Diviner红外温度与嫦娥卫星微波探测仪月表亮温的比较分析

提出使用高分辨率的Diviner辐射计红外温度作为月壤热传导的边界输入条件,使得月壤物理温度廓线的模拟更接近月表真实情况. 利用Diviner物理温度廓线模拟的微波亮温与嫦娥二号卫星微波探测仪（CELMS2）的实测亮温匹配,来分析CELMS2数据的有效性和稳定性,为月壤微波特性的反演奠定基础. 以哥白尼坑区域为例,对比分析了Diviner辐射计红外通道温度与CELMS1实测微波亮温的变化趋势. 选择月球虹湾地区内一位置点（45.1°-45.5°N,33.1°-33.5°W）,分析了CELMS2在该位置点内5个月球时刻的亮温数据. 通过对实测亮温与模拟亮温在经纬度和太阳高度角的匹配分析得到,在高频微波通道内两者的相关性达到96%以上,表明嫦娥二号微波探测仪亮温数据具有较高的稳定性,可以为月壤特性反演研究提供可靠数据来源.      

Manipulating light and temperature to minimize environmental stress in the plant component of bioregenerative life support systems.

Our experiments examined enhancing tolerance of the photosynthesizing component to possible deviations in thermal or illumination conditions inside a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). In the event of one parameter getting beyond its optimum, the values of other parameters may ensure minimal damage to the plant component during the period of environmental stress. With wheat plants (one of key elements of the plant component) as an example the work considers whether it is possible to enhance thermal tolerance by varying light intensity. Increase of air temperature to 35 degrees C or 45 degrees C with light intensity of 60 W/m2 PAR has been shown to substantially inhibit the photosynthesis processes; at 150 W/m2 PAR photosynthesis decreases from 50% to 100%, respectively; when light intensity is increased to 240 W/m2 PAR photosynthesis increased more than 70% at 35 degrees C and decreased at 45 degrees C by only 20%. Thus, light intensity can be increased to avoid or decrease the inhibiting effect of high temperatures. On the other hand, tolerance of wheat plants to prolonged absence of light can be substantially enhanced by decreasing during this period air temperature to temperatures close to 0 degrees C.     

Boundary layer aerosol retrieval from thermal infrared nadir sounding – Preliminary results

A non-empirical algorithm is presented to retrieve the optical depth in the 750–1250 cm⁻¹ spectral range, of aerosol located in the boundary layer over the ocean, from nadir high-resolution radiance spectra in the thermal infrared. The algorithm is based on a line-by-line radiative transfer forward model and used the Optimal Estimation Method for the retrieval. Its performance strongly depends on the quality of the a priori temperature and H₂O atmospheric profiles. To demonstrate the relevance of the algorithm, distributions of maritime aerosol parameters have been retrieved from IMG/ADEOS data for December 1996, using the algorithm with the LBLRTM radiative transfer code, and ERA40 (ECMWF) a priori atmospheric profiles and surface conditions.     

低温环境下红外辐射标定技术研究

低温环境下红外场景生成装置的标定是对低温红外目标特征评估和精准探测的前提。通过标定过程中热辐射-光子-电子转换测量的传递途径,建立基于红外热像仪灰度的低温标定模型,用最小二乘法进行拟合,得到模型中的辐射出射度响应函数和系统固有偏置。搭建了低温标定实验装置,根据热像仪对低温辐射源不同辐射出射度的测量结果,得到标定方程。分析了理论值和实际测量值的误差,在低温黑体辐射出射度9.79W/m2处,热像仪的辐射出射度误差最大,为-0.17W/m2,此时的灰度误差为-9.91DN。     

平动点任务转移轨道中途修正研究

平动点在深空探测中具有重要作用. 由于发射中不可避免地会存在误差, 平动点卫星往往需要考虑转移轨道的中途修正. 本文从工程实用角度出发, 根据以往平动点任务的中途修正经验, 确定中途修正序列,综合以往文献对误差的处理, 给出了误差的分布参数; 将转移轨道中途修正问题转化为转移轨道设计问题, 使用微分修正算法求解转移轨道中途修正问题; 利用蒙特卡洛模拟给出统计性数据. 仿真结果验证了方法的有效性. 对于日地系 110天类型的转移轨道, 在95 %的置信水平下, 只需要78.0 m/s的机动速度, 即可以保证位置误差在66.1 km之内.      

