一类刚-柔耦合系统的模态特性与实验研究

本文从理论和实验两方面研究了由中心刚体和柔性梁组成的刚柔耦合系统的模态特性。结果表明该系统的模态与静止情况正气结构动力学模态存在较大差异，系统的模态频率与刚体Hub和柔性梁的转动惯量比值有一定关系，这为研究这类刚柔耦合系统的动力学与控制问题提供了一些有益的参考。     

空间挠性结构的Stewart平台主动基座振动控制

研究基于Stewart平台主动基座的挠性结构振动控制。首先,建立含Stewart平台主动基座的柔性梁刚柔耦合动力学模型;随后,在模态空间上分别针对挠性结构的一阶和二阶模态设计由线性扩张状态观测器(LESO)和PD控制器组成的自抗扰控制器(ADRC);最后,基于独立模态控制(IMSC)中的模态滤波器从物理坐标中提取模态坐标,建立振动主动控制实验系统,基于模态空间的自抗扰控制方法完成挠性结构的前两阶模态振动主动控制实验。研究结果表明,利用Stewart平台作为主动基座,采用自抗扰控制方法实现挠性结构的振动抑制是一种高效的振动主动控制方法,在空间振动主动控制领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

具有角动量存贮挠性飞行器大角度姿态机动的非线性控制

本文采用欧拉四元数、姿态角速度和振型模态坐标、建立了具有角动量存贮挠性飞行器姿态动力学的奇异摄动非线性模型。讨论了系统的慢流形降阶和校正控制方法,给出了非线性退化系统的全局线性化公式。文中还介绍了数字仿真实例和结果。     

考虑气动加热和变截面惯性矩的高超声速飞行器建模与分析

由于高超声速飞行器弹性机体/发动机的高度一体化设计,使得此类飞行器的动力学建模与控制较为复杂,而作为控制的基础以及面向控制的总体优化设计都需要建立高精度的动力学模型。首先,建立了考虑气动加热和变截面惯性矩影响的高超声速飞行器自由梁结构弹性模型,分析了气动加热和变截面惯性矩对飞行器振型的影响,得出了气动加热对振型影响非常小且振型引起的攻角变化很小,变截面惯性矩对飞行器的振型影响较大且振型引起的攻角变化较大的结论。然后,建立了考虑气动加热和变截面惯性矩影响的自由梁高超声速飞行器动力学模型,对考虑气动加热和忽略气动加热、恒截面惯性矩和变截面惯性矩对应的动力学模型进行了零极点分布对比分析,得出了气动加热对飞行器的纵向动态特性影响很小,变截面惯性矩自由梁对应的高超声速飞行器在特征点处开环不稳定性更大和非最小相位行为约束变弱的结论。     

带挠性附件的航天器系统动力学特性研究

本文研究了带挠性附件的航天器系统动力学特性。带挠性附件的航天器系统建模为刚性主体带挠性附件（挠性附件的末端带有刚性质量），根据拟坐标下的Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ定理建立了主刚体姿态运动与挠性附件振动相互耦合的动力学状态方程。针对一类带挠性附件的航天器系统编制了有关计算软件，利用该软件以ＳＣＯＬＥ模型（ＳＣＯＬＥ是ＳｐａｃｅｃｒａｆｔＣｏｎｔｒｏｌＬａｂｏｒａｔｏ－ｒｙＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ的缩写，其系统构形可参见文献［２］［３］）为例进行动力学分析，我们得到了与ＮＡＳＡ有关报告几乎完全一样的结果。本项研究为一类带挠性附件的航天器控制系统设计提供了一种合适的动力学理论模型。     

旋转梁的动力学建模及其反馈控制

利用哈密尔顿原理,推导了刚柔耦合形式的旋转欧位－伯努利梁的动力学方程,并在小转速的假设下,给出了线性化近似方程的解析解;讨论了由直流电机和压电陶瓷组成的控制系统,并从动力学稳定的角度出发,利用Lyapunov第一方法设计系统的反馈控制实现了动力学稳定性。最后通过计算机仿真证明控制策略的有效性。     

