一种高精度小型化星敏感器设计

星敏感器是以恒星为参照系,以星空为工作对象的高精度空间姿态测量装置,提供准确的空间方位和基准,具有高精度、无漂移、工作寿命长等特点.针对星敏感器高精度和小体积的应用需求,基于小型化镜头设计、分体式结构、高集成度电路、"FP GA+ARM"软件等内容,提出了一种高精度小型化星敏感器,解决了狭小空间高度集成的小型化问题,实现了测姿0.6″(3σ)的高精度预期目标.星敏感器样机通过了试验考核,性能符合设计要求,具备全天球搜索恒星定姿的能力.     

Low-frequency Periodic Error Identification and Compensation for Star Tracker Attitude Measurement

The low-frequency periodic error of star tracker is one of the most critical problems for high-accuracy satellite attitude determination.In this paper an approach is proposed to identify and compensate the low-frequency periodic error for star tracker in attitude measurement.The analytical expression between the estimated gyro drift and the low-frequency periodic error of star tracker is derived firstly.And then the low-frequency periodic error,which can be expressed by Fourier series,is identified by the frequency spectrum of the estimated gyro drift according to the solution of the first step.Furthermore,the compensated model of the low-frequency periodic error is established based on the identified parameters to improve the attitude determination accuracy.Finally,promising simulated experimental results demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method.The periodic error for attitude determination is eliminated basically and the estimation precision is improved greatly.     

基于QTM的导航星库划分方法

为了提高星敏感器观测星的检索速度,提出了一种基于球面四元三角网(Quaternary Triangular Mesh,QTM)的导航星库划分方法.该方法首先利用天球的内接正八面体把全天球划分成8个子天区,然后在每个子天区中进行与经纬度相关的剖分和编码,最后扫描恒星星表,把每颗导航星信息划归到相应的子天区内存储.利用此星库进行的局部天球星图识别仿真实验表明该星库具有很高的检索效率.     

空间平台机动变轨自主导航研究

针对空间平台在高轨道机动变轨过程中自主导航的需求,采用了基于Kalman滤波器的捷联惯导与星敏感器的组合导航方案。结合Kalman滤波中协方差更新的误差分配分析方法,分析了影响空间平台状态估计误差的主要因素。采用适用于高轨道的球谐重力模型,运用STK工具包设计了变轨机动轨迹,将该轨迹应用于组合导航方案的仿真验证。仿真结果表明,量测噪声是影响空间平台姿态精度的主要因素,加速度计零偏对变轨过程速度精度有决定性影响,改善两者的精度可以实现空间平台机动变轨的高精度自主导航。     

根据同时观测信息确定航天器 姿态四元数的一种解析方法

介绍根据星敏感器同时观测几颗恒星的方向信息,用最小二乘法确定飞行器姿态的经典Wehba问题.针对用四元数描述飞行器姿态的情况,推导了的一种解析算法.观测5颗恒星实例的仿真结果表明,该算法能保证飞行器体轴系相对惯性系姿态的高精度.     

考虑星敏感器安装误差的弹道导弹捷联星光/惯性复合制导

弹道导弹捷联星光/惯性制导是在惯性制导基础上辅以星光修正的一种复合制导方法，能够显著提高导弹制导精度。由于星敏感器捷联安装在弹体上，安装误差会影响恒星测量的精度，进而影响复合制导精度，为此提出一种在线辨识并修正星敏感器安装误差的复合制导方法。建立了星敏感器观测量与数学平台失准角、星敏感器安装误差的关系方程，在导弹主动段关机后测量3颗独立的恒星获得6个观测量，利用最小二乘法估计出失准角和星敏感器安装、误差。改进了星光/惯性复合制导的最佳修正系数确定方程，直接修正了星敏感器安装误差的影响。数值仿真结果表明：所提方法可以有效地估计平台失准角和星敏感器安装误差，提高了捷联星光/惯性复合制导的精度。     

空天飞行器星敏感器安装误差在线标定方法

空天飞行器高动态、长航时的运动特性可能导致一体化安装的惯性/天文组合导航系统中星敏感器与惯导间产生安装误差角。设计了一种星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方法,建立了星敏感器安装误差角模型,设计了基于天文角度观测的星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方案,分析了不同机动飞行方式下星敏感器安装误差角的可观测度。仿真结果表明,所设计的基于卡尔曼滤波的动态辨识方法能够在飞行器机动过程中快速地对星敏感器安装误差角进行在线标定,对安装误差角的标定值可以达到实际误差值的85%以上,有效地提高了组合导航系统的精度。     