Comparison of ground reflectance measurement with satellite derived atmospherically corrected reflectance: A case study over semi-arid landscape

Atmospheric corrections to satellite data are important for comparing multitemporal data sets over tropical regions with variable aerosol loading. In this study, we evaluated the potential of 6S radiative transfer model for atmospheric corrections of IRS-P6 AWiFS satellite data sets, in a semi-arid landscape. Ground measurements of surface reflectance representing different land use/land cover categories were conducted to relate IRS-P6 AWiFS top of atmospheric reflectance. The 6S radiative transfer model was calibrated for local conditions using ground measurements for aerosol optical depth, water vapor and ozone with a sun photometer. Surface reflectance retrieved from 6S code was compared with top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and ground based spectroradiometer measurements. Accurate parameterization of the 6S model using measurements of aerosol optical depth, water vapor and ozone plays an important role while comparing ground and satellite derived reflectance measurements.     

The total ozone and UV solar radiation over Stara Zagora,Bulgaria

The results from direct ground-based solar UV irradiance measurements and the total ozone content (TOC) over Stara Zagora (42° 25′N, 25° 37′E), Bulgaria are presented. During the period 1999–2003 the TOC data show seasonal variations, typical for the middle latitudes – maximum in the spring and minimum in the autumn. The comparison between TOC ground-based data and Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite-borne ones shows a seasonal dependence of the differences between them.A strong negative relationship between the total ozone and the 305 nm wavelength irradiance was found. The dependence between the two variables is significant (r = −0.62 ± 0.18) at 98% confidence level.The direct sun UV doses for some specific biological effects (erythema and eyes) are obtained. The estimation of the radiation amplification factor RAF shows that the ozone reduction by 1% increases the erythemal dose by 2.3%. The eye-damaging doses are more influenced by the TOC changes and in this case RAF = −2.7%.The amount of these biological doses depended on the solar altitude over the horizon. This dependence was not so strong when the total ozone content in the atmosphere was lower.     

Correction model of BDS satellite-induced code bias and its impact on precise point positioning

There are code biases on the pseudo-range observations of the Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) that range in size from several decimeters to larger than one meter. These biases can be divided into two categories, which are the code biases in the pseudo-range observations of Inclined Geo-Synchronous Orbit (IGSO) satellites and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites and the code biases in the pseudo-range observations of Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. In view of the code bias of the IGSO/MEO satellites, the code bias correction model is established using the weighted least square curve fitting method. After the correction, the code biases of the IGSO and MEO satellites are clearly mitigated. A methodology of correcting GEO code bias is proposed based on the empirical mode decomposition (EMD)-wavelet transform (WT) coupled model. The accuracies of the GEO multipath combination of the B1, B2 and B3 frequencies are improved by 39.9%, 17.9%, and 29.4%, respectively. Based on the corrections above, the ten days observations of three Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations are processed. The results indicate that the convergence time of the precise point positioning (PPP) can be improved remarkably by applying a code bias. The mean convergence time can be improved by 14.67% after the IGSO/MEO code bias correction. By applying the GEO code bias, the mean convergence time can be further improved by 17.42%.     

Determination of Angular Distribution Models for Indian desert scene: Comparison with other desert models

In this paper, the shortwave and longwave anisotropy for clear sky Indian desert scene has been estimated using long-term surface data, radiative transfer calculations and Helmholtz reciprocity for missing values. This study is important in the perspective of the low inclination satellites like Megha–Tropiques (MT) mission, carrying Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB) payload, which will provide broadband radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). Due to low inclination angle, the angular models for clear sky land scenes for the MT-ScaRaB orbits will be dominated by desert points.The Angular Distribution Models (ADMs) determined in this study were compared with existing desert models. It is observed that for longwave radiation, the largest disagreement is observed for higher values of viewing zenith angle, especially for the summer season, where the difference in flux can reach up to 13 W/m². For the shortwave radiation, higher values of both solar zenith angle and viewing zenith angle cause largest incongruity in the computed albedo from the different models, suggesting the need of caution in interpretation of the flux computations from these bins. In fact at the higher solar zenith angle bin, the disparity in albedo can go up to 6.4%.     

