尖前缘平板的高超声速粘性干扰效应引起的压力分布规律研究

采用CFD方法计算了多种来流条件下高超声速平板绕流的粘性干扰现象,计算与实验结果吻合良好。针对理论分析在平板前缘失1效的情况,结合理论分析、CFD结果和试验结果对原有沿流向壁面压力分布关系式进行了修正,使得修正后关系式在整个平板上与相关数据吻合,显著增加了压力分布关系式的应用范围。同时根据CFD计算结果,分析了平板附面层内压力等流动参数的分布规律,发现附面层内法向压力分布存在峰值,壁面压力分布大于来流静压,并给出了峰值压力及其位置的拟合式。     

涵道比调节对核心机驱动风扇级与高压压气机匹配性能影响

根据某核心机驱动风扇级与高压压气机匹配气动布局的特点,建立了匹配状态点关联预估简化方程并发展了匹配性能预估程序。基于两个压缩部件性能试验数据,进行了典型匹配状态涵道比预估及特点分析,研究了等转速下涵道比调节对两个压缩部件工作状态点变化规律以及匹配性能影响。结果表明:(1)涵道比设置不合理将会导致压缩部件发生旋转失速或喘振现象,从而影响两者的匹配工作;(2)随着涵道比增大,核心机驱动风扇级工况点逐渐从近喘点向堵塞点方向偏移,而高压压气机的工况点变化趋势正好相反。核心机驱动风扇级的流量变化范围比高压压气机的窄,这使得匹配总压比-流量特性线更加陡峭;(3)存在最佳匹配涵道比使稳定工作裕度和近失速边界匹配总压比达到最大,并且此时的匹配峰值总效率接近最大匹配峰值总效率;(4)随着匹配转速的提高,典型匹配涵道比呈现逐渐减小趋势,外涵流量在85%换算转速时达到最大,因此在进行外涵流道设计需全面考虑压气机的工作特性。      

Progress and future prospects of CFD in aerospace—Wind tunnel and beyond

A historical perspective of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in aerospace in the last 30 years is firstly given. It is shown that there still remain a number of problems that are geometrically simple but difficult to simulate even after many simulations were conducted over complex body configurations. The fact indicates that CFD research is now in the “specific phase” and requires some innovation.The innovation includes “evolutionary effort” and “revolutionary effort”. As an example of evolutionary effort, large eddy simulations/ Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations (LES/RANS) hybrid method and its application examples are presented. A shift from RANS to LES/RANS hybrid method occurs not because of the advancement of computers but because of our recognition that separated flows are inherently unsteady and successful simulations require LES-like computations.Comment is given that there may be other types of research necessary to make CFD a real useful tool for a design in addition to simply showing CFD capability for complex body configurations. As one of the examples, construction of a CFD database is presented. Another issue is to make CFD infrastructures so that people outside CFD community may use CFD as a tool to formulate or refine their ideas.To find out revolutionary effort, the message given by Prof. Dean Chapman in 1977 is referred. Observation of current CFD research reveals that evaluation methods of “scale effect” that were believed to be the most important benefit of CFD have not yet been established. Such establishment is the key for the revolution of CFD and researchers need to focus their effort on the development of technologies to evaluate scale effect. Only with such new CFD technologies can “conceptual design with CFD” become feasible.     

Validation of numerical prediction of dynamic derivatives: The DLR-F12 and the Transcruiser test cases

The dynamic derivatives are widely used in linear aerodynamic models in order to determine the flying qualities of an aircraft: the ability to predict them reliably, quickly and sufficiently early in the design process is vital in order to avoid late and costly component redesigns. This paper describes experimental and computational research dealing with the determination of dynamic derivatives carried out within the FP6 European project SimSAC. Numerical and experimental results are compared for two aircraft configurations: a generic civil transport aircraft, wing-fuselage-tail configuration called the DLR-F12 and a generic Transonic CRuiser, which is a canard configuration. Static and dynamic wind tunnel tests have been carried out for both configurations and are briefly described within this paper. The data generated for both the DLR-F12 and TCR configurations include force and pressure coefficients obtained during small amplitude pitch, roll and yaw oscillations while the data for the TCR configuration also include large amplitude oscillations, in order to investigate the dynamic effects on nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics. In addition, dynamic derivatives have been determined for both configurations with a large panel of tools, from linear aerodynamic (Vortex Lattice Methods) to CFD. This work confirms that an increase in fidelity level enables the dynamic derivatives to be calculated more accurately. Linear aerodynamics tools are shown to give satisfactory results but are very sensitive to the geometry/mesh input data. Although all the quasi-steady CFD approaches give comparable results (robustness) for steady dynamic derivatives, they do not allow the prediction of unsteady components for the dynamic derivatives (angular derivatives with respect to time): this can be done with either a fully unsteady approach i.e. with a time-marching scheme or with frequency domain solvers, both of which provide comparable results for the DLR-F12 test case. As far as the canard configuration is concerned, strong limitations for the linear aerodynamic tools are observed. A key aspect of this work are the acceleration techniques developed for CFD methods, which allow the computational time to be dramatically reduced while providing comparable results.     

