ℃,可满足实际使用要求。     

基于E51/BF3-400体系的RFI工艺用环氧树脂膜的制备与性能

通过在E51型环氧树脂中加入潜伏性三氟化硼单乙胺固化荆和具有降低反应速率的乙二醇,并控制体系聚合反应的预聚度,成功合成了EFA-1型B阶段环氧树脂膜.实验发现,树脂膜储放温度高低所造成的树脂膜硬化或软化现象对树脂膜上下表面离型纸的可剥离性具有重要影响;在E51/BF3-400体系中加入一定量的乙二醇,可显著提高环氧树脂膜浇注体的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和断裂伸长率.测试结果表明,EFA-1型B阶段环氧树脂膜树脂膜具有溶渗粘度低、凝胶时间长和良好的型面附型及室温可操作性,且其浇注体和RFI叠层板复合材料力学性能优良,EFA-1型环氧树脂膜可满足RFI成型工艺与性能要求.     

温度交变载荷对药柱结构完整性的影响分析

为研究温度交变载荷对药柱结构完整性的影响,使用Abaqus软件对特定温度载荷下的某发动机药柱进行了有限元计算,获得了药柱温度场和应力场,得到了不同部位温度-时间曲线,并评价了危险部位的安全系数。开展了温度平衡试验,将有限元计算结果与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,药柱靠近壳体部位温度变化快,靠近中孔部位温度变化慢,并且翼槽和人脱根部为应力应变危险部位。     

Psychophysiological reactivity under Mir-simulation and real micro-G

A complex psychophysiological test battery (ECG, blood pressure, SCL, finger temperature e.t.c.) was applied on two subjects in space. It could be shown that the subjects react under space conditions differently than on earth. The data received could be classified into four types of regulation. The subjects changed this type of regulation during the flight and returned to their former pattern after the flight.     

环氧化端羟基聚丁二烯／H12 MDI型聚氨酯固化工艺的研究

采用环氧化端羟基聚丁二烯(EHTPB)与H12MDI固化交联形成聚氨酯弹性体,利用DSC外推法研究了EHTPB/H12MDI型聚氨酯固化的最佳反应温度,再通过测量固化产物的力学性能研究了其他最佳固化工艺参数,包括反应时间、固化剂H12MDI用量、EHTPB环氧值以及扩链剂BDO用量,并在相同条件下对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)/H12MDI和EHTPB/H12MDI固化产物的力学性能进行了比较。结果表明,EHTPB/H12MDI固化产物具备更好的力学性能,并得到了EHTPB/H12MDI型聚氨酯弹性体的最佳固化工艺条件。