Protostellar Disk Formation and Early Evolution

This contribution describes the formation of circumstellar disks and their earliest evolutionary phases when self-gravity in the disk plays a crucial role in eliciting the transport of mass and angular momentum. We first discuss the formation of protostellar disks within the context of analytic infall-collapse solutions. We then discuss our efforts to understand the behavior of the newly formed disks. Our specific approach consists of performing a detailed analysis of a simplified model disk which is susceptible to the growth of a spiral instability. Using a combination of numerical simulation and semi-analytic analysis, we show how the dramatic early phase of mass and angular momentum transport in the disk can be explained by a second-order nonlinear process involving self-interaction of a dominant two-armed spiral mode. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

用于失谐叶盘动力学特性分析的减缩计算方法

提出了一种用于失谐叶盘动力学特性分析的减缩计算方法.该方法采用基于周期对称的谐波平衡法,建立非线性的迭代方程,能够基于单扇区的矩阵求解整个失谐叶盘的强迫响应,且不存在任何截断误差,因而效率高于部件模态综合法但精度并不降低.从周期对称结构理论出发给出了方法原理的数学推导,在此基础上通过一个失谐叶盘有限元模型算例对该方法的效率与精度进行了讨论.结果表明:相较部件模态综合法,周期对称谐波平衡法矩阵维度减小59.5%,计算复杂度减少93.4%,计算时间节省57.4%.     

Galactic Wind: Mass Fractionation and Cosmic Ray Acceleration

The dynamical and chemical effects of the Galactic Wind are discussed. This wind is primarily driven by the pressure gradient of the Cosmic Rays. Assuming the latter to be accelerated in the Supernova Remnants of the disk which at the same time produce the Hot Interstellar Medium, it is argued that the gas removed by the wind is enriched in the nucleosynthesis products of Supernova explosions. Therefore the moderate mass loss through this wind should still be able to remove a substantial amount of metals, opening the way for stars to produce more metals than observed in the disk, by e.g. assuming a Salpeter-type stellar initial mass function beyond a few Solar masses. The wind also allows a global, physically appealing interpretation of Cosmic Ray propagation and escape from the Galaxy. In addition the spiral structure of the disk induces periodic pressure waves in the expanding wind that become a sawtooth shock wave train at large distances which can re-accelerate “knee” particles coming from the disk sources. This new Galactic Cosmic Ray component can reach energies of a few×10¹⁸ eV and may contribute to the juncture between the particles of Galactic and extragalactic origin in the observed overall Cosmic Ray spectrum.     

某级压气机叶盘系统失谐振动关键因素研究

基于某级压气机叶片盘扇区，建立考虑非线性榫接触叶片盘有限元模型，应用提出的自由界面子结构-固定界面预应力模态综合超单元近似分析方法，并基于提出的围绕实验与有限元分析拟合出线性表达式的失谐参数识别方法，探究失谐关键因素对于叶盘系统振动的影响.结果表明，非线性榫接触不可忽略，提出的超单元法精度达到3.07%，满足要求.同时也表明，叶片平均频率、叶盘刚度比与频率转向对于失谐叶盘系统振动幅值、共振频率及应变能等参数均有一定影响.      

小失谐对整体叶盘结构动态特性的影响

基于失谐叶盘频差提出了小失谐的概念,总结了其在实际工程叶盘中的表现形式。以扇区3自由度集中参数叶盘模型为对象,系统研究小失谐对不同模态族的模态局部化和响应幅值放大的影响。研究表明:小失谐在模态族最高节径处同样会造成严重的振动局部化现象。当失谐强度为0.001时,模态局部化因子达到17;当失谐强度为0.007时,响应幅值放大可达1.8。小失谐对叶盘结构动态特性的影响显著,在设计和使用中应予以重视。      

涡轮机轴流叶轮盘行波振动研究

本文对涡轮机中轴流叶轮盘的激振源, 特别是行波振动诱发的轴向力、力的性质、对振动的影响等作了分析。指出行波振动会诱发轴向力, 此力对压气机和涡轮盘的前行波振动起阻尼作用, 而对后行波则是自激力。涡轮机中轮盘上经常受到沿圆周分布不均的不变力作用, 激起驻波振动, 振动诱发的轴向力又激起盘的自激振动, 如无足够阻尼则导致失稳, 造成轮盘破裂事故。      

旋转盘弹塑性应力分析的光测法研究

本文介绍了光贴片法及光塑性法的原理及在旋转盘弹塑性应变测量中的应用。作者用上述方法设计了等色线条纹的实测系统, 测定了旋转模型盘及发动机压气机盘在榫槽、偏心孔、中心孔等应力集中区的弹塑性应变分布及塑性区。试验结果表明: 研究的技术成果可应用于旋转盘在试验器上试验或模型试验中的弹塑性应变测定。      

