十公斤级固定翼无人机全碳纤维机翼设计与应力分析

根据轻型固定翼无人机性能要求,设计了一款最大起飞结构质量为10 kg、质量轻、强度高、刚度高的固定翼无人机全碳纤维机翼;基于气动性能分析和结构几何设计,建立了机翼结构的三维模型;采用"封闭矩形截面缘条"盒式梁结构,增大了机翼的扭转刚度;建立了机翼结构有限元模型,采用最大应力强度准则,对机翼结构的强度、刚度、稳定性进行了校核。对蒙皮碳纤维铺层结构进行了优化。结果表明,结构应力集中区域位于翼梁根部螺栓孔区域,该区域应力水平决定了结构的初始强度;机翼大梁上缘条根部和附近的蒙皮易发生屈曲;优化后蒙皮减重121.6 g,占机翼初始结构质量的11.94%。     

大展弦比弹性机翼梁腹板厚度优化设计

在设计机翼时,要求机翼不仅要具有足够的强度,而且还应具有足够的刚度,以保证其满足气动特性要求及其他要求。翼梁腹板厚度设计对机翼强度和刚度影响很大。所以,如何设计翼梁腹板厚度的展向分布,使机翼满足强度要求和刚度要求,是一个非常有意义的问题。本文针对某无人机机翼结构,研究了满足静强度要求、气动特性要求和副翼操纵效率要求的弹性机翼腹板厚度展向分布的设计方法。首先,根据无人机机翼气动特性设计要求设计机翼的刚度大小沿展向分布;然后,根据展向机翼刚度展向分布设计机翼腹板厚度分布;最后,分析该无人机在给定设计飞行状态下的强度和副翼操纵效率,并对其进行优化。     

大展弦比无人机翼梁结构刚度优化设计

以某型无人机翼梁结构为研究对象,应用结构拓扑优化设计技术对其进行刚度优化设计。将翼梁腹板划分为多种不同的拓扑优化设计子区域,以结构刚度最大化为设计目标,考虑子区域材料用量、结构强度、翼尖变形等约束,对比了不同子区域划分方式下的设计结果,获得了适用于大展弦比机翼翼梁结构拓扑优化的腹板子区域划分方式,对原始翼梁结构进行改进,改进后的翼梁结构满足强度、刚度设计要求。     

现役飞机铝合金型材的腐蚀分析及防护

对现役飞机结构中铝合金型材腐蚀特点和腐蚀机理进行了分析研究。结合实际维修工作中的经验，提出了飞机结构主体材料铝合金腐蚀损伤部位的修理方法及防腐蚀控制措施。高强度的铝合金是航空工业中使用比 较多的一种材料，主要用来制造飞机结构的承力构件，如飞机的机翼大梁缘条、口盖边框、机身或机翼上的长桁等。由于一些机型受恶劣使用环境的影响，在我国南方一些地区及沿海城市服役的飞机都不同程度地出现了腐蚀现象。如某型水上飞机的翼梁上、下缘条；某型飞机的翼梁腹板、平尾、机翼长桁、梁的缘条、平尾梁缘条等，这些用铝合金材料制…     

整体翼梁支柱刚度对腹板稳定性的影响研究

整体翼梁支柱通常用来提高腹板剪切稳定性,支柱的强弱直接关系梁的初始剪切屈曲临界应力.为研究支柱刚度与梁腹板稳定性的关系,设计了4组不同参数的整体翼梁腹板剪切稳定性试验,通过试验与理论计算的对比分析,给出了一种可靠的整体翼梁支柱刚度计算方法,为整体翼梁设计及强度分析提供参考和指导.     

某飞机机翼Ⅰ大梁腹板战伤修理研究

某架大型轰炸机的机翼Ⅰ大梁腹板被弹片损伤,使飞机不能执行任务。本文从机翼Ⅰ大梁腹板的受力情况出发,通过对损伤处的应力集中情况进行分析,采用止裂加强法对弹片损伤进行修理,使损伤处的最大集中应力由657.6MPa降低到339.4MPa,在腹板的许可强度范围以内,从而修理后的飞机完全满足任务执行的载荷要求。     

飞机整体翼梁结构断裂特性分析研究

研究飞机整体翼梁结构的损伤容限特性,采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,计算不同结构参数下应力强度因子,并根据最大拉应力理论确定裂纹扩展轨迹.分别讨论裂纹按照直线轨迹扩展和按照最大拉应力理论确定的轨迹扩展对应力强度因子的影响,并进行了分析比较.研究了整体翼梁结构腹板厚度及止裂筋条结构参数变化对应力强度因子及裂纹扩展轨迹的影响.     