Hybrid Simulation System Study of SINS/CNS Integrated Navigation

In flight tests, to demonstrate the performance of integrated navigation systems, which are strapdown inertial navigation systems/celestial navigation systems (SINS/CNS), will involve a lot of effort and a heavy financial budget. So, it is important to design a functional self-contained hardware in a loop simulation system on the ground for solving the verification of SINS/CNS integrated navigation systems. Aiming at solving the main program, a high precision, versatile and better real-time performance hybrid simulation system of SINS/CNS integrated navigation is presented. The system adopts the design of hardware-functional modularization and software-flow integration, and makes use of a trajectory generator to produce simulated nominal trajectory data which is a uniform reference to signal process, and employs unique time synchronization algorithms to collect actual errors data of inertial sub-system and celestial sub-system. By combining with nominal trajectory data, the data smoothing, all-sky autonomous star map identification and integrated navigation algorithm based on unscented Kalman filtering (UKF), this system can accomplish a lot of system performance testing. It has the features of flexibility and extensibility and can be used to effectively reduce the experimental expense and shorten the development time of integrated navigation system, which is significant for studying algorithm performance, system speciality, and practical application of integrated navigation system.     

空天飞行器星敏感器安装误差在线标定方法

空天飞行器高动态、长航时的运动特性可能导致一体化安装的惯性/天文组合导航系统中星敏感器与惯导间产生安装误差角。设计了一种星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方法,建立了星敏感器安装误差角模型,设计了基于天文角度观测的星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方案,分析了不同机动飞行方式下星敏感器安装误差角的可观测度。仿真结果表明,所设计的基于卡尔曼滤波的动态辨识方法能够在飞行器机动过程中快速地对星敏感器安装误差角进行在线标定,对安装误差角的标定值可以达到实际误差值的85%以上,有效地提高了组合导航系统的精度。     

弹载大视场星惯组合深度融合导航技术

为了降低弹载星惯组合（Stellar-INS）飞行中段对调姿观星的要求，提高星惯组合姿态精度，提出了大视场（LFOV）星惯组合深度融合导航方法。小视场（NFOV）星敏感器输出星矢量为主，大视场星敏感器可同时输出姿态和星矢量信息，分别推导了基于星敏感器输出姿态和星矢量信息的观测方程，分析了星矢量和姿态观测方法之间的关联性。建立了包含星惯安装误差、陀螺误差以及初始平台误差角的星惯组合全误差项模型，基于线性卡尔曼滤波给出了深度融合导航方法。开展了数学仿真验证，分析了不同调姿观星路径约束下，大/小视场星惯组合性能差异。结果表明，大视场星惯组合深度融合导航方法不仅可以降低调姿观星约束要求，还可以实现组合姿态性能提升。     

An algorithm for astro-inertial navigation using CCD star sensors

A self-contained suite of astro-inertial navigation system is capable of autonomous mission and is operationally reliable. The typical astronavigation system (ANS) makes use of star-trackers, which are expensive and complex. To make the system cost effective and less complex, the star-tracker is replaced by a charge coupled device (CCD)-based star sensor, rigidly mounted on a strapdown inertial measurement unit (SIMU) of the system. This electro-optical star sensor is compact and easy to use with an ANS that utilizes efficient star identification techniques. This paper designs an algorithm that estimates axes misalignment angles of strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) that makes stars' observations utilizing a CCD star sensor. Mathematical modeling of the suggested scheme was carried out and transformations between different frames were exercised. From the image projection geometry, stars' right ascensions and declinations, relative to the body frame, were estimated. Lastly, from the known stars' position vectors in mathematical platform and reference frames, axes misalignment matrix representing SINS attitude errors can be estimated employing the derived relationship.     

一种星敏感器-陀螺组合定姿的实时在轨标定方法

研究了一种星敏感器一陀螺组合定姿方式中的姿态敏感器误差的实时在轨标定方法。首先,选择直观的欧拉角作为姿态描述参数,根据星敏感器和陀螺的测量原理建立星敏感器一陀螺在轨标定的测量方程和状态方程,并以此建立数学模型。其次,采用简单高效的EKF（ExtendedKalmanFilter,扩展卡尔曼滤波）作为估值算法,进行了在轨标定数值仿真。对于航天器姿态定向中出现的姿态角和星敏感器安装角之间的耦合问题,通过在特定姿态通道上施加简单姿态机动实现了解耦。数值结果表明,该实时在轨标定方法,尤其是所提出的姿态角和星敏感器安装角解耦策略,可以实现对航天器姿态的实时精确估计以及对星敏感器安装误差、陀螺常值漂移和相关漂移等误差的实时在轨标定。该方法可用于航天器姿态测量设备的实时在轨标定和航天器姿态的高精度实时确定。     

一种基于星座匹配的全天自主星图识别算法

讨论了一种新的无须任何先验知识的星图识别算法。通过对导航星座数据库进行调整和最大限度地利用了已识别基元所提供的匹配信息,使得算法的计算量和存储容量与传统的三角形匹配算法相当。ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ 模拟表明,在星等误差０．５ 星等（３σ）,位置误差１０ 角秒（１σ） 时,算法的识别成功率接近１００％ 。     

Rapid Star Tracking Algorithm for Star Sensor

A rapid star tracking algorithm is proposed. In order to speed up the tracking, three techniques includng parallel star centroiding, sorting, and star catalogue partition are designed for three time-consuming portions in tracking algorithms. The parallel star centroiding is implemented with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) which avoid image storage and transmission. Update rate of star sensor is improved. Sorting star coordinates in star image plane, and then matching, which avoid matching between stars with a long distance in image plane. Star catalogue partition divides the celestial sphere into many small partitions. In star mapping, guide stars are searched in the partitions near the direction of star sensor's boresight is not in the whole celestial sphere and therefore reduced the total number of searched guide stars. The software and hardware performance of tracking algorithms are simulated. Tracking robustness and the tracking speed comparison are tested in the software simulation. In hardware tests, the tracking time in every step is obtained.     

