对空间多目标多次接近的轨道设计

基于单航天器对空间多目标单次接近轨道设计的研究结果, 讨论了单航天器对空间 多目标多次接近的轨道设计问题. 提出了接近指标用于设计能多次接近多个空间目标的航天器轨道;以二体接近轨道为基础, 给出了接近轨道解空间的求取方法; 利用三种轨道调整方法构造了三种复杂度不同的新解并产生算子, 分析了它们的解空间和最优解分布, 采用改进的模拟退火算法求解出最优接近轨道. 仿真实验验证了轨道设计算法的正确性.      

簇飞行航天器网络动态连接和路径时空演进特性

簇飞行航天器模块的高速飞行增加了网络拓扑的不确定性.为优化簇飞行航天器的轨道设计，提升簇飞行航天器网络性能，在簇飞行航天器节点动态连接的基础上，开展基于概率连接矩阵的簇飞行航天器网络动态连接和路径时空演进特性研究.基于航天器双星伴飞模式，建立了簇飞行航天器节点移动模型，运用经验统计和曲线拟合的分析方法，得到簇飞行航天器网络节点间的距离密度函数；利用簇飞行航天器网络节点间相对距离有界的约束，给出节点连接距离的阈值范围；利用STK生成的轨道数据，通过给出序贯路径定义和一种新的矩阵乘法运算，得到节点多跳序贯路径的概率连接矩阵，分析轨道超周期内节点动态连接和路径时空演进特性，为簇飞行航天器网络的设计和优化提供理论参考.      

伴随轨道拟合技术

航天器的伴随轨道可以执行各种特殊任务。文中给出一种从伴随轨道确定两个航天器轨道要素的方法,这一方法也可推广应用于多个航天器的情况。     

基于电推进卫星飞往Halo轨道的转移轨道研究

利用电推进及轨道力学的特性实现节能优化,将限制性三体问题中的稳定不变流形与小推力轨道优化相结合,研究全电推进卫星从地球停泊轨道飞向日地拉格朗日L2点Halo轨道的低消耗转移轨道.航天器的转移轨道分为逃逸段、拼接段与无动力滑行段.在逃逸段卫星沿速度方向加速脱离地球引力,拼接段采用Radau伪谱法进行优化,使航天器以最短时间到达目标Halo轨道的稳定不变流形上,随后航天器电推进系统关机,沿稳定不变流形无动力滑行至目标轨道.基于雅克比积分常数给出拼接段轨道初始猜测值,以先提高切向方向航天器能量避免了全程优化离散点过多难以求解的问题.仿真结果表明,该方法收敛速度较快,对平动点工程任务的初期轨道特性计算具有实际意义.      

航天器开普勒轨道和非开普勒轨道的定义、分类及控制

给出了航天器开普勒轨道（KO）和非开普勒轨道（NKO）的来源、定义、分类和特点,阐明了KO和NKO之间的关系,介绍了相关的轨道控制与轨道确定、制导与导航的涵义.     

基于日地月信息的航天器全弧段自主容积卡尔曼滤波导航

高精度全弧段航天器自主导航是航天应用技术的发展方向,是实现航天器在轨任务执行的前提和基础。文章对仅利用日、地、月等天文信息进行航天器全弧段自主导航方法进行了研究。首先,以航天器轨道动力学方程和航天器与日地月之间的夹角信息及地心距作为自主导航系统的状态模型和观测模型,构建了非线性导航系统模型。其次,给出了全弧段自主导航算法,在日月可见弧段采用非线性容积卡尔曼滤波实现航天器自主导航,在星蚀时段利用航天器轨道动力学模型进行高精度轨道预报。最后,给出了数值仿真算例。结果表明,基于日地月天文信息的航天器全弧段自主导航精度保持在2km以内,能够满足其自主导航的要求。     

相邻两航天器相对运动近似方程的解析解及比动能方程

给出了地心引力场中受控航天器相对目标航天器运动的推力加速度随时间线性变化时Hill方程的解析解，根据Hill方程导出了受控航天器相对目标航天器运动的比动能方程，并讨论了比动能方程在上述两天器轨道相遇和轨道交会问题中的应用。     

航天器交会远程快速自主制导方法

针对近地近圆轨道航天器交会任务,设计了基于经典轨道要素的远程快速自主制导算法.对于任意初始纬度幅角偏差的远程导引,通过建立纬度幅角偏差与半长轴偏差的关系,将远程导引段分为初始轨道飞行、调相轨道飞行和调整轨道飞行3个阶段.初始轨道飞行进行轨道共面修正和调相机动;在调相轨道飞行期间,进行自然调相以及调相轨道到调整轨道的机动;调整轨道飞行阶段进行追踪航天器的远地点高度和近地点高度的修正,以及再次共面修正.所有变轨机动都以制导脉冲的形式给出,并都在轨道特殊点执行.精确轨道仿真验证了远程快速自主接近制导算法的可行性.     