基于MSC.Nastran的直机翼结构优化设计

利用有限元方法,对直机翼以重量最轻为目标,以强度和位移作为约束,以机翼蒙皮厚度、腹板厚度、缘条尺寸作为设计变量,进行了优化设计,并且分析了复合材料蒙皮替代金属材料蒙皮结构的结果。对比两种不同材料的有限元分析结果,发现复合材料层压板结构可以替代金属材料,而且减重效果明显。对机翼蒙皮进行分区优化,对复合材料铺层厚度进行优化设计,最后得到合理的优化结果。     

带止裂筋整体翼梁结构的破损安全分析与试验

为了研究带止裂筋整体翼梁结构的裂纹扩展特性,采用ANSYS有限元软件对裂纹尖端应力强度因子进行数值计算,对缩比试验件进行疲劳裂纹扩展试验,当裂纹扩展到止裂筋前时进行剩余强度试验。结果表明:在梁缘条和蒙皮断裂情况下,止裂筋能够降低梁腹板上的应力强度因子幅值,对裂纹扩展起到拟制作用,其能够承担较大的静载荷从而实现破损安全设计,但是用止裂筋阻止疲劳裂纹扩展的效果并不显著;与梁弯曲产生的正应力相比,腹板上的剪应力不足以驱动Ⅱ型裂纹扩展。     

基于数学规划法的飞机机翼结构分层次优化设计方法研究

在方案设计阶段,为了使机翼结构既满足强度设计要求,又满足刚度设计要求,本文提出了一种基于数学规划法的层次优化方法。首先利用准则法进行结构的满应力设计优化,在此基础上利用数学规划法进行结构的刚度设计(以颤振约束进行优化并进行舵面效率的校核)。文中以某型飞机机翼为例,在多墙、梁式两套方案的结构优化设计上进行了成功应用。     

Aerodynamic periodicity of transient aerodynamic forces of flexible plunging airfoils

For flapping micro-air vehicles, periodical aerodynamics in every plunging period is always desired in the design of aircraft controlling system. During the periodic plunges of rigid airfoil, either periodical or non-periodical aerodynamic forces can be generated. Real airfoils are usually flexible so that the effect of flexibility on unsteady characteristics of aerodynamic periodicity should be considered. In this study, a fluid structure interaction analysis is employed to systematically investigate the aerodynamic periodicity of a periodically plunging flexible airfoil. The influences of several dimensionless kinematic and structural parameters on aerodynamic periodicity are investigated. The results show that the aerodynamic periodicity of plunging flexible airfoil qualitatively resembles that of rigid airfoil as the mechanisms contributing to aerodynamic periodicity are kept for airfoil with various flexibilities. However, aerodynamic periodicity at small plunging amplitude and high Reynolds number can be improved as airfoil becomes medium flexible but worsened as airfoil is very flexible. The reason is that the deformation of the airfoil changes the strength and structure of the nearby vortices, thereby leading to weak vortex–vortex and vortex–airfoil interactions. The extent of improvement in aerodynamic periodicity is also found significantly influenced by incoming velocity.     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

A fully automated framework for helicopter rotor blades design and analysis including aerodynamics,structure, and manufacturing

This study describes an integrated framework in which basic aerospace engineering aspects (performance, aerodynamics, and structure) and practical aspects (configuration visualiza-tion and manufacturing) are coupled and considered in one fully automated design optimization of rotor blades. A number of codes are developed to robustly perform estimation of helicopter config-uration from sizing, performance analysis, trim analysis, to rotor blades configuration representa-tion. These codes are then integrated with a two-dimensional airfoil analysis tool to fully design rotor blades configuration including rotor planform and airfoil shape for optimal aerodynamics in both hover and forward flights. A modular structure design methodology is developed for real-istic composite rotor blades with a sophisticated cross-sectional geometry. A D-spar cross-sectional structure is chosen as a baseline. The framework is able to analyze all realistic inner configurations including thicknesses of D-spar, skin, web, number and ply angles of layers of each composite part, and materials. A number of codes and commercial software (ANSYS, Gridgen, VABS, PreVABS, etc.) are implemented to automate the structural analysis from aerodynamic data processing to sec-tional properties and stress analysis. An integrated model for manufacturing cost estimation of composite rotor blades developed at the Aerodynamic Analysis and Design Laboratory (AADL), Aerospace Information Engineering Department, Konkuk University is integrated into the framework to provide a rapid and dynamic feedback to configuration design. The integration of three modules has constructed a framework where the size of a helicopter, aerodynamic performance analysis, structure analysis, and manufacturing cost estimation could be quickly investigated. All aspects of a rotor blade including planform, airfoil shape, and inner structure are considered in a multidisciplinary design optimization without an exception of critical configuration.     

重型燃气轮机压气机高雷诺数前转捩叶型设计

针对重型燃气轮机压气机雷诺数高而导致的转捩位置前移,开发了一种比可控扩散叶型(CDA)损失更小、工作范围更宽的前转捩叶型.采用正问题优化设计方法,将叶型几何参数化、叶片到叶片流场分析与遗传算法相结合,实现了叶型的自动优化.优化目标综合权衡了叶型损失和攻角范围,为减少优化变量的数目,应用了一种特别的叶型几何模型,将厚度分布与中弧线之间进行了一定的关联.优化得到的前转捩叶型的主要特征是吸力面速度峰值的位置前移至距前缘约10%弦长处,叶型中后部的速度变化更为平缓.最后根据优化结果总结了前转捩叶型的设计规律.      

