基于TCAD仿真建模的瞬时剂量率效应研究

针对一款百万门级0.18 μm互补金属氧化物半导体（0.18 μm CMOS）工艺抗辐射加固的微处理器电路，提出了采用TCAD仿真建模技术对加固电路开展瞬时剂量率效应研究的方法，仿真结果表明通过保护环结构加固设计，可有效提升电路的抗瞬时剂量率效应性能，并利用瞬时剂量率辐射源进行了仿真有效性的试验验证。结果表明,采用TCAD仿真手段得到的瞬时光电流峰值与试验得到的光电流峰值误差小于5%，证实了仿真研究电路瞬时剂量率效应方法的有效性。     

CMOS集成电路的辐射损伤——MOS场效应晶体管的阈电压偏移

用0.74兆电子伏单能电子辐照了上海元件五厂生产的CMOS集成电路5G871。辐照过程中P沟道管和N沟道管各有处于导通和截止两种状态的。测量了P沟道管和N沟道管的阈电压偏移与辐射剂量之间的关系。发现,辐射过程中导通的P沟道管对辐射最为敏感,其阈电压偏移1伏相对应的辐射剂量仅为1.54×10~4拉德(Si)。考虑了温度效应和剂量率对实验结果的影响。分析了辐射损伤机制,指出钠离子污染是最主要的因素,因而,作为抗辐射加固的主要措施,首先应降低钠离子污染浓度。     

基于TCAD和Geant 4的SRAM单粒子效应评估

基于Geant4和TCAD (Technology-Computer Aided-Design)建立了一套评估静态存储器(SRAM)单粒子效应的方法. 该方法利用TCAD软件模拟半导体存储单元对粒子能量沉积的响应, 获得SRAM的重离子单粒子翻转截面, 并应用蒙特卡罗工具包Geant 4计算质子与硅材料的核反应以及次级粒子在灵敏体积内的能量沉积, 进而获得质子的单粒子翻转率. 利用该方法, 计算了TSMC 0.18 μm未加固SRAM的重离子和质子翻转率, 通过与同工艺SRAM的重离子实验结果进行比较, 初步验证了该方法的有效性. 该方法不依赖于地面模拟实验, 可以用来评估处于设计阶段的抗辐射加固器件.      

光纤陀螺中保偏光纤60 Co辐照效应及光褪色特性

从光纤陀螺空间应用的角度出发,利用60Co辐照源模拟空间辐照,对光纤陀螺中的主要部件保偏光纤环进行了不同剂量率的辐照实验,得到了保偏光纤的辐照效应.并且利用大功率半导体激光器对保偏光纤环进行了光褪色实验.实验证明,辐照条件下,保偏光纤损耗增加;剂量率越大,损耗增加越快;总剂量越大,损耗越大;采用大功率半导体激光器对保偏光纤环进行光褪色,可以减缓辐照环境下光纤的损耗增加量,而且激光器功率越大,光褪色效果越明显,可将其用到光纤陀螺中作为其空间应用的抗辐射加固措施.      

14 nm pFinFET器件抗单粒子辐射的加固方法

为探究先进互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）工艺在空间应用中的可靠性问题，研究14 nm工艺下P型沟道鳍式场效应晶体管(pFinFET)器件中的抗单粒子瞬态(SET)加固策略。通过在器件中插入平行于鳍方向的重掺杂N型沟槽(Ntie)和P型沟槽(Ptie)来减缓SET的影响。三维TCAD仿真结果表明：加固之后器件的抗SET特性和沟槽本身的偏置条件相关。当重掺杂沟槽处于零偏状态时，抗辐射加固的性能最好，SET脉冲宽度降低程度可达40%左右；然而，当处于反偏状态时，由于特殊的电荷收集过程的存在，使得SET脉冲幅度反而会明显增大，脉冲宽度减小程度并不明显。此外，还研究沟槽面积、间距及掺杂浓度对pFinFET中的SET脉冲宽度的影响，得到提高抗SET效果的加固方法。     