亚跨超CFD软件平台研制

亚跨ＣＦＤ软件平台研制的宗旨是综合国内外计算流体动力学的最新研究成果，用计算机软件技术的新发展，建立一个面向对象的计算流体动力学的研究开发环境，加快计算流体动力学最新成果向工程应用的转换速度。本文介绍初级版本的研究进展和研究成果，主要匝数值网格生成技术，流场解算器，面向对象的界面设计等三部分组成。     

Evaluation of pressure oscillations by a laboratory motor

Aeroacoustic pressure oscillation is one of the important challenges in segmented solid rocket motors with high slenderness ratio. The reason for these oscillations can be searched in vortex shedding due to grain burning surfaces, holes and slots. In this paper, a novel sub-scaled motor was used for evaluation of aeroacoustic pressure oscillations. First, the related parameters to scale down using Buckingham’s Pi-theorem were determined and then the sub-scaled motor was designed and manufactured. After this, Strouhal number in various grain forms and vortex shedding prediction criteria have been discussed. Then, one-dimensional linear and non-linear solution approaches have been presented. To understand the motor internal flow and vortex shedding formation, steady state computational fluid dynamic performed for seven regression steps and finally, two static tests have been performed. Results show that various definitions for Strouhal number are useful only for primarily glance on vortex shedding and pressure oscillations and so CFD solution and the test program are inevitable for a correct understanding of the ballistic operational condition of the motor. Experimental results demonstrated the existence of such oscillations with frequencies nearly equal to axial modes. It seems that non-linear parameters have small effects on aeroacoustic pressure oscillation and therefore the linear solution is acceptable to obtain approximate data. Of course, it should be emphasized that linear solution represents oscillations on overall motor action time, whereas the output of non-linear solution depends on thermochemistry properties of solid propellant and combustion products. Therefore, with a non-linear solution, oscillations maybe occur in some intervals of action time. FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) results demonstrated that although both first and second acoustic modes have been excited, the position of longitudinal oscillation has an important role on which one is dominant.     

Aerodynamic scaling to free flight conditions: Past and present

This report summarizes some of the problems when wind tunnel data should be scaled to free flight conditions. The main challenges in performing this extrapolation is how model support, wall interference, aeroelastic effects and a potentially lower Reynolds number in the wind tunnel should be corrected. A historical review of scale effects is presented showing wind tunnel to flight discrepancies of different types of aircraft configurations. An overview of scaling methodologies and Reynolds number effects are presented and discussed. Some modern approaches where computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used, together with wind tunnel testing, in order to identify scaling phenomena are presented as well.     

CFD/CSD-based flutter prediction method for experimental models in a transonic wind tunnel with porous wall

To predict the flutter dynamic pressure of a wind tunnel model before flutter test, an accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics/Computational Structural Dynamics (CFD/CSD)-based flutter prediction method is proposed under the conditions of a 2.4 m × 2.4 m transonic wind tunnel with porous wall. From the CFD simulations of the flows through an inclined hole of this wind tunnel, the Nambu’s linear porous wall model between the flow rate and the differential pressure is extended to the porous wall with inclined holes, so that the porous wall can be conveniently modeled as a boundary condition. According to the flutter testing approach for the current wind tunnel, the steady CFD calculation is conducted to achieve the required inlet Mach number. A time-domain CFD/CSD method is then employed to evaluate the structural response of the experimental model, and the critical flutter point is obtained by increasing the dynamic pressure step by step at a fixed Mach number. The present method is applied to the flutter calculations for a vertical tail model and an aircraft model tested in the current transonic wind tunnel. For both models, the computed flutter characteristics agree well with the experimental results.     

畸变进气下压气机三维黏性数值计算模型

通过对压气机环形无叶片通道求解带源项的N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程,实现对压气机全通道流场的计算,建立了压气机三维黏性非定常数值计算模型.源项是由三维计算流体动力学(CFD)求解器定常计算的气流参数计算得到,求得不同工作点源项大小,然后根据进口参数对源项插值得到当前计算点源项.采用该模型对某跨声速单级压气机在均匀进气下性能和流场的计算结果与实验结果进行了对比,两者能够较好的一致,验证了模型的可靠性;之后应用该模型对周向总压畸变进气下的流场和性能进行了计算,分析了畸变进气对压气机三维流场和性能的影响,并引入压气机失稳判据分析畸变对压气机稳定性的影响.      