电磁航天器编队悬停鲁棒协同控制方法

针对电磁航天器编队近地轨道悬停问题,提出一种在缺少参考轨道准确信息时的协同控制方法。用TH方程描述航天器间的相对运动,选择与参考轨道同周期的圆轨道为标称轨道。将参考轨道相对于标称圆轨道的偏差、地球非球形引力、大气阻力及其他天体引力等参数单独归类,视其为不确定量,构成不确定系统。通过引入一致性理论,在电磁作用模型和动力学方程均存在不确定性的条件下,针对航天器编队悬停的目标设计了鲁棒协同控制律。考虑能量消耗最优和均衡以及轨道姿态解耦,给出了通过优化进行磁矩配置的方案。仿真结果表明,所设计的鲁棒协同控制律能够实现编队电磁航天器高精度悬停,所给出的磁矩配置方案能够实现磁矩的合理分配。      

尾迹和地磁效应对航天器表面充电影响的研究

研究迷效应和地磁场效应对中低轨道航天器表充电的影响,根据航天器表充电机制,采用薄鞘模型,根据电流收庥和轨道反演方法进行了数值模拟,给出航天器表面为导体和非导体的平衡电位,并进行了分析研究,数据结果观测和理论分析相符。     

遗传算法在星座多星接近轨道优化中的应用

以三颗非共轨的Walker星座卫星为研究对象, 对航天器无需变轨与其接近的可能性进行研究. 将Lambert方法得到的航天器轨道作为初始轨道, 利用遗传算法对初始轨道进行优化. 对初始轨道在参考时刻位置和速度的改变量进行编码,形成对应的种群. 以航天器与星座卫星之间的最近距离为适应度函数, 通过种群的繁殖得到优化结果. 结合仿真算例, 分析了最小二乘算法和遗传算法在轨道优化中的优劣以及接近过程中轨道摄动的影响. 结果表明, 遗传算法适用于所提出的轨道改进问题. 研究结果可为单航天器无需变轨对星座多星接近问题提供理论依据.      

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.     

利用TLE数据分析LEO卫星轨道异常的新方法——————综合判据法

及时准确地发现在轨卫星的轨道异常意义重大. 通过有效的异常算法, 能够找出发生轨道异常的碎片或航天器, 为空间碎片碰撞预警系统分析和验证碰撞事件提供数据支持. 通过对利用TLE (Two Line Elements)数据分析LEO在轨卫星轨道异常的方法研究, 提出了一个利用单个卫星相邻根数时间差控制加综合判据的判别方法. 分析表明, 相对于取单一因素阈值的判别方法, 综合判据法能够最大限度地减少漏判, 并且保持相对较高的判断准确率.      

中轨道Walker导航星座在轨备份方案优化设计

针对中轨道Walker导航星座在轨备份方案的优化问题,首先提出了在轨备份星轨位优化设计方法,考虑星座运行期间在轨备份星与工作卫星存在共同提供服务的情况,选取PDOP值和可见卫星数作为轨位优化指标,建立了轨位优化模型,并基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法对不同轨位下在轨备份星对导航星座服务性能的提升效果进行仿真分析;然后,基于在轨备份星轨位的优化结果,建立在轨备份星替换的轨道机动模型,并综合考虑速度增量和替换时间,确定了以替换时间最少为优化目标的在轨备份星替换方案。结果表明,提出的在轨备份方案能有效满足备份星的设计需求,增强导航星座的服务性能,实现故障卫星的快速替换,可为导航星座备份星的建设提供借鉴。     

基于夏氏最小二乘的轨道控制力系数辨识

在航天器轨道捕获、轨道维持和空间目标碰撞规避中都需要进行航天器轨道机动。针对航天器轨道机动过程中推力器的推力系数为装订常数,没有根据在轨工作实际进行优化而导致出现较大误差的情况,对控制力拟合系数进行辨识,作为修正控制参数以补偿轨道控制误差的依据,提高轨道控制精度。统计分析在轨管理的典型航天器平台及其发动机的轨道控制历史数据,分析轨道控制理论和在轨控制数据拟合建立轨道控制经验模型,用当前可测量的系统输入和输出预测系统输出的未来演变,得到不同工作情况下实际轨道控制误差与控制参数及其他主要影响因素之间关系的经验公式,为轨道控制策略决策提供参考。选取轨道半长轴控制量300m以上和300m以下的两类近地卫星,对其轨道控制历史数据进行分析,经实际数据测试,采用夏氏法进行推力系数拟合后预测的速度变化量精度较高。该种计算方法利用了轨道控制历史数据,计算方法简单,提高了轨道控制速度增量的预测精度,对轨道控制实施具有参考意义。     

