二硝酰胺铵(ADN)/纳米Fe_2O_3的热分解特性研究（英文）

二硝酰胺铵(ADN)因具有氧平衡和能量高、且不含卤素的特点,被认为是新型固体推进剂中最有应用前景的高能氧化剂之一。重点研究了纳米Fe_2O_3(nano-Fe_2O_3)对ADN热分解行为的影响。利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重(TGDTA)分析法,研究了nano-Fe_2O_3/ADN混合物的热行为,采用Friedman法计算了其活化能;利用TG-DTA-MS和TG-DTS-IR联用仪,进一步研究了纯ADN和nano-Fe_2O_3/ADN混合物在相同测试条件下的气体分解产物组成及热分解机理。结果表明,nano-Fe_2O_3降低了ADN的起始分解温度和最大分解温度,促进了ADN的热分解,反应后残留物的质量与最初添加到混合物中的nano-Fe_2O_3的质量接近,表明nano-Fe_2O_3可以催化ADN的热失重和放热行为,且nano-Fe_2O_3并没有改变ADN的反应过程,分解产物不变。     

T-Jump/FTIR联用技术研究CL-20的热分解机理

用T-Jump/FTIR联用技术,在高纯氮气气氛、不同压力、不同裂解温度和1 000 K/s的快速升温速率条件下,研究了CL-20的快速热裂解过程。用快速扫描傅立叶变换红外光谱实时跟踪分析分解产物的种类和浓度变化,考察了实验温度和压力对CL-20快速热裂解气相产物N2O/NO2和NO/NO2比值的影响。结果证实,CL-20的分解首先是从N—NO2键的断裂开始,生成NO和其他较稳定的气体产物(如CO、CO2和H2O等),这种N—N键断裂的反应因压力和温度增大而加速,气态NO2生成后又与凝聚相和其他活性还原性气体产物(如CH2O)发生二次反应,经中间产物而产生N2O。     

热分析-红外联用对PDADN热分解动力学的研究

采用DSC-TG-FTIR等技术研究了PDADN热分解全过程,得到了分解气体产物红外特征相对吸收强度随时间或温度变化的“热-红”(TIR)曲线,建立了TIR曲线的非等温动力学处理方法,用Coats-Redfern方程和Ozawa方程计算获得了PDADN热分解气体产物生成的动力学参数和机理函数,从热分解各气体产物之间生成速率的“等动力学点”分析了PDADN的热分解机理。     

GAP热分解动力学和机理研究

采用DSC、TGA和热裂解-MS、TG—FTIR、热裂解原位-FTIR研究技术，研究了GAP热分解全过程。气相中检出N2、NH3，HCN、H2CCO、CO、CO2、C2H4、HCHO，凝聚相中首先-N3分解生成亚胺中间产物。实验获得了GAP的热反应动力学参数并且提出了可能的分解机理。     

DNTF/CL-20双组元体系热分解特性及机理研究

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)在3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)基熔铸炸药中应用前景广阔,从实验分析和动力学模拟两方面入手,研究了DNTF/CL-20双组元体系(1∶1,质量比)热分解特性及机理。采用高压差示扫描量热(PDSC)技术考察了双组元体系的热分解特性,并通过Kissinger方程得到了其热分解动力学参数;采用同步热分析-红外-质谱(TG/DSC-FTIR-MS)联用技术研究了双组元体系热分解产物的组成及种类,推测了其热分解机理;采用耐驰热动力学软件获得了1.0 MPa下双组元体系的热分解动力学参数。结果表明：DNTF/CL-20双组元体系在1.0 MPa下的热分解过程中,CL-20会因低共熔导致分解峰温降低,产生的气相产物会促进DNTF的分解,进而引起其峰温前移;DNTF/CL-20双组元体系热分解的初始步骤为CL-20中的N—NO₂断裂,产生具有催化作用的气相分子,致使其笼状结构裂解,并引起DNTF的呋咱环和氧化呋咱环于N—O键处断裂,最终生成后续生成NO、CO、CO₂、N₂O、H₂     

高氮含能化合物偶氮四唑三氨基胍盐的热分解研究

偶氮四唑三氨基胍盐(TAGZT)是一种有望在固体推进剂和气体发生剂中应用的新型高氮含能化合物。通过热重(TG)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和气体(固体)原位反应池/快速扫描傅里叶变换红外光谱(RSFTIR)联用技术,研究了TAG-ZT的热分解。实验结果显示TAGZT的热稳定性达200℃,热分解过程对压强不敏感,465℃热分解凝聚相产物为炭黑、NH4N3和嘧嘞胺。计算获得了TAGZT的热分解动力学参数和方程,分析提出了TAGZT的热分解机理。     