基于欧拉方程的二维振荡机翼非定常气动设计反命题方法

建立了基于欧拉方程组的二维振荡机翼非定常气动设计反命题方法的数学模型.通过一系列变换,将物理时空中的求解域转换成映象坐标系中的规范区域;并导出了映象坐标下的欧拉方程,结合非定常反命题的边界条件,便可用有限差分方法求解.本方法引入映象坐标系解决反命题边界形状的不确定性,并能利用欧拉方程现有的各种差分格式于反命题求解.     

翼型和叶栅前后缘局部流场的新精化解法

本文提出一种利用前后驻点自动定位来求前后缘局部流场精化解的方法 ,即在全流场解的基础上 ,把局部流场解分为两部分的叠加 ,其中之一是驻点邻区的近似解析解 ,它吸收了原解中变化急剧的部分 ,使剩余部分成为变化比较平缓、具有更好的解析性态的分布 ,因而易于求准确。算例表明 ,本文方法为提高亚声绕统计算精度 ,特别是带攻角绕流工况 ,提供了有效的手段 ,本文思想也可同变分差分法结合应用     

跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法

跨声速层流翼型设计须兼顾优良的超临界特性和自然层流特性,因而对设计方法提出了更高的要求。针对现有反设计方法和直接优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种适用于跨声速层流翼型的混合反设计/优化设计方法。该方法引入了基于经验的局部流场特征作为反设计目标,翼型性能指标作为直接优化设计目标,然后加权形成了混合反设计/优化设计总目标,并同时考虑了气动和几何约束。优化算法采用基于自适应并行加点技术的代理优化,流动数值模拟采用耦合基于线性稳定性理论的e^N转捩自动判定的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器。针对现代中短程民用客机需求,以NPU-LSC-72613翼型为基准,开展了层流翼型减阻的混合反设计/优化设计。分别将局部目标压力分布、总阻力作为反设计和直接优化设计目标,得到了较好的优化结果,验证了方法的有效性。经过2轮优化结果显示混合反设计/优化设计总目标显著下降。所设计翼型吸力面局部压力分布与目标压力分布基本一致,总阻力下降15.5%;吸力面和压力面层流范围均大于55%倍弦长,激波强度显著减弱,说明所设计翼型同时具有优良的超临界和层流特性。将所设计翼型配置到机翼上,通过三维数值模拟进行校验,结果显示所设计跨声速层流机翼升阻比提高了6.64%,在一定升力系数范围内,气动性能均有显著提高,验证了所设计跨声速层流翼型在机翼设计中的适用性。     

在MSC.PATRAN中机翼有限元模型加载模块的二次开发

介绍了使用PCL语言对强度计算软件MSC.PATRAN进行二次开发程序编制的方法,以及开发机翼有限元模型加载模块的过程,为在MSC.PATRAN中增加计算模块提供了方法和思路。该计算模块已应用于具体型号的强度设计分析中。     

后缘连续变弯度对跨声速翼型气动特性的影响

针对后缘连续变弯度对跨声速翼型气动特性的影响进行了研究。首先不考虑翼型后缘连续变弯度,基于搭建的优化设计系统对跨声速翼型进行气动减阻优化设计,通过添加不同的约束优化得到两种跨声速翼型:无激波翼型和超临界翼型。然后在这两种翼型的基础上,以后缘偏转角度为设计变量、以阻力系数最小为目标,针对不同的升力系数分别进行优化设计,并根据优化结果深入分析后缘连续变弯度对这两种翼型极曲线特性的影响机理。优化结果表明:无激波翼型与超临界翼型相比,其设计点处的气动特性较好,但鲁棒性较差;升力系数小于设计升力系数时,应用后缘连续变弯度后,无激波翼型的极曲线特性明显提高,减阻最高达到3.9%,而超临界翼型的极曲线特性提高不明显;升力系数大于设计升力系数时,应用后缘连续变弯度后,无激波翼型和超临界翼型的极曲线特性都明显提高,减阻分别达到2.4%~18.1%和1.7%~13.2%。     

Aerodynamic design optimization of helicopter rotor blades including airfoil shape for hover performance

This study proposes a process to obtain an optimal helicopter rotor blade shape for aerodynamic performance in hover flight. A new geometry representation algorithm which uses the class function/shape function transformation (CST) is employed to generate airfoil coordinates. With this approach, airfoil shape is considered in terms of design variables. The optimization process is constructed by integrating several programs developed by author. The design variables include twist, taper ratio, point of taper initiation, blade root chord, and coefficients of the airfoil distribution function. Aerodynamic constraints consist of limits on power available in hover and forward flight. The trim condition must be attainable. This paper considers rotor blade configuration for the hover flight condition only, so that the required power in hover is chosen as the objective function of the optimization problem. Sensitivity analysis of each design variable shows that airfoil shape has an important role in rotor performance. The optimum rotor blade reduces the required hover power by 7.4% and increases the figure of merit by 6.5%, which is a good improvement for rotor blade design.