含接触界面的叶盘结构强迫振动响应快速预测方法

建立了含接触界面的叶盘有限元结构强迫振动响应的快速预测方法。以含燕尾型榫连接的叶盘结构有限元(FE)模型为例,通过模态综合法对线性结构模型进行减缩,将模型计算规模降低至原模型的1/25以下,采用谐波平衡法对进行稳态响应预测。在此过程中,将作者前期研究工作中提出的雅可比矩阵加速技术进行拓展改进,形成了适用于含接触界面的大规模有限元模型的快速雅可比矩阵快速计算方法,将基于谐波平衡法的响应预测速率提高400倍以上。结果表明:所建立的含接触界面的叶盘结构强迫振动响应快速预测方法准确性良好,在计算效率方面拥有巨大的优势,可为后续开展各种类型干摩擦阻尼器的设计和优化工作提供强有力的工具。      

Time-resolved spectroscopy of accretion disks in Algols

Time-resolved spectroscopy during the eclipse of short-period Algol systems, has shown their accretion disks to be small, turbulent structures with non-Keplerian velocity fields and asymmetries between the leading and trailing sides of the disk. These transient disks are produced by the impact of the gas stream on the mass-gaining star, and occur in systems where the star is just large enough to ensure the stream collision is complete. These emission line disks and the excess continuum emission do not always occur together. The permanent accretion disks in at least a few of the long-period Algol systems have features in common with the transient disks including non-Keplerian velocity fields.     

Time-resolved spectroscopy of accretion disks in Algols

Time-resolved spectroscopy during the eclipse of short-period Algol systems, has shown their accretion disks to be small, turbulent structures with non-Keplerian velocity fields and asymmetries between the leading and trailing sides of the disk. These transient disks are produced by the impact of the gas stream on the mass-gaining star, and occur in systems where the star is just large enough to ensure the stream collision is complete. These emission line disks and the excess continuum emission do not always occur together. The permanent accretion disks in at least a few of the long-period Algol systems have features in common with the transient disks including non-Keplerian velocity fields.     

Photometric effects of accretion disks in long-period eclipsing binaries

Summary A multi-year photometric program on long-period eclipsing binaries has begun to uncover some properties of accretion disks in these systems. Emission and transmission properties can sometimes be found from light curve features produced by partial eclipses of the disk by the cool star, and by partial occultations of the cool star by the disk. These disks do not have the classical alpha structure. They are optically thin normal to the orbital plane, but may be geometrically thicker than purely gravitationally-stratified disks. Disk gas may be contaminated by dust particles acquired from the outer layers of the cool loser. In some systems, high states, produced by elevated mass accretion by the hot star, occur, suggesting that the mass distribution in the disk is clumpy. However mass-transfer rates are found, they lie between 10^-7 and 10^-6 solar masses per year.While this binary sample is small at the moment, some of its properties are shared with other systems. The author has five-color observations of about a dozen additional systems, which may fill out this picture more fully.     

油膜轴承的高速双悬臂转子随机不平衡振动特性实验

建立了含圆瓦轴承的双悬臂转子系统动力学模型,分析了不平衡激励与系统动力学响应的关联。采用升速和定速实验分别研究悬臂圆盘不平衡典型组合下幅值大小、轴向位置和相位差对跨2阶临界转速转子系统振动响应的影响。结果表明:右盘不平衡对1阶振动敏感,而左盘不平衡则对2阶敏感;同相比反相不平衡激发倍频成分丰富,且能抑制12分频;适量不平衡可引发转子振幅超过联轴器许用误差补偿值而导致“共振高频带”现象。      

航空发动机高负荷涡轮盘双辐板结构优化设计

转速高负荷重的涡轮盘是发动机重量大户,采用单辐板结构设计难以有效减轻重量。提出并建立了涡轮盘双辐板结构优化设计数学模型及方法,筛选了涡轮盘子午面形状设计参数,建立了应力约束条件,利用AN-SYS优化平台,编制了轮盘结构优化程序。针对典型高负荷涡轮盘结构优化问题,分别进行了单辐板盘和双辐板盘结构优化设计,结果表明,在满足轮盘变形、强度要求的条件下,双辐板盘比单辐板盘重量可减少25.3%,应力分布更均匀,说明对于高负荷涡轮盘,双辐板盘具有明显的优势。     

立式轮盘变幅循环旋转试验器

为了较精确地预示轮盘低循环疲劳寿命,我们将轮盘超转、破裂试验器改造成应用微机自动控制的变幅循环旋转试验器,成功地完成了一个轮盘的变幅低循环疲劳旋转试验,给出了轮盘幅板偏心孔的裂纹起始寿命和扩展寿命。      