类X-37B航天器气动力天地相关性数值模拟

随着高性能计算机的发展,CFD已成为飞行器设计和流场分析不可缺少的重要手段,风洞试验与飞行数据的天地相关性问题正是其中一项重要的研究内容,X-37B作为继航天飞机之后美国发展的最成功的可跨大气层在轨飞行器,从气动特性角度分析其大气层内飞行走廊的状态对中国类似航天器的研制具有重要的借鉴意义。首先,对计算类X-37B布局飞行器的网格无关性及网格修正开展了研究,在此基础上提出的网格规模影响修正方法对该类飞行器的计算结果修正经过验证是可信的;然后,分别对比分析了雷诺数的影响和试验状态支架干扰的影响,完成了基于数值模拟的高空飞行与风洞试验气动特性差异分析。结果表明,网格规模主要对亚声速来流计算状态压差产生的轴向力影响较大,对法向力系数、俯仰力矩系数和纵向压心影响较小;雷诺数对该类飞行器气动特性特别是轴向力系数、阻力系数和升阻比有较大的影响,但随着马赫数的增加,影响特性开始变的非常复杂;由于风洞试验状态支杆存在,亚跨声速来流条件对该类飞行器的底阻影响很大,需要采取一定的方法和手段对支杆影响进行修正。     

A Scalable Infrastructure for Online Performance Analysis on CFD Application

The fast-growing demand of computational fluid dynamics(CFD) application for computing resources stimulates the development of high performance computing(HPC) and meanwhile raises new requirements for the technology of parallel application performance monitor and analysis.In response to large-scale and long-time running for the application of CFD,online and scalable performance analysis technology is required to optimize the parallel programs as well as to improve their operational efficiency.As a result,this research implements a scalable infrastructure for online performance analysis on CFD application with homogeneous or heterogeneous system.The infrastructure is part of the parallel application performance monitor and analysis system(PAPMAS) and is composed of two modules which are scalable data transmission module and data storage module.The paper analyzes and elaborates this infrastructure in detail with respect to its design and implementation.Furthermore,some experiments are carried out to verify the rationality and high efficiency of this infrastructure that could be adopted to meet the practical needs.     

Preliminary study on heat flux measurement data of TT-0 flight test

With the explosive development of aerospace science, the design of the new generation airliner at higher speeds is attracting more attentions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to achieve accurate prediction of the aerodynamic heating / force loads and successful reduction of drag and heat flux. As a remedy for the existing studies which are based upon the CFD and wind tunnel tests, this study presents a flight test for the drag and heat reduction spike technology. The principal goals of this flight test were to provide reference for verifying the accuracy of the prediction technology on ground and promote the development of the drag and heat reduction technology. By adopting the OS-X rocket, the TT-0 test vehicle designed by Shenyang Aircraft Design & Research Institute reached a maximum Mach number of 5.8 and a maximum altitude of 38 km. Hypersonic and supersonic pressure data by pressure scanning valves and heat fluxes by gauges at different locations were obtained successfully. Also, heat fluxes obtained by in-house CFD code are illustrated in comparison with the flight data. The results indicate that the numerical errors are large in most cases. More technologies, such as more CFD codes and more numerical procedures, should be adopted to conduct studies on this issue in the future.     

涡轮风扇发动机紧凑压缩系统气动性能

通过数值方法研究了由2级风扇、4级高压压气机及外涵组成的紧凑压缩系统的气动性能.探讨了双涵双轴压缩系统气动性能的评估方法及数值计算中相应的边界给定方法.通过对紧凑压缩系统的一体化数值模拟,分别获取了风扇及高压压气机的设计转速特性,并与设计值进行了对比,结果表明流量、压比、效率都达到了设计要求,而风扇失速裕度仅为7.8%...     

TRIP2．0软件湍流模块的开发与确认

基于TRIP2.0_SOLVER数值模拟软件,开发了湍流模型方法库,目前该CFD软件中集成的湍流模型主要包括B-L代数湍流模型、SA一方程模型和SST两方程模型.为了考核不同的湍流模型工程适用性,本文采用对接网格技术,通过有限体积法数值离散三维任意坐标系下的RANS方程组,应用LU分解、MUSCL差分格式和低雷诺数SA和SST两种湍流模型,数值模拟了二维NLR-7301两段翼型和三维DLR-F6翼身组合体的绕流流场,计算与试验比较的内容包括了表面的压力系数分布、典型站位的速度型和气动特性曲线等内容.通过计算与试验的比较,在本文的计算范围内,采用两种湍流模型均可以得到与试验结果相吻合的压力分布和升力曲线,但在边界层内的速度型、粘性阻力和力矩特性等方面,不同的湍流模型具有明显的差异.     