固体捆绑火箭姿控系统建模与设计研究

针对固体捆绑火箭复杂空间模态对姿控系统的影响问题,推导建立了新的姿态动力学模型,分析了弹性振动对三通道姿态运动的影响并采用逆Nyquist阵列法进行了姿控系统设计。首先建立了新的固体捆绑火箭姿态动力学模型,模型中基于有限元法导出了弹性振动方程,这是与传统模型最主要的区别。然后针对弹性振动引起的三通道姿态运动间耦合问题,分析了耦合的强弱,采用逆Nyquist阵列法设计了控制器。最后通过时域仿真验证了方法的可行性。结果表明,虽然结构上捆绑火箭芯级和助推之间纵、横、扭耦合比较明显,但引起的三通道间耦合却比较弱,被控模型在设计频段内具有明显的对角优势性质。采用逆Nyquist阵列法设计的控制器是可行的,仿真结果满足工程要求。     

一类挠性多体航天器快速大角度机动的动力学与控制

研究一类挠性多体航天器快速大角度机动的动力学与控制问题。考虑构形为“刚性主体 绕性梁 刚性端质量”的航天器，并假定它在一平面内作大角度旋转运动，本文利用Hamilton原理，建立了系统的非线性无穷维动力学模型，在只可测量刚性主体旋转角及其速率的情况下，设计了一种线性反馈控制方案，并证明了相应的闭环系统的渐近稳定性。     

Vibration control of a flexible space manipulator during on orbit operations

Space manipulators are complex systems, composed by robotic arms accommodated on an orbiting platform. They can be used to perform a variety of tasks: launch of satellites, retrieval of spacecraft for inspection, maintenance and repair, movement of cargo and so on. All these missions require extreme precision. However, in order to respect the mass at launch requirements, manipulators arms are usually very light and flexible, and their motion involves significant structural vibrations, especially after a grasping maneuver. In order to fulfill the maneuvers of space robotic systems it is hence necessary to properly model the forces acting on the space robot, from the main terms, such as the orbital motion, to the second order perturbations, like the gravity gradient and the orbital perturbations; also flexible excitation of the links and of the joints can be of great importance in the manipulators dynamics. The case is furthermore complicated by the fact that the manipulator, together with its supporting spacecraft, is an unconstrained body. Therefore the motion of any of its parts affects the entire system configuration. The governing equations of the dynamics of such robotic systems are highly nonlinear and fully coupled. The present paper aims at designing and studying active damping strategies and relevant devices that could be used to reduce the structural vibrations of a space manipulator with flexible links during its on orbit operations. In particular an optimized adaptive vibration control via piezoelectric devices is proposed. The number of piezoelectric devices, their placement and operational mode should be correctly chosen in order to obtain maximum performance in terms of elastic oscillations reduction and power consumption. Even though an optimal placement cannot have a universal validity, since it depends on the type of maneuver and on the overall inertial and geometrical characteristics, an approach to solve the problem is proposed.     

可变构型复合柔性结构航天器动力学建模研究

针对中心刚体加复合柔性结构类航天器采用混合坐标法和子结构模态综合法，建立了可变构型复合柔性结构航天器低阶动力学模型。获得的柔性动力学方程及其各类耦合系数矩阵，适用于全星级可变构型系统和部件级复合柔性附件系统的控制系统设计与仿真，该模型具有阶数低和工程实用的特点。     

Very large space structures: Non-linear control and robustness to structural uncertainties

