地面低能电子辐照受地磁场影响的数值计算研究

大辐照面发散型电子枪是大型磁层亚暴环境试验系统的关键部件之一。文章利用数值计算方法研究了地磁场对地面低能电子辐照的偏转效应,分析了电子束流中心偏转距离和偏转角随地磁场强度、电子枪加速电压的变化规律,最后通过试验印证了数值计算结果。研究的结果对于研制应用于大型磁层亚暴环境试验系统的大辐照面发散型电子枪具有一定的指导意义。     

卫星磁力矩器磁场效应仿真分析

磁力矩器是卫星上磁性较大的部件之一,局部的强磁场是影响卫星周围带电粒子分布的主要原因。为了定量分析磁力矩器与等离子体相互作用,文章基于磁场与运动粒子的耦合模型,利用有限元数值分析软件仿真了典型轨道航天器上磁力矩器工作时周围带电粒子入射轨迹变化及电荷(粒子数)分布。结果表明,受磁场作用,带电粒子在接近磁力矩器本体时会发生偏转,且偏转幅度随电子能量降低而增大;由磁场引起的这种偏转效应导致带电粒子不均匀入射到卫星内。     

等离子体鞘层加速模拟质子辐照连续谱 数值仿真研究

质子辐照是导致空间飞行器热控涂层性能衰退的重要原因。目前地面多采用单一能量的粒子替代空间能量连续分布的粒子来开展质子辐照模拟试验。文章提出了在一个脉冲宽度内获得连续能量质子谱的方法,即脉冲偏压等离子体鞘层加速方法。文章利用细胞粒子（particle-in-cell,PIC）模型对在3种脉冲偏压三角波作用下等离子体鞘层加速质子以获得连续能量质子谱的动力学过程进行了数值仿真研究,分析了3种脉冲三角波形对鞘层扩展、离子加速及能量分布的影响。结果表明,电势空间分布和离子运动状态紧密联系,鞘层内离子密度变化受到脉冲波形和离子热扩散运动的综合影响,通过调整脉冲偏压三角波形,能够获得不同的能量-剂量分布,从而为下一步工作打下基础。     

空间等离子体环境中的高能带电粒子加速机制

空间环境中充满能量从几十keV到几MeV的高能带电粒子,这些粒子可导致在轨航天器表面和内部带电甚至单粒子效应,从而引发航天器故障。高能粒子的产生和日地空间环境中的爆发现象如耀斑、磁层亚暴等密切相关。文章综述了与这些爆发现象相关的磁重联、激波和等离子体波动等加速带电粒子的物理过程。     

空间环境对无线电波传播的影响综述

文章研究了空间环境对无线电通信的影响,主要体现在多种因素制约下的等离子体环境对电波传播的影响。首先介绍了几种典型的电离层模型,接着详细讲述了工程实用电离层模型;随后给出了电磁波在等离子体环境中的传播路径和等离子体介质在磁场环境下对电磁波影响的定量分析,并建议将空间等离子体环境（包括星际等离子体环境和电离层等离子体环境等）作为一个整体进行研究,来考虑地磁场对等离子体电磁特性的影响;最后基于目前理论的不足与实际需求的矛盾,探讨未来的研究方向。     

亚磁场：星际空间的“隐形杀手”

地外空间具有三种主要的环境特征,即微重力、宇宙辐射、极弱磁场（亚磁场）。航天观测数据表明。星际空间磁场小于地磁场的万分之一。同时,太阳系中几个类地行星（火星、水星和金星）的表面磁场也都远低于地磁场。人类进行长距离星际航行时,不可避免地长期处于亚磁环境。因此,在人类探索的脚步逐渐迈向星际空间之时,科学家们不得不面对这样一个紧迫的难题：在茫茫星际空间的“磁场沙漠”中,生命体是否仍然能够正常生存？适当的磁场环境是否是生命的必要条件？     

失效卫星电磁消旋涉及的地磁扰动计算及磁场源优化设计方法

以失效卫星为代表的空间碎片受各种扰动因素影响,其旋转速度可达几到几十(°)/s。这种旋转运动给碎片清除带来困难,因此对旋转空间碎片进行消旋势在必行。电磁消旋因其非接触、无碰撞特性得到广泛关注,但在实际应用中须首先判别地磁场与磁场源相互作用产生的扰动力和力矩。文章在简要介绍基于旋转磁场的电磁消旋方法的基础上,建立电磁消旋过程中的电磁扰动力和力矩的分析模型,仿真分析计算地磁扰动力及力矩的分布,并给出减小地磁扰动的源磁场结构设计原则。通过设计组合式磁场源,优化磁场源各个磁体的磁化方向排布,可减小磁场源总磁矩以及地磁扰动。     