阵列射流冲击复合不同肋化表面的沸腾特性

阵列射流冲击冷却技术可以有效地解决高热流密度器件的散热问题,为了验证受冲击表面强化传热结构对优化两相射流冷却性能的有效性,结合高速显微摄像手段,研究了不同肋化表面结构形态对受限式阵列射流冷却的流动、传热特性的影响。设计了2种含不同肋化表面形态:光滑切割针肋（0.6 mm×0.6 mm×1.0 mm）、外覆多孔烧结层的粗糙针肋（粒径为73~53 μm）。实验使用无水乙醇为工质,以光滑表面的射流冷却热沉为对照组,入口温度均为20℃,在固定工质流量7.5 mL/s下,随着加热热流密度由5 W/cm2增加至100 W/cm2时,热沉的换热系数均持续上升但增幅逐渐减小,未明显观察到沸腾相变的发生。对固定热流密度82.6 W/cm2、80.5 W/cm2改变工质流量（射流雷诺数）的实验工况,当工质流量由7.5 mL/s逐渐降低至1.0 mL/s时,可以非常明显地观测到射流腔内部工质由分层湍流逐步进入泡状流、弹状流及环状流,其分别对应起始沸腾区、核态沸腾区及膜态沸腾区。      

Application of crop gas exchange and transpiration data obtained with CEEF to global change problem.

In order to predict carbon sequestration of vegetation with the future rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration, [CO2] and temperature, long term effects of high [CO2] and high temperature on responses of both photosynthesis and transpiration of plants as a whole community to environmental parameters need to be elucidated. Especially in the last decade, many studies on photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] at gene, cell, tissue or leaf level for only vegetative growth phase (i.e. before formation of reproductive organs) have been conducted all over the world. However, CO2 acclimation studies at population or community level for a whole growing season are thus far very rare. Data obtained from repeatable experiments at population or community level for a whole growing season are necessary for modeling carbon sequestration of a plant community. On the other hand, in order to stabilize material circulation in the artificial ecological system of Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF), it is necessary to predict material exchange rates in the biological systems. In particular, the material exchange rate in higher plant systems is highly variable during growth periods and there is a strong dependence on environmental conditions. For this reason, dependencies of both CO2 exchange rate and transpiration rate of three rice populations grown from seed under differing conditions of [CO2] and day/night air temperature (350 microL CO2 L-1, 24/17 degrees C (population A); 700 microL CO2 L-1, 24/17 degrees C (population B) and 700 microL CO2 L-1, 26/19 degrees C (population C)) upon PPFD, leaf temperature and [CO2] were investigated every two weeks during whole growing season. Growth of leaf lamina, leaf sheath, panicle and root was also compared. From this experiment, it was elucidated that acclimation of instantaneous photosynthetic response of rice population to [CO2] occurs in vegetative phase through changes in ratio of leaf area to whole plant dry weight, LAR. But, in reproductive growth phase (i.e. after initiation of panicle formation), the difference between photosynthetic response to [CO2] of population A and that of population B decreased. Although LAR of population C was almost always less than that of population A, there was no difference between the photosynthetic response to [CO2] of population A at 24 degrees C and that of population C at 26 degrees C for its whole growth period. These results are useful to make a model to predict carbon sequestration of rice community, which is an important type of vegetation especially in Asia in future global environmental change.     