临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统综述

临近空间是航天与航空业务领域的结合部，具有重要的战略价值。高超声速飞行器是临近空间力量部署的重要载体，已逐渐进入应用部署阶段。临近空间高超声速飞行器的飞行环境和任务条件对导航系统提出了新的更高要求。在总结临近空间高超声速飞行器的导航技术研究进展的基础上，对天文导航技术的应用环境和条件进行了系统的分析和探讨，提出了5个重点研究方向，包括：星图采集效能、光学误差模型、视场观测机理、姿态更新速率、小型化模块化工程化等。研究结果可为临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统的设计提供参考。     

一种改进的三角形星图识别方法

首先提出在直角坐标系下将天球球面均匀地分成486个分区的方法——"内接正方体法",实现导航星的快速检索。然后按照星对角距的大小升序排列,直接存储星对角距,并通过设置星对角距状态标识,完成星对角距的快速匹配搜索。最后,引入验证识别环节有效地解决观测三角形与匹配的导航三角形产生的冗余问题。仿真实验表明,改进的三角形星图识别方法对星点位置噪声和星等(亮度)噪声均具有较强的抗干扰能力,且在识别时间和存储空间的需求方面均比传统的三角形算法也具有较大的优势。     

基于卫星和星敏感器的冗余激光惯组在轨标定

采用高精度卫星导航速度、位置信息以及星敏感器提供的姿态信息设计十表冗余捷联惯组的标定模型,包含陀螺和加速度计的零次项和标度因数,对卫星和星敏感器辅助的冗余激光陀螺捷联惯组进行实时在轨标定.利用标准Kalman滤波和Sage-Husa自适应滤波作为估计算法,对十表冗余捷联惯组参数进行在线估计.数值仿真结果表明:参数标定精度均在7％以内,是一种实时的在轨标定方法,满足误差补偿要求.冗余惯组在轨标定方法为航天器高精度定姿和定轨提供了一种理论参考.     

基于卡尔曼滤波的星敏感器在轨校准方法

根据星敏感器光学镜头以径向畸变为主的特点,采用一阶径向畸变模型,利用摄像机标定中的径向排列约束(RAC),对其外部姿态和内参数进行在轨校准。以采集到的星点的图像坐标和对应导航星在天球坐标系下的赤经、赤纬信息作为滤波器的输入,外部姿态和内参数作为输出,构造相应的状态方程和观测方程,进行两次卡尔曼滤波迭代,结果作为校准参数的最优估计。仿真实验表明:本方法能消除内部参数与外部参数的耦合,校准过程不依赖外部姿态,且状态方程和观测方程均为线性方程,满足卡尔曼滤波迭代的最优条件,能够精确估计出星敏感器内外参数,在星点成像位置噪声标准差为0.05像素时,校准后x、y方向上的平均误差分别为0.044像素和0.049像素。     

Inner Attitude Integration Algorithm Based on Fault Detection for Strapdown Inertial Attitude and Heading Reference System

This article proposes a new inner attitude integration algorithm to improve attitude accuracy of the strapdown inertial attitude and heading reference system(SIAHRS), which, by means of a Kalman filter, integrates the calculated attitude from the accelerometers in inertial measuring unit(IMU), called damping attitudes, with those from the conventional IMU. As vehicle's acceleration could produce damping attitude errors, the horizontal outputs from accelerometers are firstly used to judge the vehicle's motion so as to determine whether the damping attitudes could be reasonably applied. This article also analyzes the limitation of this approach. Furthermore, it suggests a residual chi-square test to judge the validity of damping attitude measurement in real time, and accordingly puts forward proper information fusion strategy. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is proved through the experiments on a real system in dynamic and static states.     

基于帧间角距匹配的跟踪模式星图识别

为了提高星敏感器的跟踪匹配速率,提高星敏感器姿态更新率,本文提出了一种基于帧间角距匹配的跟踪模式星图识别方法.该方法充分利用上一时刻的角距匹配信息构建了一个实时跟踪星库,并把当前时刻的角距信息在实时跟踪星库中进行匹配识别,识别成功后利用识别时用到的信息对实时跟踪星库进行更新.仿真实验表明,该方法具有匹配时间短、匹配成功率高的优点.