卫星载荷磁场优化计算方法研究

针对传统计算方法存在的计算复杂、计算成本高等不足,利用某处地磁场下卫星载荷的磁场测量数据,逆计算出卫星载荷的等效磁化率,再根据等效磁化率就可计算在不同磁化方向、不同地磁场大小下卫星载荷产生的感应磁场。根据均匀磁化卫星载荷的特点,将积分方程法中系数矩阵元素的体积分形式化为面积分形式,并消除积分计算的奇异性,建立基于单元表面积分的感应磁场计算模型,从而降低计算成本。最后,实验结果表明:磁场测量值和计算值吻合得较好,该算法的有效性和可行性得以验证。     

CMOS SRAM器件单粒子锁定敏感区的脉冲激光定位试验研究

利用脉冲激光定位成像系统,对CMOS SRAM K6R4016V1D器件开展了单粒子锁定效应（SEL）敏感区定位的试验研究。试验结果表明：该器件的单粒子锁定效应敏感区呈周期性分布,而对于单一的SEL敏感区,其长度和宽度相差很大。在此基础上进一步讨论了SEL敏感区的分布对测试方法和空间SEL发生频次计算的影响。     

GEO地磁亚暴多能量电子带电评估方法研究

文章着眼于提高地球同步轨道(GEO)空间地磁亚暴带电效应模拟的真实度,对多能量电子模拟空间地磁亚暴带电的方法进行分析评估。首先采用单一能量电子束的地面试验对SENSIT工程软件进行了校准;然后参考地磁亚暴环境能谱,用该软件对Kapton样品在单一电子束、双电子束、全能谱电子辐照下的充放电特性进行了计算预示。研究表明：表面充电速率受控于电流密度;在12．5keV/32．5keV电子束组合时其效应模拟的结果最有代表性;在双电子束模拟中,较高能量电子源起关键作用。     

交错磁场聚焦带状电子注的研究

带状电子注在均匀磁场作用下传输时,很容易形成Diocotron不稳定性,导致电子注在传输过程中产生逐渐的崩溃。文章采用交错排列的磁堆形成的PCM磁场聚焦半无限带状电子注,分析了PCM磁场聚焦半无限带状注的作用机理,得出半无限带状电子注在PCM磁场作用下的包络方程（Matthieu方程）。结合理论分析,使用三维粒子模拟程序模拟了PCM磁场对半无限带状电子注的聚焦,详细研究了PCM磁场的部分参数对电子注传输的影响,并对模拟结果进行了分析。     

Analysis of the Informativity of the Earth’s Magnetic Field in Near-Earth Space

Cosmic Research - This paper presents the results of a study of the informativity of the anomalies of the modulus and components of the Earth’s magnetic field in near-Earth space in the...     

Theory of type III radio bursts in the interplanetary space: I. Derivation of permittivity tensor for the system consisting of electron beam and solar wind plasma

The tensor of permittivity for the system “electron beam - plasma of the interplanetary space” is derived in the approximation of geometrical optics. The problem is one-dimensional; all parameters such as density of the beam and of the solar wind plasma, and the induction of the interplanetary magnetic field are assumed to be dependent only on the distance to the Sun. The beam is generated by an active region during a solar flare, and it is a source of radio bursts of type III in the interplanetary space. The tensor of permittivity was obtained to close field equations by a material equation. On the basis of these equations it becomes possible to study theoretically the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the radio bursts as disturbances of the above-described beam-plasma system.     

Empirical model of the high-latitude boundary of the Earth’s outer radiation belt at altitudes of up to 1000 km

An empirical model of the high-latitude boundary of the outer Earth’s radiation belt (ERB) has been presented, which is based on the measurement data of electron fluxes on the polar low-orbit CORONAS-Photon, Meteor-M1, and Meteor-M2 satellites. The boundary was determined by a sharp decrease to the background level of the flux of trapped electrons with energies of 100 or 200 keV in the polar part of the profile of the outer radiation belt. A numerical algorithm has been implemented to determine the time moment, when the fastest flux changes are recorded. The primary search was carried out, first, on 30 s averaged data, then repeated on data with a higher resolution. A functional dependence was obtained in order to approximate the obtained set of intersections of the boundary by elliptical curve. The empirical model constructed using the CORONAS-Photon measurement data in the epoch of anomalously low geomagnetic activity reflects the longitude structure of the high-latitude boundary of the outer radiation belt associated with the internal Earth’s magnetic field (MF), as well as its dependence on the universal time. Based on the data of intersections of the high-latitude boundary of the outer ERB (OERB) in the epoch of 2014–2016, the latitudinal shift of the boundary to the equator dependent on geomagnetic activity has been determined, as well as the nightside shift of the boundary due to the diurnal rotation of the Earth.     