Very Large Space Structures (VLSS) are challenging systems to be controlled, due to their high flexibility. In particular, rapid attitude maneuvers can determine great oscillations on the flexible elements of a spacecraft (solar wings, antennas, booms). On account of this, in the last decades many researchers have developed different strategies to effectively damp the elastic vibrations by means of active vibration devices (such as piezo-electric patches) or by means of robust control algorithms. The approach suggested in this paper is different, since neither additional devices nor complex control laws are introduced. In fact, the complete model of the system (including rigid, elastic and orbital dynamics, coupled with control actions) is controlled by the non-linear attitude controller named state dependent Riccati equation, which will be based on a simplified version of the spacecraft model. The task to reduce the mutual interaction between rigid attitude and flexible dynamics is entirely transferred to a modification of the desired trajectory that must be tracked. This command shaping technique is based on the knowledge of the parameters (inertial and elastics) of the VLSS. Unfortunately these parameters are not always exactly known and, however, they may change over the time. On account of this a Monte Carlo analysis has been also performed, showing the robustness of the proposed control strategy to the structural uncertainties. The numerical simulations prove that this strategy, based on the joint application of two well-known yet simple techniques, produces accurate and robust results.     

基于拉索的航天器挠性部件在轨增频技术研究

航天器上的太阳电池阵等挠性部件基频较低、低频模态密集,可能会与器上活动部件产生耦合和共振,对航天器姿态及载荷工作等产生不良影响。针对此问题,文章提出用主动张紧拉索装置来调节挠性部件的频率。在调研国内外技术的基础上,分析了悬臂梁模型中支撑刚度对系统模态的影响,建立拉索增频的动力学模型并进行仿真;依据原理性试验仿真结果,设计了器上增频机构,并完成了相关地面试验验证和在轨飞行验证。本研究对于航天器挠性部件的增频和错频等技术措施的实施具有参考价值。     

中心刚体-柔性悬臂梁系统的位置主动控制

以往对中心刚体-柔性悬臂梁系统的主动控制研究多是基于零次近似模型和线性化模型进行的，而且认为零次近似模型为足够精确动力模型，但是已有研究结果显示出，零次近似模型在对系统动力学行为进行描述时存在某些局限性。本文采用一次近似模型对中心刚体-柔性悬臂梁系统的位置主动控制进行研究，其中控制律采用最优跟踪控制理论进行设计。仿真结果显示，传统的零次近似模型存在着失效的可能，最优跟踪控制方法能使中心刚体-柔性悬臂梁系统到达期望的指定位置，并可使系统的残余振动得到抑制。     

Control of an orbiting flexible square platform in the presence of solar radiation

A mathematical model for the solar radiation forces and moments acting on a square plate (platform) in orbit is obtained by considering the plate mode shapes as combinations of free-free beam shape functions. The moment expressions for a plate of arbitrary reflectivity coefficient are obtained as a function of the solar incidence angle. It is seen that only the first three flexible modes of the plate generate a first order net moment about the center of mass, and that the solar radiation pressure does not influence the flexible modes of the plate for small amplitude vibrations. The solar radiation disturbance model is then included in the dynamic model of a square plate nominally oriented along the local vertical and having the major surface of the plate normal to the orbital plane. The roll angle of the plate is seen to increase steadily due to the solar radiation pressure whereas the pitch and yaw motions oscillate with an amplitude of approximately 0.2° for a 100 m square thin aluminum plate in synchronous orbit. To control the shape and orientation of the plate two point actuators are assumed—one whose force axis is normal to the plane of the plate, the second with a force axis in the plane of the plate. The control law and the feedback gain values are obtained based on linear quadratic Gaussian methods. Transient responses and control requirements are simulated for local vertical and horizontal orientations.     

Control-structure interaction study of the proposed space station freedom

A relatively general formulation for studying the dynamics and control of an arbitrary spacecraft with interconnected flexible bodies has been developed accounting for transient system properties, shift in the center of mass, shear deformations, rotary inertias and geometric nonlinearities. This self-contained, comprehensive, numerical algorithm using system modes is applicable to a large class of spacecraft configurations of contemporary and future interests. Here, versatility of the approach is demonstrated through the dynamics and control studies aimed at the evolving Space Station Freedom.     