Modeling of effect of polarization on UV sky radiance during twilight

The spatial distribution of the vector of the Stokes parameters characterizing the radiance intensity and the radiance polarization describes the radiation field in the atmosphere. A simplified treatment of light as the scalar has only restricted application. A few studies compared previously results of the vector and scalar radiative transfer models and showed that scalar models are in error by up to 10% for many cases. Though several observational conditions were exploited, an effect of polarization on modeling of UV radiance has not been investigated yet for twilight. The paper presents a preliminary study of modeled UV radiance during twilight taking into account polarization. The intensity and the degree of linear polarization of the scattered UV radiance for two cases of the ground-based observations are discussed. In the first case, radiation incoming from the zenith for the solar zenith angles (SZA) from 90° to 98° is under investigation. Radiation in the solar principal plane for the beginning of twilight (SZA = 90.1°) was calculated in the second case. The study showed that the UV radiation field in the twilight atmosphere can be handled correctly only using the vector theory. The errors of scalar radiative transfer strongly depend on wavelength, line of an observation and solar position. The revealed distortion of the zenith radiance caused by using of the scalar approximation reaches maximum of 15% at 340 nm for the solar zenith angle (SZA) equal to 98°. The shorter wavelengths have the smaller errors, about 5% at 305 nm for SZA = 98°, due to the larger part of the single scattered radiance. The error of the scalar modeling may be as large as −17% for radiance incoming from the horizon for SZA = 90.1°. Scalar radiative transfer models underestimate the integral intensity in the principal plane up to 3–4% ± 0.5% at SZA = 90.1° for wavelengths from 320 to 340 nm. This should be taken into account in problems of radiative budget estimation and remote sensing of the atmosphere exploiting the twilight period.     

Retrieval of vegetation equivalent water thickness from reflectance using genetic algorithm (GA)-partial least squares (PLS) regression

This study aimed to investigate the performance of genetic algorithms coupled with partial least squares (GA-PLS) modeling of spectral reflectance in retrieving equivalent water thickness (EWT) at leaf and canopy level. A genetic algorithm was used to identify a subset of spectral bands sensitive to the variation in EWT, and PLS was then applied to relate the identified bands to EWT values. GA-PLS was applied to leaf level reflectance available from LOPEX dataset, and canopy data includes reflectance simulated by a leaf radiative transfer model PROSPECT and a canopy radiative transfer model SAILH and acquired by airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS). The results indicate that GA-PLS has the capability of retrieving EWT from leaf and canopy reflectance, and achieved good estimation accuracy, i.e. low root mean square errors (RMSE) and high squared correlation coefficients (R²). For the retrieval at leaf level, the estimation accuracy can be as good as RMSE = 0.0019 g/cm² and R² = 0.939 or better. For the retrieval at canopy level, the model accuracy is RMSE = 0.0061 g/cm² and R² = 0.966 or better when PROSPECT-SAILH simulated reflectance was used; when AVIRIS image spectra were used, the model accuracy is RMSE = 0.0094 g/cm² and R² = 0.8734 for the calibration, and RMSE = 0.0132 g/cm² and R² = 0.7756 for the validation. These results from GA-PLS modeling support the conclusion that GA-PLS has the potential to be applied to AVIRIS, Hyperion and HyMap imagery for retrieving EWT. The selected bands for the AVIRIS datasets differ from those for the LOPEX and PROSPECT-SAILH simulated datasets, and this inconsistence of the selected bands for different datasets indicates that the GA-PLS method has the advantage of tuning the optimum bands for PLS regression and accommodating the effects of confounding factors.     

An examination of a technique for estimating the longwave radiation budget from satellite radiance observations

Intercomparisons of the zonally averaged outgoing longwave fluxes estimated from 10 μm radiance observations on NOAA polar orbiters and flat plate observations on the Nimbus 6 ERB experiment have shown the NOAA estimates to be higher than the ERB measurements. Our analysis shows that the operational technique systematically overestimates calculated fluxes for middle and high cloud conditions. A different radiative transfer model and new assumptions concerning clouds reduce the NOAA-ERB flux difference by approximately 35%.     