Compact high-voltage accelerators of charged particles in space experiments

Some general problems of design and application of compact devices for the generation of pulse electric fields at a megavolt range in space experiments are discussed. The prospect of various applications of powerful electron beams for active diagnostics of upper layers of atmosphere, radiation belts and the earth's magnetic field is also reviewed. The proposed development of powerful impulsive devices is dictated by limitations of energy resources in spacecraft together with a need to get a good signal-to-noise ratio for reliable data recording. Compact devices which directly transform electric energy of a low-voltage source (solar batteries, chemical elements, nuclear reactor, etc.), into the energy of a megavolt charge particle beam of high impulsive power appear as reliable means for satisfying these requirements. In this paper, the basic practical schemes of energy transformation procedures are considered and the optimal operation parameters of high-voltage storage and transformer systems are discussed. Proper application of combined high-voltage insulation techniques result in the development of experimental models of heavy-current electron beam accelerators capable of generating beams of 300–500 kV, 3–5 kA, with a pulse duration of 15 × 10⁻⁹ sec at a frequency of 10 Hz. Typical applications of electron beam accelerators including the generator of electron-beam-controlled discharge laser beams are also described.     

Effect of orientation of the solar wind magnetic clouds on the seasonal variation of geomagnetic activity

An analysis is made of the causes of seasonal dependence of geomagnetic activity, taking into account orientation of large-scale plasma structures (of the magnetic cloud type) of the solar wind. The contribution of magnetic clouds of different orientation in the periods of equinoxes and solstices is demonstrated. It is established that in equinox periods the geomagnetic activity increases due to ejections with small angles of inclination of their axis to the ecliptic plane, most frequently detected in near-Earth space. In solstice periods, such clouds are not geoeffective structures because of a decreased magnitude of projection of the magnetic field of cloud axis onto the Earth’s magnetic dipole during such intervals. This effect reveals itself in a reduced level of geomagnetic activity in summer and winter.     

MHD Simulations of the Dynamics of Sharp Disturbances of the Interplanetary Medium and Comparison with Spacecraft Observations

One-dimensional MHD simulations of solitary sharp and strong disturbances (impulses) of the interplanetary magnetic field and plasma of the homogeneous solar wind were performed. The characteristics of a disturbance of this type, recorded onboard the WIND spacecraft (SC) rather far from the Earth, were taken as initial conditions. The results of numerical experiments simulating the evolution of this disturbance in the moving interplanetary plasma, whose parameters correspond to observations of the WIND and INTERBALL-1 SC, show the efficiency of the computer code developed with the special purpose of investigating low-frequency wave events in the space environment. The calculated characteristics of the impulse resulting from the evolution are in good agreement with parameters of the disturbance recorded by the INTERBALL-1 SC closer to the Earth. In particular, the impulse expands due to imbalance of thermal and magnetic pressures, but keeps its abrupt boundaries. It was demonstrated that stable plasma objects, corresponding to stationary MHD solutions, could really exist in the solar wind plasma for a long time.     

低轨航天器磁推进方法

基于地球空间磁场的磁作用效应,提出了一类低轨航天器无工质消耗的磁推进方法,并对航天器的高度保持进行了研究。该方法具有作用机理明晰、物理结构简单、控制策略灵活等特征。以磁场对磁体作用的磁矩理论为基础,建立了带磁航天器飞行的磁推力模型,提出了基于磁力线追踪策略的轨道高度保持方法。利用熟知的IGRF11地磁模型,通过数值仿真计算,验证了磁推进方法对于600～1000km圆轨道航天器进行高度保持的有效性。     

电子辐照下聚酰亚胺薄膜的深层充电现象研究

空间辐射环境下聚合物绝缘材料的深层充放电效应是威胁航天器安全的重要因素之一。文章利用能量为5～100keV的单能电子枪,研究了不同束流强度电子辐照下聚酰亚胺薄膜样品的深层充电过程。实验表明,在102pA量级的电子束辐照下,聚酰亚胺薄膜样品的表面电位迅速上升后缓慢变化,最终可以达到几kV。在一定条件下,样品表面电位随着辐照电子束流密度和样品厚度的增加而增大;充电达到平衡所需的时间随着辐照电子束流密度和样品厚度的增加而减少。辐照截止后聚酰亚胺薄膜样品内部电荷的泄放需经历较长时间,由衰减时间常数推测出的样品电阻率要比采用传统测量方法得到的结果高一个量级。