固体推进剂用硝酸酯增塑剂的热安定机制研究进展

从硝酸酯在固体推进剂中的应用角度综述了硝酸酯的热分解机理和热安定机制的国内外研究进展。硝酸酯的热分解机理国内外均集中于非等温高温热分解行为和热分解动力学研究,对于使用温度下的硝酸酯的等温热分解机理、反应动力学和产物分布等方向研究相对较少;对于硝酸酯热安定机制的研究主要集中于苯胺型和苯脲型安定剂的初步安定效果探索,其后期安定机理、整体反应动力学过程以及安定剂和硝酸酯的定量配比关系的研究未见文献报道。截至目前,国内外已形成硝酸酯两步热分解机制——硝酸酯键的断裂与硝酸酯的自催化;初步探索出苯胺型和苯脲型安定剂前期安定作用过程,其中,苯胺型安定剂初步安定机制为安定剂氨基上的氢与二氧化氮结合生成HNO₂和N自由基,而后安定剂的N自由基结合NO,苯脲型安定剂安定机制为安定剂发生C-硝化和N-硝化吸收氮氧化物。但上述国内外研究成果尚不足以支撑硝酸酯热安定控制技术及固体推进剂高温可靠使用调控技术等研究。基于此,文章提出应将使用温度下的硝酸酯等温热分解热行为和热安定机制作为硝酸酯基础应用的重点研究方向的研究建议。     

ADN与AP/RDX/Al相互作用及机理

采用高能氧化剂ADN部分代替AP,分别设计了AP/RDX、AP/RDX/Al、ADN/AP/RDX、ADN/AP/RDX/Al四种组分体系,利用差示扫描量热技术,研究ADN与高能组分的相互作用,尤其是对组分体系放热量的影响。结果表明,ADN的加入使ADN/AP/RDX组分体系的放热量增加了1.6倍,使ADN/AP/RDX/Al组分体系的放热量增加了1.68倍。同时,采用热-红-质联用技术,通过对分解产物的结构鉴定及整个过程中红外光谱强度和质谱质子流强度变化规律的研究,发现ADN的加入导致组分体系热分解反应生成更多的标准摩尔生成焓小的生成物,使得热分解反应的焓值更小,放热量增加。     

红外光谱法研究GAP的热分解

采用T-Jump/FTIR和热裂解原位/FTIR联用技术,分别研究了GAP的快速热裂解和慢加热速率分解过程。在不同压力的高纯氮气条件下,以1 000℃/s的升温速率达到设定的温度(600℃和1 000℃)快速分解,用快速扫描傅立叶变换红外光谱跟踪分析分解产物的种类和浓度变化。结果表明,GAP首先由叠氮基N3分解生成亚胺中间产物,该产物经历生成HCN和NH3的2个竞争反应过程继续分解。根据快速热裂解气相产物HCN/NH3比值随温度和压力的变化,发现GAP在2个竞争反应分解生成HCN和NH3的过程,不但受实验温度的影响,而且也受压力的影响。     

考虑两相表面反应的二硝酰胺铵点火研究

为了研究固体推进剂二硝酰胺铵(ammonium dinitramide,ADN)点火过程中物理化学变化,建立了1个考虑两相(固相和气相)表面化学反应的点火模型。该模型基于固相与气相的质量守恒方程、组元连续方程、能量守恒方程及有限速率化学动力学方程而建立,并引入多组元系统状态方程封闭方程组。模型中包含35种组元,2个固相ADN总分解反应和166个气相细节(基元)化学反应,并使用温度函数表示物性参数进行计算。应用该点火模型对0.1 MPa下ADN在不同初始温度下点火延迟时间进行预测,计算结果与试验数据较吻合,说明该点火模型较准确地描述了ADN点火过程;计算表明,ADN点火延迟时间随初始温度升高而急剧缩短,且初始温度高于600 K时,温度存在一个短时间的降低过程;计算得到ADN完全燃烧产物为H2O(0.393)、N2(0.394)、O2(0.193)及极少量的NO(0.009),表明ADN是一种绿色无污染低特征信号推进剂。     

On the stability of the track of the space elevator

A string moving with geostationary angular velocity in its radial relative equilibrium configuration around the Earth, reaching from the surface of the Earth far beyond the geostationary height, could be used as track for an Earth to space elevator. This is an old dream of mankind, originating about 100 years ago in Russia. Besides the question of feasibility from a technological point of view also the question concerning the stability of such a configuration has not yet been completely solved. Under the assumption that a proper material (carbon nanotubes) is available, making the connection possible technologically, we address the question of existence and stability of the radial relative equilibrium of a tapered string on a circular geosynchronous trajectory around the Earth, reaching from the surface of the Earth far beyond the geostationary height.     

On the Possibility of the Existence of Volatile Compounds in the Region of the Scott Crater on the Moon

In this paper, we analyze the illumination conditions, the thermal regime, and the possibility of deposits of volatile compounds existing in the vicinity region (NSR S5 region) near the southern pole of the Moon. It has been found that there are no permanently shadowed zones near the Scott crater and the NSR S5 region, though the temperature conditions allow the of compounds such as CH₃OH, SO₂, NH₃, CO₂, H₂S, C₂H₄, and water to remain stable relative to evaporation for a long time (≥1 Gyr). It has been also shown that compounds like CO and CH₄ cannot stably exist in these regions.     

