Review on monolayer CBN superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials

A state-of-the-art review on monolayer electroplated and brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials has been provided in this article. The fabrication techniques and mechanisms of the monolayer CBN wheels are discussed. Grain distri-bution, wheel dressing, wear behavior, and wheel performance are analyzed in detail. Sample appli-cations of monolayer CBN wheel for grinding steels, titanium alloys, and nickel-based superalloys are also provided. Finally, this article highlights opportunities for further investigation of mono-layer CBN grinding wheels.     

Grinding performance evaluation of porous composite-bonded CBN wheels for Inconel 718

For high-efficiency grinding of difficult-to-cut materials such as titanium and nickel alloys, a high porosity is expected and also a sufficient mechanical strength to satisfy the function.However, the porosity increase is a disadvantage to the mechanical strength. As a promising pore forming agent, alumina bubbles are firstly induced into the abrasive layer to fabricate porous cubic boron nitride（CBN） wheels. When the wheel porosity reaches 45%, the bending strength is still high up to 50 MPa with modified orderly pore distribution. A porous CBN wheel was fabricated with a total porosity around 30%. The grinding performance of the porous composite-bonded CBN wheel was evaluated in terms of specific force, specific grinding energy, and grinding temperature, which were better than those of the vitrified one under the same grinding conditions. Compared to the vitrified CBN wheel, clear straight cutting grooves and less chip adhesion are observed on the ground surface and there is also no extensive loading on the wheel surface after grinding.     

错频叶盘结构的概率模态局部化特性分析

以典型压气机叶盘结构为例,提出了实际错频结构的有限元建模方法,并考虑了随机加工误差的影响,定义了一种基于叶片应变能的模态局部化因子,基于ANSYS有限元和Monte Carlo数值计算,定量分析评价了错频叶盘结构固有频率和模态振型局部化的统计特性.研究表明,"错频失谐"会引起显著的振动局部化,叶盘错频设计中需要综合考虑结构的失谐振动局部化和气弹稳定性两方面.      

Grinding behavior and surface appearance of（TiC_p＋ TiB_w）/Ti-6Al-4V titanium matrix composites

（TiCp＋ TiBw）/Ti-6Al-4V titanium matrix composites（PTMCs） have broad application prospects in the aviation and nuclear field. However, it is a typical difficult-to-cut material due to high hardness of the reinforcements, high strength and low thermal conductivity of Ti-6Al-4V alloy matrix. Grinding experiments with vitrified CBN wheels were conducted to analyze comparatively the grinding performance of PTMCs and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Grinding force and force ratios, specific grinding energy, grinding temperature, surface roughness, ground surface appearance were discussed. The results show that the normal grinding force and the force ratios of PTMCs are much larger than that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Low depth of cut and high workpiece speed are generally beneficial to achieve the precision ground surface for PTMCs. The hard reinforcements of PTMCs are mainly removed in the ductile mode during grinding. However, the removal phenomenon of the reinforcements due to brittle fracture still exists, which contributes to the lower specific grinding energy and grinding temperature of PTMCs than Ti-6Al-4V alloy.     

Comparative investigation on high-speed grinding of TiCp/Ti–6Al–4V particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites with single-layer electroplated and brazed CBN wheels

In order to develop the high-efficiency and precision machining technique of Ti Cp/Ti–6Al–4V particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites(PTMCs), high-speed grinding experiments were conducted using the single-layer electroplated cubic boron nitride(CBN) wheel and brazed CBN wheel, respectively. The comparative grinding performance was studied in terms of grinding force, grinding temperature, grinding-induced surface features and defects. The results display that the grinding forces and grinding temperature obtained with the brazed CBN wheel are always lower than those with the electroplated CBN wheel. Though the voids and microcracks are the dominant grinding-induced surface defects, the brazed CBN wheel produces less surface defects compared to the electroplated wheel according to the statistical analysis results. The maximum materials removal rate with the brazed CBN wheel is much higher than that with the electroplated one. All above indicate that the single-layer brazed CBN super-abrasive wheel is more suitable for high-speed grinding of PTMCs than the electroplated counterpart.     