基于等效质量的太空机械臂多体系统碰撞分析

从等效质量角度出发,针对不同的操作环境,提出多体系统离散碰撞动力学建模及连续碰撞动力学建模方法,并分析碰撞对系统造成的影响。首先,由系统动力学方程及能量方程推导出太空机械臂末端等效质量,在此基础上,针对刚/柔环境,分别建立多体系统离散碰撞动力学模型和连续碰撞动力学模型,并针对七种连续碰撞模型提出选取标准,以便更真实地模拟实际碰撞过程。最后,以典型的太空七自由度机械臂为例开展仿真试验,两种方法的对比结果校验了该算法的正确性。     

随动推力作用下柔性旋转飞行器稳定性分析

针对柔性旋转飞行器动力学问题,考虑了飞行器转速的作用,建立了计入陀螺力矩及随动推力影响的运动方程并分析了系统的动力稳定性问题。将柔性旋转飞行器简化为带有附加质量的非均匀转子结构,考虑陀螺力矩及随动推力的影响,采用剪切变形对轴向位移有影响的Timoshenko梁模型,基于有限元方法建立了运动方程,分析转速、剪切刚度及附加质量等因素对系统稳定性的影响,发现了转速作用下旋转飞行器刚体和弹性体模态耦合的新现象。结果表明：剪切刚度较小时,剪切变形对临界推力有较大影响;附加质量的大小及位置对临界推力和不稳定域有重要的影响;转速一般会诱发非均匀转子系统的弯曲模态与刚体模态合并为一个耦合模态,致使系统产生动态失稳。     

携带晃动燃料柔性航天器姿态机动中的同宿环分叉研究

本文研究了带液体晃动和柔性附件的耦合航天器系统在液体燃料耗散和柔性附件扭转振动的作用下,经历从最小惯量轴到最大惯量轴姿态机动中的混沌动力学行为.将液体晃动等效为球摆模型并由此建立了带柔性附件充液航天器多体耦合系统动力学模型.首先推导出耦合系统动力学方程并采用Melnikov积分预测受扰系统稳定与不稳定流形是否横截相交,得到了参数形式表达的混沌运动解析判据,这对航天器的设计有重要的指导意义.研究发现,混沌的发生依赖于刚体形状,阻尼比,充液比和扭转振动频率.此外,在经过被动再定向姿态机动后,由于液体晃动的本质非线性特性,充液航天器最终将进行大章动角的周期极限环运动而非绕着最大惯量轴自旋.     

刚柔耦合系统神经网络跟踪控制方法研究

针对刚柔耦合系统的姿态跟踪及振动抑制问题,采用一次近似动力学模型,提出了一种神经网络控制方法.典型刚柔耦合系统由一个中心刚体和带有末端质量块的柔性附件组成,假设系统参数未知并且截断模型具有任意的有限维.该方法利用多层神经网络补偿系统非线性项及未建模动态,利用其自学习和自适应能力,降低不确定性因素对系统产生的影响;并且控制器只利用姿态角和角速度信息进行反馈控制,不需要知道柔性附件振动信息.理论分析和实验结果表明该方法使闭环系统所有信号一致最终有界,能有效地使系统完成姿态跟踪,而且能显著地减少柔性结构的弹性振动.     

基于三维有限元的火箭模态振型斜率预示方法研究

振型斜率火箭是姿控系统设计的重要参数,对飞行任务的可靠性与安全性有着至关重要的作用。依据全箭动特性的测量原理及参数定义,结合三维有限元建模方法和模型修正技术,全面考虑了速率陀螺、惯组安装位置处的局部刚度对振型和振型斜率的影响,建立了基于局部细节精细化建模的全箭模态振型斜率预示方法,并总结了3种不同的振型斜率提取方法,提高了振型斜率的预示精度。同时提供了三维模型振型一维化的方法,解决了使用三维有限元模型计算弹性运动方程式系数的难题。