复杂曲面零件五轴加工刀轴整体优化方法

 针对复杂曲面零件五轴加工中刀轴矢量变化剧烈、严重影响工件表面加工质量的问题,提出一种基于临界约束的五轴刀轴矢量整体优化方法。首先,构造了给定切触点处所有可行摆刀平面,并在摆刀平面内根据临界约束计算出临界刀轴矢量,在获得临界刀轴矢量的基础上,对其进行平面映射,建立了刀轴摆动的初始可行域;其次,通过对初始可行域进行均匀离散,根据离散点之间相对位置关系构造邻接矩阵,并结合最短路径搜索算法获得了初始参考刀轴,从而构造了新的刀轴摆动可行域;最后,建立当前切削行内无干涉且相邻刀轴变化最小的刀轴矢量优化模型,实现自由曲面五轴加工无干涉刀轴矢量的光滑控制。两种自由曲面叶轮的加工算例分析表明,采用本文方法获得的刀轴矢量可以明显改善机床的运动性能,避免了刀具干涉的产生,可提高复杂曲面零件的加工质量与效率。     

自由曲面侧铣刀具轮廓与轨迹同步优化方法

针对自由曲面侧铣加工中轨迹规划困难、加工精度难保证等问题，提出了一种自由曲线母线类刀具的外形轮廓设计方法。该方法在优化刀具轮廓的同时，充分考虑了加工过程中的工件精度和刀轴光顺性问题，实现了自由曲线母线类刀具的形状设计和对应侧铣加工轨迹的生成。首先，通过分别定义刀具轮廓母线和刀轴轨迹面实现对刀具形状和侧铣加工轨迹的表达，并由此计算切削行上刀具工件干涉量来评价加工误差，以刀轴轨迹面能量评价刀轴光顺性，建立了基于加工误差和刀轴光顺性的刀具轮廓与加工轨迹的同步优化模型；其次，为实现对同步优化模型的求解，给出了基于序列逼近法的求解策略，以及优化初值中刀轴轨迹面控制参数和刀具轮廓控制参数获取方法；最后，分别通过加工轨迹规划实验和刀具轮廓设计实验，验证了本文算法在在自由曲面四轴侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计与加工轨迹优化中的正确性及有效性。研究成果为提高自由曲面类零件侧铣加工精度、实现侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计及侧铣加工轨迹规划提供了一种有效的方法和手段。     

Elliptical model for surface topography prediction in five-axis flank milling

In five-axis flank milling operations, the intersecting surfaces of different cutting edges create roughness on the milled surfaces that cannot be ignored in situations with strict requirements, especially in aeronautical manufacturing. To focus on motion problems in milling operations, this paper presents a new model that utilizes elliptical paths as cutting edge trajectories on 3D surface topography machined by peripheral milling. First, the cutter parallel axis offset and location angle are considered, which change the location of the ellipse center and intersection point of the cutting edges. Then, through the proposed model, the predicted surface topography is obtained, and the factors that affect the development tendency of roughness are analyzed. Next, the effects of the cutter location position (CLP) geometric parameters, cutter parallel axis offset and curvature on the roughness are evaluated by a numerical simulation. Finally, machining tests are carried out to validate the model predictions, and the results show that the surface topography predictions correspond well with the experimental results.     

Prediction of cutting forces in flank milling of parts with non-developable ruled surfaces

Predicting the cutting forces required for five-axis flank milling is a challenging task due to the difficulties involved in determining the Undeformed Chip Thickness(UCT) and CutterWorkpiece Engagement(CWE). To solve these problems, this paper presents a new mechanistic cutting force model based on the geometrical analysis of a flank milling process. In the model,the part feature and corresponding cutting location data are taken as input information. The UCT considering cutter runout is calculated according to the instantaneous feed rate of the element cutting edges. A solid-discrete-based method is used to precisely and efficiently identify the CWE between the end mill and the surface being machined. Then, after calibrating the specific force coef-ficients, the mechanistic milling force can be obtained. During the validation process, two practical operations, three-axis flank milling of a vertical surface and five-axis flank milling of a nondevelopable ruled surface, are conducted. Comparisons between predicted and measured cutting forces demonstrate the reliability of the proposed cutting force model.     