Residual stresses of polycrystalline CBN abrasive grits brazed with a high-frequency induction heating technique

Residual stresses produced in polycrystalline CBN abrasive grits during a high-frequency induction brazing process are calculated by using ?nite element analysis, with a consideration of the nonuniform temperature distribution in the induction brazing model. The in?uences of induction brazing parameters on the residual stresses of polycrystalline CBN abrasive grits have been analyzed, including the embedding depth, grit side length, etc. Results obtained show that the tensile stress with a 40% embedding depth is 292 MPa, which is the minimum on the bonding interface compared with other embedding depths. Meanwhile, the maximum tensile stress is 575 MPa, with an increase of 59% compared with that of a grit side length of 50 mm. Finally, the simulation results of the brazing residual stress of polycrystalline CBN abrasive grits have been con?rmed valid based on the residual stress measurement of the brazed monocrystalline CBN grit.     

失谐叶盘结构的概率响应局部化特性

基于某典型叶盘结构的减缩有限元模型和Monte Carlo-响应面法数值计算,详细分析了几何参数失谐叶盘结构的概率响应局部化特性.给出了几何失谐叶盘结构的有限元建模及减缩方法,并通过定义响应放大因子对受迫响应的局部化程度进行定量描述,分别计算了不同形式的随机失谐和主动错频叶盘结构的概率局部化特性,讨论了失谐形式和失谐参数的影响规律等.研究表明,随着失谐程度的增加,失谐系统的响应水平及其分散程度都会有一个峰值存在.      

Grindability and Surface Integrity of Cast Nickel-based Superalloy in Creep Feed Grinding with Brazed CBN Abrasive Wheels

The technique of creep feed grinding is most suitable for geometrical shaping, and therefore has been expected to improve effectively material removal rate and surface quality of components with complex profile. This article studies experimentally the effects of process parameters (i.e. wheel speed, workpiece speed and depth of cut) on the grindability and surface integrity of cast nickel-based superalloys, i.e. K424, during creep feed grinding with brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive wheels. Some important factors, such as grinding force and temperature, specific grinding energy, size stability, surface topography, microhardness and microstructure alteration of the sub-surface, residual stresses, are investigated in detail. The results show that during creep feed grinding with brazed CBN wheels, low grinding temperature at about 100 °C is obtained though the specific grinding energy of nickel-based superalloys is high up to 200-300 J/mm³. A combination of wheel speed 22.5 m/s, workpiece speed 0.1 m/min, depth of cut 0.2 mm accomplishes the straight grooves with the expected dimensional accuracy. Moreover, the compressive residual stresses are formed in the burn-free and crack-free ground surface.     

磨削表面形貌建模研究现状与展望

文 摘 磨削表面形貌是磨削表面完整性的重要指标之一,其对材料的接触应力、耐磨耐腐蚀性及抗疲劳强度等起着关键作用。本文概述分析了国内外在磨削表面形貌建模方法、技术路线、研究结果等所取得的进展,对磨削表面形貌建模的三类方法(经验建模法、理论建模法、有限元分析法)进行了综述,对各类建模方法的原理和优缺点进行论述,指出当前相关磨削表面形貌研究方向存在的问题。最后,提出了磨削表面形貌建模研究的发展方向。     

带减振器的光纤陀螺惯导系统有限元仿真建模方法

以某光纤陀螺捷联惯导系统的IMU单元为研究对象,利用有限元分析软件包Patran/Nastran建立了含减振器的IMU系统有限元模型。重点介绍了有限元模型中减振器的等效处理方法,比较了模型的随机振动响应计算结果和样机振动试验的实测结果,两者的误差在3.2%以内,证明了有限元建模过程中所使用的减振器等效处理方法的合理性。     

薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数识别方法

不同温度下的薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数识别,是研究薄壁钛管差温剪切弯曲过程管材塑性变形行为迫切需要解决的关键问题。提出了一种管材剪切测试的方法。将不同温度下薄壁钛管等温剪切测试、剪切测试过程模拟有限元模型、以及基于距离函数的响应面模型相结合,提出了薄壁钛管不同温度下剪应力本构参数逆向识别方法。采用该方法,识别了TA2薄壁钛管剪应力本构参数。同时建立了TA2薄壁钛管差温剪切弯曲过程模拟3维弹塑性热力耦合有限元模型。分别采用剪应力本构参数和单拉应力本构参数模拟弯管实验过程,评估了有限元模型的可靠性。结果表明：对于剪应力本构参数,温度越高,管材的K值和n值将减小,m值呈现波动的趋势。与单拉应力本构参数相比,剪应力本构参数对温度的变化更敏感,且剪应力本构参数值较小。与单拉应力本构参数相比,使用剪应力本构参数的有限元模型精度较高,模拟精度最大提高了60%。     

Analysis of grinding mechanics and improved grinding force model based on randomized grain geometric characteristics

Too high grinding force will lead to a large increase in specific grinding energy, resulting in high temperature in grinding zone, especially for the aerospace difficult cutting metal materials,seriously affecting the surface quality and accuracy. At present, the theoretical models of grinding force are mostly based on the assumption of uniform or simplified morphological characteristics of grains, which is inconsistent with the actual grains. Especially for non-engineering grinding wheel,most g...     

Tool Life and Surface Integrity in High-speed Milling of Titanium Alloy TA15 with PCD/PCBN Tools

Titanium alloys are widely used in aeronautics that demand a good combination of high strength, good corrosion resistance and low mass. The mechanical properties lead to challenges in machining operations such as high process temperature as well as rapidly increasing tool wear. The conventional tool materials are not able to maintain their hardness and other mechanical properties at higher cutting temperatures encountered in high speed machining. In this work, the new material tools, which are polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools, are used in high-speed milling of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy. The performance and wear mechanism of the tools are investigated. Compared to PCBN tool, PCD tool has a much longer tool life, especially at higher cutting speeds. Analyses based on the SEM and EDX suggest that attrition, adhesion and diffusion are the main wear mechanisms of PCD and PCBN tools in high-speed milling of TA15. Oxidation wear is also observed at PCBN tool/workpiece interface. Roughness, defects, micro-hardness and microstructure of the machined surface are investigated. The recorded surface roughness values with PCD/PCBN tools are bellow 0.3 μm at initial and steady cutting stage. Micro-hardness analysis shows that the machined surface hardening depth with PCD and PCBN tools is small. There is no evidence of sub-surface defects with PCD and PCBN tools. It is concluded that for TA15 alloy, high-speed milling can be carried out with PCD/PCBN tools.     

Diamond wheel grinding characteristics of 3D orthogonal quartz fiber reinforced silica ceramic matrix composite

Fiber-reinforced silica ceramic matrix composites (SiO_2f/SiO₂) have gained extensive attention in recent years for its applications in aeronautics field such as radar radome and window. However, the machining properties and mechanism of the material remain unclear. The features and mechanical properties of the material itself have a significant influence on both its machining characteristics and surface integrity. Thus, a full-factor grinding experiment is conducted using a 3D orthogonal SiO_2f/SiO₂ aiming to obtain its machining characteristics. The effects of grinding parameters and tools on the grinding force, surface roughness, and material damage type are investigated using a dynamometer, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Acoustic Emission (AE) analysis. The AE frequency band is analyzed, and a semi-analytical force model is established to study the difference between a single grain and wheel grinding. It was found that the changes in surface roughness correlate with the changes in grinding force, with fiber fracture being the main reason behind the increase in grinding force. Finally, the material removal mechanism was studied based on the AE analysis. It was found that the removal mechanism is fiber fracture dominated with matrix crack and debonding, and the primary sources of energy consumption are fiber fracture and friction.     

