显示界面字符编码工效设计与分析

针对人机显示界面中字符编码的工效设计问题,以封闭模拟驾驶舱为基础,采用32名被试开展静态模拟实验,选取反应时间和反应正确率为工效评价指标,得出不同光照水平、颜色匹配和字符高度下显示界面呈现的中文、英文、数字及符号的辨识绩效.实验结果表明:中/英文、数字和普通符号的辨识绩效差异显著;0~600 lx范围内4个水平光照变化对字符编码辨识绩效影响较小;颜色匹配方式对字符编码辨识绩效影响显著,黄/白、绿/青的字符/背景色匹配方式辨识绩效较差,在字符编码设计中尽量避免使用.通过实验结论及对实验数据的深入分析,建立显示界面字符编码设计的数学模型,为飞机驾驶舱人机显示界面编码设计提供参考.     

飞机界面设计颜色匹配性

针对飞机显示界面设计中存在的问题,开发了一个用于工效学实验的飞行信息显示界面仿真模型.以该模型为背景开展实验,综合使用主观和客观测量方法对不同颜色匹配特性进行了研究.以反应时间作为绩效评价指标,并利用模糊数学的方法对主观数据进行处理.实验得到以下主要结果:确定了不同背景色和目标色匹配的辨识快慢顺序和喜好程度;不同颜色匹配的作业绩效和喜好程度不全相一致;白色/红色、棕色/黄色、暗灰/蓝色、黑色/淡绿、白色/蓝色较适宜作为背景/目标色组合,白色/黄色、黑色/蓝色则不适宜.     

人机显示界面中的文字和位置编码

飞行员在驾驶飞机的过程中需要用到大量的信息,对信息进行合理的编码可以提高驾驶安全性.根据研究的需要,开发一个用于工效实验的作业任务模型.通过测量被试完成作业任务的正确率和反应时间,结合眼动仪测得的眼动数据,分析文字和位置编码对信息辨识的影响,为显示界面适人性设计提供科学依据.实验结果表明:人对文字信息的辨识受到位置编码影响,位置编码方式与视野范围和注意力分配策略相关;中心位置的辨识效率优于边缘位置,左侧位置优于右侧位置;中文信息的辨识效果优于英文信息,实际应用时应考虑母语的影响.      

基于视觉搜索的飞机显示界面设计原则

对飞行员在飞行中通过视觉搜索监视各种仪表信息的过程进行研究,探索时间压力和搜索难度两个因素对视觉搜索绩效的影响,从而为飞机座舱显示界面的工效学设计提供科学依据.设计视觉搜索程序来模拟飞机显示界面,并通过预实验确定时间压力水平和搜索难度水平的典型分级范围,在此基础上进行正式实验并记录反应正确率和反应时间.采用SPSS 19.0对实验结果进行双因素分析、简单效应、回归分析等,得到如下结论:不同水平的时间压力和搜索难度对反应正确率的影响具有显著性差异;不同水平的搜索难度对反应时间的影响具有显著性差异,并且在一定条件下反应时间和干扰项数目成线性递增关系;在保证较高正确率的状态下,即在人的认知能力范围之内,不同的时间压力水平对反应时间的影响没有显著性差异.因此,在飞机座舱显示界面视觉搜索的工效学设计中,要将时间压力和搜索难度进行最佳匹配才能取得较好的工作绩效.      

飞机驾驶舱显示界面脑力负荷判别预测生理模型

针对飞机驾驶舱显示界面脑力负荷的客观判别预测问题,综合采用事件相关电位(ERP)、心电图(ECG)和眼电图(EOG)3类生理测量技术,结合主观测评法和绩效测评法,在同一飞行实验任务中开展脑力负荷的实验测量与数学建模研究。实验结果表明:随着脑力负荷的增加,ERP测量技术中的失匹配负波(MMN)成分的峰值幅度(在Fz电极处)显著增加,P3a成分的峰值(在Fz电极处)显著降低;ECG测量技术中的心率变异性指标全部窦性心搏RR间期(简称RR间期)的标准差(SDNN)的数值显著降低;EOG测量技术中的眨眼次数显著降低。在此基础上,基于Bayes判别方法构建了脑力负荷判别预测生理综合评估模型,并将生理综合评估模型判别结果与NASA任务负荷指数(NASA_TLX)量表判别结果进行了比较,生理综合评估模型判别结果略高于NASA_TLX判别结果。该模型为飞机驾驶舱显示界面脑力负荷状态的客观、实时判定和预测提供了一种新的方法,同时也为中国正在研发的新型战斗机和大型客机驾驶舱显示界面中的人为因素适航审定工作提供了新的符合性验证工具。      

飞行员视觉信息流强度模拟及适人性分析

为了合理地确定飞行员在执行飞行任务时的视觉信息流强度,开发了飞机座舱显示界面仿真模型,以被试的正确反应率和反应时间来评价作业绩效.通过实验和数据分析得到以下结果:所建立的视觉信息流模型中视觉信息流强度曲线符合正态分布.不同的视觉信息量完成任务差异显著,信息量增加到一定程度时辨识变慢,出现错误的几率升高;在相同视觉信息量情况下,夜晚与白天、动态与静态执行任务辨识和绩效差异显著,白天要比夜晚、静态要比动态辨识效率和绩效更好.      

飞机驾驶员视觉信息流系统工效综合评定研究

通过对驾驶员的视域、视觉信息流向、视觉信息获取工效的影响因素、视觉信息流工效的测定与评估方法的研究,建立了一套视觉信息流工效综合评估系统研究体系.研究的初步结果主要有:飞机驾驶员视域在水平面中存在最佳、较好、极限工效区,并且振动、反射眩光、噪声、显示字符的形状/颜色特征/对比度/显示方式等是影响信息获取工效的主要因素;飞机信息显示区域必须限于驾驶员视域,其显示布局及显示方式应符合视觉工效学设计原则.      

多界面多任务下不同任务权重的目标辨认

武器装备人机界面设计中目标辨认问题,必须通过目标辨认的实验和评价研究加以解决.根据飞行作业中所需完成的操作任务,提出一个多界面多任务目标辨认实验方案.通过测定被试完成实验主任务的反应时间和正确探测率,研究人在不同任务权重下对目标颜色、形状、位置的辨认情况,为人机界面设计目标编码提供科学依据.实验结果表明:在需要分配人注意力的条件下,无论任务权重如何,绿色、红色和三角形是界面设计中合适的目标编码,圆形和正方形必要时可用于目标编码;人对不同位置的目标辨认受到任务权重的影响,人机界面对目标位置的设计要充分考虑任务权重因素.      

基于注意资源分配的情境意识模型

为预测飞行员情境意识的变化情况,在前期建立的注意资源分配模型及情境意识模型基础上,考虑任务环境中信息成分重要度对情境意识水平的影响,并结合人的认知特性及贝叶斯条件概率理论,提出了一种新的情境意识量化模型和求解方法.为验证模型的效度,采用20名被试在不同任务条件下开展仪表监视实验,并采用情境意识全面测量技术（SAGAT,Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique）、三维度情境意识评定技术（3-D SART,3-Dimensional Situational Awareness Rating Technique）、操作绩效和眼动测量4种方法,对不同任务条件下的情境意识水平进行测评.综合测评结果表明,根据预测模型计算所得的情境意识水平变化趋势与被试实际操作所获得的实验结果高度相关.提出的情境意识量化模型对指导驾驶舱人机显示界面设计和减少人为失误有一定的参考价值.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.