Feedrate scheduling method for constant peak cutting force in five-axis flank milling process

It is extremely important to select appropriate feedrates for the stable machining of parts with ruled surface in modern aviation industrial applications. However, the current studies take too much time to achieve this goal. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient feedrate optimization method for constant peak cutting force in five-axis flank milling process. The solution method of the instantaneous undeformed chip thickness (IUCT) is proposed using least squares theory with the cutter entry angle and feedrate as variables. Based on this method, an explicit analytical expression of the peak cutting force for each cutting point is established. Furthermore, a feedrate scheduling method is developed to quickly solve the appropriate feedrate under constant peak cutting force. To verify the proposed IUCT model, the fitting IUCT is compared with the accuracy data at different feedrates. Additionally, some experiments of five-axis flank milling are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the peak force model and the feedrate scheduling method. And the surface roughness before and after feedrate scheduling is detected. The results show that the proposed feedrate scheduling method can quickly adjust the feedrate and ensure constant peak force during machining. At the same time, the surface quality is kept at a high level.     

型腔铣削加工光滑螺旋刀轨生成算法

 针对传统行切、环切刀轨存在方向突变的拐角,不适用于型腔快速铣削的问题,提出一种新的刀轨生成算法。首先通过线性插值型腔边界的等距多边形生成螺旋状折线,然后以指数函数分布规律插入控制顶点,以这些控制顶点所定义的B样条曲线为基础规划最终刀轨。所生成刀轨不需要离散成大量小直线段即可直接用于具有NURBS插补功能的高速数控系统;另外,刀轨可以任意阶连续,从而减小切削力的变化幅度,避免方向突变,提高加工效率和加工精度。     

Cutting force prediction for circular end milling process

A deduced cutting force prediction model for circular end milling process is presented in this paper. Traditional researches on cutting force model usually focus on linear milling process which does not meet other cutting conditions, especially for circular milling process. This paper presents an improved cutting force model for circular end milling process based on the typical linear milling force model. The curvature effects of tool path on chip thickness as well as entry and exit angles are analyzed, and the cutting force model of linear milling process is then corrected to fit circular end milling processes. Instantaneous cutting forces during circular end milling process are predicted according to the proposed model. The deduced cutting force model can be used for both linear and circular end milling processes. Finally, circular end milling experiments with constant and variable radial depth were carried out to verify the availability of the proposed method. Experiment results show that measured results and simulated results corresponds well with each other.     

含孤岛型腔铣削加工的螺旋刀轨生成算法

当型腔含有孤岛时,使用传统环切铣削方法加工往往难以避免拐角方向存在突变的问题,故提出一种螺旋刀轨生成算法,实现含凸边界孤岛型腔的快速铣削加工。首先在孤岛和型腔的加工轮廓上设置放样点,将放样点连接成放样线,线性插值放样线生成螺旋折线;接着插入以指数函数规律分布的控制顶点,并以其所定义的任意阶B样条曲线规划最终刀轨。所生成的刀轨能适应孤岛偏心的情况。实验结果显示,与传统环切相比,高阶连续的B样条曲线刀轨可直接用于具有NURBS插补功能的加工中心,孤岛轮廓的加工精度高,可有效避免刀轨方向突变,降低切削力的变化幅度,提高加工效率。     

基于中轴变换的型腔高速铣削刀具轨迹生成方法

框、梁、壁板、蒙皮等飞机关键零部件中包含大量型腔特征,其加工效率直接影响零件的整体加工效率。高速铣削机床的发展为此类零件的高效加工奠定了很好的硬件基础,也给型腔铣削刀具轨迹生成带来了新的问题。例如蒙皮镜像铣由于其特殊的设计,对刀具轨迹提出平滑无抬刀、步距变化严格控制在一定范围内等更严苛的要求,从而保证蒙皮高质量加工。结构件高速加工中为了保持刀具的高进给和高转速,也要求刀具轨迹平滑且步距平稳变化。然而现有的型腔铣削刀轨生成方法大多基于局部优化解决加工残余和刀轨不平滑问题,难以生成同时满足多工艺约束尤其是步距约束的刀具轨迹,无法完全发挥高速机床的性能。针对此问题,本文提出基于中轴变换的型腔高速铣削刀具轨迹生成及优化方法。该方法首先基于中轴变换提取型腔骨架线,并进一步修正从而生成刀轨偏置基准和初始刀轨。其次利用图像变形算法对初始刀轨进行迭代变形优化,使最终优化刀轨与目标型腔区域吻合,且满足高速加工的工艺约束条件。该方法在离散的图像域内从整体角度优化刀具轨迹,不仅保证轨迹平滑无抬刀,还能保证步距在容许范围内平稳变化。实验证明本文提出的方法在保证轨迹平滑和步距平稳变化等方面的有效性,能够满足高性能加工的要求。     