Progress in the Study of Galaxies: Structures,Collective Phenomena and Methods

The review contains the important achievements in dynamics of the galactic disks. Among them there are I. New structures discovered recently: • giant vortices (including giant anticyclone in the Solar vicinity); • slow bar; • inner oscillating structure within spiral arms similar that of enveloped soliton; • chaotic streamlines in the velocity field of the gaseous disk of a real galaxy. II. New collective phenomina discovered recently: • new overreflection instability initiating ‘mini-spiral’ in the innermost central parsec of Galaxy; • large-scale convection caused by nonlinear interaction of density wave with disk gas; • non-kolmogorovian spectrum of weak turbulence corresponding to the observed one in the • Solar vicinity. III. New methods worked out recently: • reconstruction of full three-dimensional vector field of gas velocity from the observed line-of- • sight velocity field; • observational test for verification of the wave-nature of the spiral arms; • observational test to distinguish two types of vertical motions: warp and z-motions in the • density wave; • derivation of correct system of two-dimensional dynamical equations from the initial three- • dimensional one. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

复杂时变激励下失谐叶盘瞬态强迫响应分析

提出一种高效的失谐叶盘瞬态强迫响应分析方法,不同于传统的数值积分方法,该方法推导出瞬态强迫响应的解析表达式,能更为高效地预测失谐叶盘的瞬态强迫响应。首先,对叶盘的高保真有限元模型进行减缩建模,在精确地描述叶盘结构的动力学特性的前提下,极大的减少了模型的自由度数目。其次,模拟加速旋转的涡轮叶盘经过复杂流场时叶片表面上的气动载荷,并建立叶盘固有频率和振型随转速变化的数学函数;通过共振分析确定叶盘共振的转速区间并分析引起共振的激励阶次成分。最后,计算了不同旋转加速度和阻尼下叶盘的瞬态强迫响应,并对叶盘的失谐幅值放大因子进行研究。应用本办法对某86个叶片的涡轮叶盘进行了数值分析,结果表明,相同阻尼水平下,叶盘的瞬态强迫响应幅值随旋转加速度增加而降低,失谐幅值放大因子在瞬态条件下大于稳态条件下,最高可达30%。     

Magnetic energy release near accreting black holes

The observed non-thermal emission from accreting compact objects is often understood in terms of the expected magnetic activity of accretion disks. This review discusses the constraints on this view point that can be obtained from, principally, the X-ray spectra and the X-ray variability of black hole candidates.Furthermore, the traditional view of an accretion disk corona, put forward as the source of the non-thermal emission, analogous to the solar corona is shown to be wrong on a few important points. Firstly, the density in the equilibrium accretion disk corona is extremely low. A reasonable plasma density is retained by pair production processes similar to those existing in the pulsar magnetosphere. Secondly, the dominant resistivity in the accretion the disk on the current carrying electrons.     

涡轮盘用变形高温合金在俄国的发展

本文简要介绍了俄国涡轮盘用变形高温合金的发展概况,列出了一些合金的成分和性能,其最高工作温度可达850℃,这个合金系列均可采用传统的熔炼加变形工艺生产涡轮盘,且其质量和性能水平可与粉末涡轮盘相比美。     

基于高保真有限元模型失谐叶盘受迫响应的统计特性

采用极值理论分析失谐叶盘最大受迫响应的统计特性并应用于某压气机叶盘上。对失谐叶盘进行减缩建模，运用蒙特卡洛方法模拟响应计算，研究不同激励阶次下最大响应放大因子的分布特性。采用极值理论对最大响应放大因子分布进行统计学建模，以极大似然估计方法求解未知参数，进行分布拟合，并采用K-S(Kolmogorov-Smirnov)检验方法检验各分布函数拟合的好坏程度。对某压气机叶盘进行失谐响应统计特性分析，对比了7种分布函数对最大响应放大因子的拟合效果，结果表明:极值分布、二参数威布尔分布、正态分布、对数正态分布和伽马分布拟合效果较差；常用的三参数威布尔分布不如广义极值分布的拟合效果好。因此，说明广义极值分布更能准确地描述失谐叶盘动力响应的统计特性。      

层流边界层C型失稳研究

本文研究了在平板层流边界层中，一个二维基本波和一对三维亚谐斜波的非线性作用，利用修正的弱非线性理论求出这些波的幅值、幅角的演化方程。文中主要观点是：高次谐波的能量不能瞬时被激发，而是由低次谐波通过非线性作用逐步产生的。本文积分有关方程，计算出基本波和亚谐斜波的参数，得到一段扰动演化曲线，与实验吻合较好。