半导体器件单粒子效应的机理,试验和预计

介绍了空间高能粒子环境及单粒子效应的机理、模拟试验方法和错误率计算方法。空间高能粒子环境由银河宇宙射线、太阳宇宙射线及地磁捕获粒子组成。单个高能粒子可在半导体中通过库仑作用或核反应电离出大量电子—空穴对,从而引起半导体器件逻辑紊乱或失效。用加速器产生的高能粒子进行模拟试验可获得器件对单粒子效应的敏感参数;由E.L.Peterson 等人的经验公式或CREME 程序预计器件在特定环境下的出错率。     

CMOS器件单粒子效应电荷收集机理

针对90 nm CMOS（Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor）工艺,采用三维数值模拟方法,研究了反相器中NMOS（Negative channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor）晶体管与PMOS（Positive channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor）晶体管的单粒子瞬变（SET,Single Event Transient）电流脉冲,深入分析了PMOSFET（Positive channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor）与NMOSFET（Negative channel-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor）发生单粒子效应时电荷输运过程和电荷收集机理.研究结果表明,由于电路耦合作用,反相器中晶体管的电荷收集与单个晶体管差异显著;反相器中PMOS晶体管电荷收集过程中存在寄生双极放大效应,NMOS晶体管中不存在寄生双极放大效应;由于双极放大效应,90 nm工艺下PMOS晶体管产生的SET电压脉冲比NMOS晶体管产生的电压脉冲持续时间更长,进而导致PMOS晶体管的SET效应更加敏感.研究结果为数字电路SET的精确建模、进行大规模集成电路SET效应模拟提供了参考依据.      

太阳同步轨道真空紫外光电倍增管的高能粒子屏蔽方法研究

空间辐射环境是导致光电倍增管性能衰变甚至失效的主要原因, 由于空间辐射环境的复杂性以及飞行器在空间活动的轨道、设计寿命和光电倍增管的类型不同, 光电倍增管需要的抗辐射屏蔽要求不同. 以太阳同步轨道高能粒子辐射环境为例, 对真空紫外光电倍增管进行了辐射屏蔽的Monte-Carlo计算, 在此基础上提出了运行于该轨道上的真空紫外光电倍增管的高能粒子屏蔽优化组合. 模拟计算表明, 采用Al-W-Al三层结构的屏蔽组合形式, 其中Al层厚2mm, W厚 0.5mm,可将辐射剂量从原本的9.98× 106rad (Si)降低到 8.41× 102rad (Si), 能较好地满足实际使用要求.      

铷原子钟物理部分的低剂量率辐射效应研究

铷原子钟物理部分是铷原子钟的原子鉴频器,决定铷原子钟的短期和长期稳定度（1s以上）,其中使用了金属铷、玻璃、镍铁合金等材料和一些双极性晶体管、运算放大器等器件,其核心部件铷泡是一个采用特殊真空工艺制造的器件,这些材料、器件和工艺的低剂量率辐射效应需要实验评价。本文提出并完成了铷原子钟物理部分的低剂量率辐射实验,采用Co60γ源,辐射剂量率0.01rad（Si）/s,总剂量50krad（Si）,对铷原子钟物理部分和铷泡的辐射效应分别进行了实验评估。这项研究更加真实地逼近了空间的电离辐射,实验数据对于星载铷原子钟的在轨运行监测和下一代星载铷原子钟的抗辐射设计具有重要的作用。     

新型高速单粒子翻转自恢复锁存器设计

航天器中芯片工作时钟频率的不断提高使得单粒子翻转(single-event-upset,SEU)效应对时序逻辑的影响更加显著。目前已经提出的辐射加固锁存器存在面积和延时较大、功耗较高且抗单粒子翻转能力有限的问题。针对这些问题，提出了一款基于130nm部分耗尽绝缘体上硅(partially-depleted silicon on insulator,PD SOI)工艺的高速单粒子辐射自恢复锁存器。在对电路设计进行介绍的基础上，与其他已经报道的电路进行了对比，并利用节点翻转分析和仿真波形验证了该锁存器具有抗单粒子翻转自恢复的功能。对比结果表明，与其他的抗单粒子翻转自恢复锁存器相比，在牺牲部分功耗的代价下，大幅减小了锁存器的面积和延时。本方案所提出的辐射加固锁存器的综合开销指标APDP较其他辐射加固锁存器平均节省了71.14%，适用于辐射环境下的对速度和可靠性有较高要求的电路，为国产宇航高可靠自研芯片提供了选择。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.