Estimation of the current density and analysis of the geometry of the current system surrounding the Earth

The results of an investigation of the distribution of plasma pressure, pressure gradients, and magnetic field near the equatorial plane in the plasma ring surrounding the Earth under magneto-quiet conditions are presented. Observational data obtained during the international THEMIS mission are used. The picture of the distribution of transverse-current density near the equatorial plane was obtained under assumption of observing the magnetostatic balance condition at geocentric distances from 6 to 12R _E. In estimating the integral transverse current it was accepted that in daytime sector the magnetic-field minima on magnetic field lines are not localized in the equatorial plane. Estimates of the integral transverse current were obtained, which demonstrate the possibility of closing nighttime transverse currents at geocentric distances of up to ～12R _E inside the magnetosphere, which form a high-latitudinal continuation of the ring current.     

对老年人体育锻炼负荷量监控方法的探讨

通过对老年人体育锻炼活动的情况进行相关调查，发现目前老年人体育锻炼中存在一些误区。因此本文针对这些现实情况提出，应根据实际情况运用一些简单易行的方法来对老年人体育锻炼实施医务监督，达到提高老年人体育锻炼的科学性。     

Estimating the accuracy of the technique of reconstructing the rotational motion of a satellite based on the measurements of its angular velocity and the magnetic field of the Earth

The paper has studied the accuracy of the technique that allows the rotational motion of the Earth artificial satellites (AES) to be reconstructed based on the data of onboard measurements of angular velocity vectors and the strength of the Earth magnetic field (EMF). The technique is based on kinematic equations of the rotational motion of a rigid body. Both types of measurement data collected over some time interval have been processed jointly. The angular velocity measurements have been approximated using convenient formulas, which are substituted into the kinematic differential equations for the quaternion that specifies the transition from the body-fixed coordinate system of a satellite to the inertial coordinate system. Thus obtained equations represent a kinematic model of the rotational motion of a satellite. The solution of these equations, which approximate real motion, has been found by the least-square method from the condition of best fitting between the data of measurements of the EMF strength vector and its calculated values. The accuracy of the technique has been estimated by processing the data obtained from the board of the service module of the International Space Station (ISS). The reconstruction of station motion using the aforementioned technique has been compared with the telemetry data on the actual motion of the station. The technique has allowed us to reconstruct the station motion in the orbital orientation mode with a maximum error less than 0.6° and the turns with a maximal error of less than 1.2°.     

实施“三位一体”教育模式 提高学生的综合素质

本文介绍了“三位一体”教育模式的内容,描述亍我们实施该模式所采取的措施及取得的成效。实践表明,“三位一体”教育模式能够提高学生的综合素质,为学生毕业后的发展打下坚实基础,对教育模式的改革具有一定的指导意义。     

从应变计现状看电阻式传感器的前景

电阻式传感器的核心部件——电阻应变计是目前最常用的应力分析的敏感元件。也常用于测量力、压力、扭矩和加速度等物理量。作者简要回顾了电阻应变计的发展历史，介绍了电阻应变计的结构、分类及现状，展望了电阻式传感器的前景。     

System of works on numerical modeling of the dynamics of the structure of the Space Radiotelescope in the RadioAstron project

The results of modeling the dynamics of the Space Radiotelescope are presented. The results of ground-based vibration-dynamic tests are used to validate the calculation models and estimate the damping levels. The dynamic distortions of the reflecting surface caused by the operation of the pointing mechanism of the high-gain antenna are estimated.     

Optimization of the trajectory of the spacecraft insertion into the system of heliocentric orbits

The possibility of the spacecraft insertion into the system of operational heliocentric orbits has been analyzed. It has been proposed to use a system of several operational heliocentric orbits. On each orbit, the spacecraft makes one or more revolutions around the Sun. These orbits are characterized by a relatively small perihelion radius and relatively high inclination, which allows one to investigate the polar regions of the Sun. The transition of the spacecraft from one orbit to another has been performed using an unpowered gravity assist maneuver near Venus and does not require the cruise propulsion operation. Each maneuver transfers the spacecraft into the sequence of operational heliocentric orbits. We have analyzed several systems of operational heliocentric orbits into which the spacecraft can be inserted by means of the considered transportation system with electric propulsion (EP). The mass of the spacecraft delivered to these systems of operational orbits has been estimated.     

火箭推进剂液体晃动关机响应的数值仿真

本文采用VOF方法对火箭发动机关机阶段所引起的液体晃动进行了数值仿真，以氧化剂贮箱为例，得到了贮箱无阻尼环和带阻尼环时的晃动仿真图和液体质心变化曲线，检验了VOF方法处理碎波的能力。