Orbit Design for Twin-spacecraft Space VLBI

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry (S-VLBI) is an aperture synthesis technique utilizing an array of radio telescopes including ground telescopes and space orbiting telescopes. It can achieve much higher spatial resolution than that from the ground-only VLBI. In this paper, a new concept of twin spacecraft S-VLBI has been proposed, which utilizes the space-space baselines formed by two satellites to obtain larger and uniform uv coverage without atmospheric influence and hence achieve high quality images with higher angular resolution. The orbit selections of the two satellites are investigated. The imaging performance and actual launch conditions are all taken into account in orbit designing of the twin spacecraft S-VLBI. Three schemes of orbit design using traditional elliptical orbits and circular orbits are presented. These design results can be used for different scientific goals. Furthermore, these designing ideas can provide useful references for the future Chinese millimeter-wave S-VLBI mission.      

基于引力场不对称性的三体系统轨道自主导航

以月球背面的中继通信为背景,提出了基于三体系统引力场不对称特性的星–星测距自主定轨方案。该方案以环月极轨卫星和地–月L2点Halo轨道卫星组成中继通信网,以实现对月球两极和背面的覆盖。通过采集极轨卫星与Halo轨道卫星的测距信息,结合卡尔曼滤波在日–地–月动力学模型下获得两颗卫星的绝对轨道。数值仿真结果表明:本文方法能将导航的位置精度和速度精度分别提高到百米和厘米/秒量级。该自主导航方法还可以扩展到不规则引力场小天体附近星群运动的自主导航。     

载人月球极地探测定点返回轨道设计

针对载人月球极地探测任务，对定点返回轨道优化设计问题进行了研究。根据月球极地轨道的特性，介绍了三种返回轨道机动方案。结合三脉冲变轨方案，采用了从初步计算到精确计算的串行求解策略，对定点返回轨道进行优化设计。初步计算阶段，建立了基于近月点伪参数的三段二体拼接模型，将三脉冲机动段与月球逃逸段解耦，求解轨道初值；精确计算阶段，提出了两段拼接方法，分别进行逆向和正向高精度数值积分。经过仿真测试，验证了该策略求解的有效性和准确性。最后，通过大量的仿真计算，分析了定点返回轨道的特性。研究结论对未来载人月球极地探测定点返回轨道方案的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Analysis of the orbit lifetime of CubeSats in low Earth orbits including periodic variation in drag due to attitude motion

It is estimated that more than 22,300 human-made objects are in orbit around the Earth, with a total mass above 8,400,000 kg. Around 89% of these objects are non-operational and without control, which makes them to be considered orbital debris. These numbers consider only objects with dimensions larger than 10 cm. Besides those numbers, there are also about 2000 operational satellites in orbit nowadays. The space debris represents a hazard to operational satellites and to the space operations. A major concern is that this number is growing, due to new launches and particles generated by collisions. Another important point is that the development of CubeSats has increased exponentially in the last years, increasing the number of objects in space, mainly in the Low Earth Orbits (LEO). Due to the short operational time, CubeSats boost the debris population. One of the requirements for space debris mitigation in LEO is the limitation of the orbital lifetime of the satellites, which needs to be lower than 25 years. However, there are space debris with longer estimated decay time. In LEÓs, the influence of the atmospheric drag is the main orbital perturbation, and is used in maneuvers to increment the losses in the satellite orbital energy, to locate satellites in constellations and to accelerate the decay.The goal of the present research is to study the influence of aerodynamic rotational maneuver in the CubeSat?s orbital lifetime. The rotational axis is orthogonal to the orbital plane of the CubeSat, which generates variations in the ballistic coefficient along the trajectory. The maneuver is proposed to accelerate the decay and to mitigate orbital debris generated by non-operational CubeSats. The panel method is selected to determine the drag coefficient as a function of the flow incident angle and the spinning rate. The pressure distribution is integrated from the satellite faces at hypersonic rarefied flow to calculate the drag coefficient. The mathematical model considers the gravitational potential of the Earth and the deceleration due to drag. To analyze the effects of the rotation during the decay, multiple trajectories were propagated, comparing the results obtained assuming a constant drag coefficient with trajectories where the drag coefficient changes periodically. The initial perigees selected were lower than 400 km of altitude with eccentricities ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Six values for the angular velocity were applied in the maneuver. The technique of rotating the spacecraft is an interesting solution to increase the orbit decay of a CubeSat without implementing additional de-orbit devices. Significant changes in the decay time are presented due to the increase of the mean drag coefficient calculated by the panel method, when the maneuver is applied, reducing the orbital lifetime, however the results are independent of the angular velocity of the satellite.