复杂构件MDO六面体网格重构方法

从参数化模型和模型拓扑特征出发,提出了一套六面体网格重构的有限元模型建模方法.同时,使用随动点来约束网格的拓扑边界,保证网格的正交性,确保了网格重构后的网格质量;结合现有的商用软件ICEM的网格生成算法,开发了基于特征的参数化有限元(FE)建模程序.最终,针对航空发动机低压涡轮带冠叶片的叶冠参数进行的多学科优化 (MDO),实例验证了网格重构方法的有效性和可行性.      

蜂窝夹芯旋转壳的屈曲分析

蜂窝夹芯复合材料旋转壳是航天器中的重要部件,且常常与其它部件互相联结,联结区局部高应力往往诱发复杂的局部屈曲模态,为此发展了一套有限元求解方案。针对蜂窝夹芯层合壳体构造了一种基于相对自由度技术的32节点三层壳元,这种单元避免了传统壳元的转动自由度,易与三维实体单元连接,使变厚度、带有补强的复合材料层合壳体等复杂结构得以正确建模。同时运用旋转周期结构有限元技术对大规模的空间蜂窝夹芯层合结构成功实施了屈曲分析。数值算例表明了计算策略的有效性和优越性。     

断续 CBN 砂轮缓进给磨削 K417 航空叶片材料的研究

 全面比较了用Al2O3和CBN磨削K417铸造高温合金时的磨削效果，指出：Al2O3不适于高效磨削K417之类的航空难加工材料，而CBN是实现该材料高效深切磨削的有效工具。通过大量实验，验证了断续CBN砂轮缓进给磨削K417时的技术优势，解决了树脂结合剂应用于断续磨削时所遇到的新问题。分析显示出该技术具有很好的应用前景和极大的推广价值。     

Multi-layered plate finite element models with node-dependent kinematics for smart structures with piezoelectric components

This article presents a type of plate Finite Element (FE) models with adaptive mathematical refinement capabilities for modeling laminated smart structures with piezoelectric layers or distributed patches. The p-version shape functions are used in combination with the higher-order Layer-Wise (LW) kinematics adopting hierarchical Legendre polynomials. Node-Dependent Kinematics (NDK) is employed to implement local LW models in the regions with piezoelectric components and simulate the global substrate structure with the Equivalent Single-Layer (ESL) approach. Through the proposed NDK FE models, the electro-mechanical behavior of smart structures can be predicted with high fidelity and numerical efficiency, and various patch configurations can be conveniently modeled through one set of mesh grids. Moreover, the effectiveness and efficiency of the NDK FE approach are assessed through numerical examples and its application is demonstrated.     

高速切削有限元模拟技术研究

有限元模拟是研究高速切削机理的有效方法,本文致力于有限元模拟所必需的关键技术研究。依据大变形理论和虚功原理对高速切削过程进行分析,建立了基于拉格朗日描述的有限元控制方程。通过研究材料动态本构关系、刀屑接触、切屑分离、切屑断裂和切削热动态耗散与传导关键技术建立了正交切削有限元模型,提出材料本构关系建立方法和切屑断裂能量解释观点,最后结合实例进行高速切削模拟,并对模拟结果进行分析和验证,指出所建立的有限元模型是合理的。     

面向型面精度一致性的整体叶盘砂带磨削新方法及实验研究

由于整体叶盘由多个叶片组成,根据"木桶定律",整体叶盘的性能和寿命取决于型面精度(型线精度和表面质量)最差的叶片。因此,在满足整体叶盘型面精度的前提下,提高各叶片型面精度一致性对其性能和寿命具有重要的影响。提出一种面向型面精度一致性的砂带磨削新方法,一方面通过砂带周期性的往复运动结合自锐式磨削原理,实现型面铣削残差层的高效去除;另一方面通过砂带周期性的自动更新,保证各叶片的型面精度在同一截面具有高一致性。阐述并建立了面向型面精度一致性的砂带磨削新方法及其磨削控制方程。在此基础上,对某航空发动机整体叶盘的11个叶片进行了砂带磨削实验,并且运用标准差对整体叶盘型面精度一致性进行定量分析。研究结果表明:整体叶盘磨削后,表面粗糙度小于0.25 μm,型线精度小于0.05 mm,同时型面精度一致性显著提高,证明了该方法的有效性。