基准星辐射定标的辐射传递链路研究

为进一步提高遥感信息定量化应用水平,提高在轨辐射定标精度和定标频次,提出一种基于基准星的全谱段、全口径在轨绝对辐射定标方法,方法适用于可见近红外谱段;定标传递中辐射基准可溯源至SI(国际单位)。通过比较现有定标方法和基准星辐射定标的优缺点,分析基准星辐射基准溯源特性,建立太阳 基准星 遥感器的辐射传递模型,以高分一号和高分二号卫星为例,其作为待定标遥感器,对基准星定标的约束条件进行仿真分析,得出基准星辐射传递不确定度为13%。仿真结果验证了基准星定标方法的可行性,对遥感器辐射定标精度、频次的进一步提高提供了依据。     

Experimental investigation of transient thermal behavior of an airship under different solar radiation and airflow conditions

Knowledge of the thermal behavior of airships is crucial to the development of airship technology. An experiment apparatus is constructed to investigate the thermal response characteristics of airships, and the transient temperature distributions of both hull and inner gas are obtained under the irradiation of a solar simulator and various airflow conditions. In the course of the research, the transient temperature change of the experimental airship is measured for four airflow speeds of 0 m/s (natural convection), 3.26 m/s, 5.5 m/s and 7.0 m/s, and two incident solar radiation values of 842.4 W/m² and 972.0 W/m². The results show that solar irradiation has significant influence on the airship hull and inner gas temperatures even if the airship stays in a ground airflow environment where the heat transfer is dominated by radiation and convection. The airflow around the airship is conducive to reduce the hull temperature and temperature nonuniformity. Transient thermal response of airships rapidly varies with time under solar radiation conditions and the hull temperature remains approximately constant in ∼5–10 min. Finally, a transient thermal model of airship is developed and the model is validated through comparison with the experimental data.     

我国中低纬地区上空低电离层中的行星波

本文通过5年的电离层吸收观测资料与平流层增温事件对比及吸收资料的谱分析,得出以下几点初步结论:1)极区平流层增温事件的影响可能通过子午环流和行星波传播,经过5—9天后到达中低纬地区,从而引起那里的电离层吸收变化;2)冬季行星波沿子午方向的平均速度大约在10m/s到15m/s之间变化;3)全年均有周期为32天、18天、10天、8天和2天的行星波出现,它对大气湍流系数有明显影响。计算得出行星波扰动引起中层的NO浓度偏离未扰值可高达40%。      

Advances on Technology and Application of Ocean Color Remote Sensing in China (2004 - 2006)

China has great progress in the technology and application of ocean color remote sensing during 2004-2006. In this report, firstly, four major technical advances are displaying, including (1) the vector radiative transfer numerical model of coupled ocean-atmosphere system; (2) the atmospheric correction algorithm specialized on Chinese high turbid water; (3) systematical research of hyper-spectrum ocean color remote sensing; (4) local algorithms of oceanic parameters, like ocean color components, ocean primary productivity, water transparency, water quality parameters, etc. On the foundation of technical advances, ocean color remote sensing takes effect on ocean environment monitoring, with four major kinds of application systems, namely, (1) the automatic multi-satellites data receiving, processing and application system; (2) the shipboard satellite data receiving and processing system for fishery ground information; (3) Coastal water quality monitoring system, integrating satellite and airborne remote sensing technology and ship measurement; (4) the preliminary system of airborne ocean color remote sensing application system. Finally, the prospective development of Chinese ocean color remote sensing is brought forward. With Chinese second ocean color satellite (HY-1B) orbiting, great strides will take place in Chinese ocean color information accumulation and application.     

Biological UV dosimeters in simulated space conditions.

Polycrystalline uracil thin layers participate in the phage and uracil response (PUR) experiment, assigned to the biological dosimetry of the extraterrestrial solar radiation on the International Space Station (ISS). In ground based experiments (experiment verification tests), the following space parameters were simulated and studied: temperature, vacuum and short wavelength UV (UV-C, down to 200 nm) radiation. The closed uracil samples proved to be vacuum-tight for 7 days. In the tested temperature range (from -20 to +40 degrees C) the uracil samples are stable. The kinetic of dimer formation (dimerization) and reversion (monomerization) of uracil dimers due to short wavelength UV radiation was detected, the monomerization efficiency of the polychromatic deuterium lamp is higher than that of the germicidal lamp. A mathematical model describing the kinetic of monomerization-dimerization was constructed. Under the influence of UV radiation the dimerization-monomerization reactions occur simultaneously, thus the additivity law of the effect of the various wavelengths is not applicable.