次摆线走刀在高速铣削窄槽结构中的应用

在阐述次摆线参数方程的基础上,基于CAM/HSM技术,将次摆线走刀方式应用于窄槽结构的高速铣削试验中,研究了次摆线走刀的铣削力变化规律、窄槽结构的表面粗糙度及其局部形貌,并建立了次摆线走刀高速铣削窄槽结构的铣削力模型。研究表明:次摆线走刀高速铣削窄槽结构有效可行,加工出了高质量的窄槽型腔表面(Ra=0.142μm);次摆线走刀的铣削力呈周期变化,在走刀平面内,次摆线切削宽度方向上的铣削力是进刀宽度方向上的4倍;采用次摆线走刀加环切走刀策略加工窄槽结构,既改善了窄槽的铣削加工条件,又满足了高速铣削粗精加工的要求和原则。     

融合机床精度与工艺参数的铣削误差预测模型

为弥补现有五轴联动数控铣床加工飞机结构件的加工精度评估系统的不足,提出利用机床精度检测数据和零件特征及其工艺参数来构建评估指标体系,基于BP神经网络建立了飞机结构件加工误差预测模型。通过完成训练的网络权值分布,计算出各输入指标对最后评估结果的影响,并通过实例分析检验了模型的可靠性。结果表明,经BP神经网络模型训练得到的结果和样本零件的三坐标测量机测量数据基本吻合,选取的评价指标具有有效性。该评估模型能够有效地融合机床精度检测数据和零件特征及其加工工艺参数,对飞机结构件的铣削加工误差进行预测。     

叶片型面曲率属性对数控铣削加工过程的影响

提出了一种基于曲面曲率属性分析数控铣削加工过程的方法.该方法通过在构建的自由曲面上规划走刀轨迹,建立刀位轨迹等参数曲线,来分析等参数曲线曲率属性对加工干涉和加工带宽度的影响.同时,通过对刀位轨迹和残留高度与曲面曲率属性之间关系的研究,获得了影响数控铣削加工效率、加工精度及发生干涉的一些规律.此外,研究表明通过对刀具半径、残留高度与加工表面曲率之间的吻合关系曲线合理优化,可有效提高加工带宽度.试验结果证明该曲面曲率属性分析数控铣削加工过程的方法是有效的,加工效率可提高5%~8%.      

整体叶盘铣削数控编程与加工技术

整体叶盘有良好的结构完整性、轻质化、装配环节少、装配精度高等优点,已被广泛应用于航空发动机中。根据整体叶盘的切削加工特征,将其简化为整体叶盘基准件,从数控编程和加工技术两方面实现整体叶盘的高质量加工。首先,利用Hyper MILL软件对整体叶盘基准件进行数控编程,优化获得理想的刀具路径,保证高效高质量的零件加工。然后,利用DMU-70V五轴加工中心对钛合金TC4整体叶盘基准件进行切削加工,在整体叶盘基准件叶片和流道几何特征的精加工时,选用不同型号的立铣刀,并监测加工过程中的切削力。最后,对加工后叶片和流道加工表面形貌进行测试分析,并结合切削力对比分析国产刀具和进口刀具对钛合金整体叶盘的切削加工性能。     

闭式整体叶盘通道五坐标分行定轴加工刀轴矢量规划方法

闭式整体叶盘是新一代航空发动机实现减重增效的关键零件,其通道结构属于典型多约束复杂通道结构。针对闭式整体叶盘通道精加工,提出了一种基于五坐标分行定轴加工的刀轴矢量规划方法。从加工原理上给出了分行定轴加工方法的基本概念,并分析了闭式整体叶盘通道五坐标加工的特征;在刀具预定义和建立检查面球体包围盒层次树结构的基础上,给出了刀轴矢量无干涉区域的计算方法;基于刀位点最短刀长的计算与分析,进行了叶盘通道加工区域划分,建立了分行定轴加工刀轴矢量规划方法。实验验证表明:分行定轴相对五轴联动加工方法不仅可明显提高加工过程中的稳定性和叶片加工表面质量,还可提高叶片精加工效率。     

镜像铣削加工奇异区域刀具路径优化

在大型薄壁件镜像铣削加工中,由奇异点引起的旋转轴运动不连续会影响加工质量,降低加工效率。针对此问题,分析了镜像铣削加工奇异点存在的原因,提出了一种奇异区域内的刀具路径优化方法。首先,针对镜像铣削系统的铣削头和支撑头分别建立了其旋转轴运动学变换模型,推导旋转轴微分运动关系,据此分析奇异点存在的原因及其对加工质量和效率的影响,定义了机床行程内的奇异区域范围。分析结果表明在镜像铣削系统行程范围内,仅铣削头存在奇异区域,而支撑头不存在奇异区域。然后,在镜像铣削加工刀路约束条件下,基于刀路光顺性指标建立了刀路优化模型。通过在加工曲面参数域内对跨越铣削头奇异区域的刀路进行调整,使得优化后的刀路更加光顺,以提高加工精度和表面质量,减少奇异区域附近的加工时间。最后,通过镜像铣削加工实验验证所提方法的有效性。     