轴对称近似等熵压缩流场的乘波前体优化设计

以升阻比为优化目标，在来流马赫数Ma=2—4及飞行高度H=20km-24km条件下，进行了轴对称近似等熵压缩流场的乘波前体优化设计，通过CFD验证Ma=4优化乘波体的气动特性，并研究了Ma=3优化乘波前体在非设计条件下的气动特性。结果表明：近似等熵压缩下表面的乘波前体在设计条件下具有良好的气流压缩效果，可满足机体／发动机一体化设计的需要；乘波前体升阻比在1．5—1．9之间，纵向压心位置靠后；非设计条件下，压缩波不聚焦，小于设计马赫数升阻比时降低，大于设计马赫数时升阻比略大。     

亚声速S弯进气道研究的新进展

当前推进系统与飞行器正朝着高度融合的方向发展,超紧凑蛇形进气道和边界层吸入式进气道则是实现两者融合的关键之一。本文综述了近十余年来国内外关于这两类亚声速S弯进气道的最新研究进展。受显著横向压力梯度、流向逆压梯度的作用,两类进气道内部均存在明显的流动分离,并诱发了大尺度的流向对涡和显著的出口总压畸变。为此,研究者发展了被动式、主动式、混合式等多种流动控制方法,可在不显著降低总压恢复系数的前提下,大幅降低设计工况时出口周向总压畸变。并且,已经建立可适应任意异形进口的S弯进气道气动型面通用设计方法。最后,已有的CFD方法可以较为准确地预测AIP截面平均总压恢复系数,但畸变指数偏差较大。     

基于FW-Hpds方法的直升机旋翼气动噪声指向性分析

本文使用基于可穿透数据面的Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings方程(FW-Hpds)的预测方法分析了跨声速直升机悬停旋翼气动噪声的指向性。通过求解三维非定常欧拉方程计算了近场噪声,通过延迟时积分方法和求解FW-Hpds方程计算远场噪声。预测了跨声速UH-1H悬停旋翼的高速脉冲噪声(HSI),然后计算了不同观测点处的声压级,并通过声压级在不同方向上的分布分析了HSI噪声的方向性。根据本文研究发现HSI噪声在桨盘平面上最大,在转轴方向上最小,和其它研究者的结论一致。     

大型双曲冷却塔平均风荷载的数值模拟研究

对双曲冷却塔的平均风荷载进行CFD数值模拟,获得冷却塔内外表面的三维流场特性和各高度截面的平均风压系数分布曲线,并与以往文献的实测数据和风洞试验结果进行比较,以验证数值模拟的准确性.根据内外表面的风速矢量图,描述冷却塔内外流体的流动特征,发现旋涡的存在使风压分布趋于均匀的规律.并分析塔底的边缘效应及其对冷却塔内外表面风压的影响.讨论现行设计规范在外压的三维效应和内外压的共同作用等方面的不完善之处,给出部分改进建议和冷却塔外表面、内表面和内外表面压差的风压系数等压图,以供设计参考.     

低速叶型气动反问题设计方法

 低马赫数不可压流动中声速与流速大小差别巨大,采用基于可压缩流动控制方程的计算格式求解流场时,由于数值黏性的污染,解的精度低且收敛性差,通常可使用时间预处理技术来解决这一问题。在基于控制理论的优化方法中,共轭方程的Jacobian矩阵和流动方程的系数矩阵相似,因而在低流动马赫数下,求解共轭方程存在着与求解流动方程相同的数值污染和数值刚性问题。首先推导了带有预处理的Roe格式,然后发展了适合全速度流动的共轭方程求解方法,最后选取翼型和叶栅两个典型算例进行了验证。计算结果表明所发展的方法可很好地用于低马赫数时的气动反问题设计。     

CFD技术在目标电磁特性计算中的应用

电磁学中麦克斯韦方程组和流体力学中无粘流动欧拉方程一样,都是具有实特征值的双曲型偏微分方程组,相同的数学特性使得计算流体力学(CFD)技术能够在计算电磁学(CEM)中得以应用。采用MUSCL格式结合Steger-Warming分裂计算电磁通量,采用4阶Runge-Kutta法计算非定常时间推进,借鉴CFD方法计算电磁场边界条件;采用时域有限体积法(FVTD)数值模拟宽带脉冲波、完全导电体、含吸波材料涂层介质/金属混合体以及复杂外形目标的电磁散射。结果表明:基于CFD的FVTD方法能够高精度地计算目标的电磁特性。