Optimal interface surface determination for multi-axis freeform surface machining with both roughing and finishing

In the current practice of multi-axis machining of freeform surfaces, the interface surface between the roughing and finishing process is simply an offset surface of the nominal surface. While there have already been attempts at minimizing the machining time by considering the kinematic capacities of the machine tool and/or the physical constraints such as the cutting force, they all target independently at either the finishing or the roughing process alone and are based on the simple premise of an offset interface surface. Conceivably, since the total machining time should count that of both roughing and finishing process and both of them crucially depend on the interface surface, it is natural to ask if, under the same kinematic capacities and the same physical constraints, there is a nontrivial interface surface whose corresponding total machining time will be the minimum among all the possible (infinite) choices of interface surfaces, and this is the motivation behind the work of this paper. Specifically, with respect to the specific type of iso-planar milling for both roughing and finishing, we present a practical algorithm for determining such an optimal interface surface for an arbitrary freeform surface. While the algorithm is proposed for iso-planar milling, it can be easily adapted to other types of milling strategy such as contour milling. Both computer simulation and physical cutting experiments of the proposed method have convincingly demonstrated its advantages over the traditional simple offset method.     

微小整体叶轮五轴联动微细铣削加工试验研究

微小整体叶轮作为微型发动机的重要组成部分,其加工质量直接影响微型发动机的使用性能。针对微小整体式复杂叶轮流道狭窄、叶片扭曲大和长厚比大等特点,开展了微小复杂扭曲整体式叶轮五轴联动微细铣削加工方法研究。针对微小叶轮加工过程极易发生变形、过切和碰撞干涉等问题,对微小叶轮的加工过程进行工艺规划,建立了微小叶轮流道加工刀具选择的约束方程,计算出叶轮加工刀具的最大理论直径。通过CAM软件对叶轮进行切削仿真,验证了刀具选择和工艺规划的正确性。通过五轴联动微细铣削试验,得到了具有6个直径10mm的叶片、叶片最小厚度0.15mm、叶片最小相邻间距0.58mm的7075铝合金微小整体叶轮。     

高缠绕叶轮流道4+1轴高效分段开槽方法

高缠绕叶轮流道的高效粗加工是提高整个叶轮加工效率和缩短生产周期的关键。针对高缠绕叶轮流道的粗加工,提出了一种4+1轴高效分段开槽方法。首先,给出了分段开槽加工方法的基本概念,并分析了高缠绕叶轮流道加工特点;然后,结合机床结构特征,给出了五轴机床在主轴摆角固定为常值时切削点处单点最大刀具尺寸的计算方法;基于各切削点加工特征参数的分析,采用聚类算法进行了叶轮流道加工分段区域的划分;最后,确定了各分段区域的可加工刀具尺寸和4+1形式的刀轴矢量。算例分析表明,提出的4+1轴分段开槽方法得到的开槽轨迹旋转轴变化均匀,材料去除量较传统开槽方法增加了32.5%,改善了切削过程稳定性,提高了叶轮的粗加工效率。     

单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模

螺旋铣削加工工艺具有降低轴向力,改善排屑、散热条件等优点,螺旋铣削力是其重要过程指标之一。对单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模方法展开研究,预测给定加工参数下的螺旋铣削力。首先,通过对螺旋铣削过程进行运动学分析和切屑几何分析,建立了螺旋铣削过程中侧刃、底刃动态切屑层模型,纤维切削方向角度模型和动态切削力计算模型。然后,分别通过侧刃直线槽铣实验和底刃半齿插铣实验,对各个切削方向角度下侧刃、底刃切削力系数进行了标定,并利用人工神经网络对切削力系数进行拟合。最后,将标定所得的切削力系数代入动态切削力计算模型中,建立了单向CFRP螺旋铣削过程动态切削力预测模型,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性。与现有模型相比,该模型不仅能够预测刀具螺旋运动周期内的切削力变化情况,还可以对每个刀具自转周期内的细节进行预测,通过考虑纤维切削方向角度对切削力系数的影响,反映了单向CFRP材料的各向异性,较为准确地预测了螺旋铣削力。     

整体叶盘叶片加工变形控制技术研究

针对五坐标加工中心(MIKRON UCP1350)采用五轴联动方式加工整体叶盘时叶片和刀具受力变形较大的问题,从加工整体叶盘叶片的工艺特点着手,结合传统切削力理论公式计算和加工时叶片的有限元分析,对加工变形控制展开研究.在初步确定切削参数值后,经过试件实际试加工,修正切削参数值使加工后叶片既满足叶型面变形在公差允许范围...