硅基太赫兹频率选择表面制作工艺技术研究

在国家高分对地观测系统发展规划中,研究使用太赫兹冰云天底探测仪检测大气中的冰云特征以增加天气监测的精度,该探测仪中使用的关键部件是5块太赫兹频率选择表面,分别将243 GHz(V)、325 GHz(V)、448 GHz(V)、664 GHz(V)和664 GHz(H)5种不同类型的信号选择出来送入接收机中.其中难度最高的一块为664 GHz(H),该频率选择表面使用3层硅结构,最小厚度为50μm,同时需要在不到2 inches的范围中刻蚀出20000多个周期性结构.研究了在50μm厚的超薄硅晶圆上均匀刻蚀周期性结构,以及使用低温完成超薄硅晶圆键合的相关内容,通过改进晶圆粘接方法和设计键合工装,达到尺寸公差±2μm,在664 GHz频率下测试插入损耗2 dB.     

微波无源遥感有效载荷现状与发展

针对微波无源遥感有效载荷这一卫星有效载荷中发展最早、最成熟的子领域,对从20世纪60年代至今,世界范围内在轨与在研共17个具有代表性的载荷产品进行了研究。综合分析了微波无源遥感载荷在气象、海洋、陆地、大气环境及深空微波遥感等应用领域的发展现状,归纳出无源微波遥感有效载荷向定量应用、功能复合、主被动一体、体制混合、太赫兹探测等方向的发展趋势。总结了我国与欧美发达国家在系统应用水平、反演处理能力、关键部组件性能、研发条件等方面存在的差距,提出了后续发展静止轨道毫米波亚毫米波探测仪、一体化微波成像探测仪、太赫兹冰云探测仪、L波段土壤湿度微波探测仪、亚毫米波临边探测仪、行星探测仪等载荷的设想。     

星载微波探测仪探测头部热设计及验证

星载微波探测仪采用主被动一体化探测方法,以提高探测精度和空间分辨率,是土壤水探测卫星的主载荷,探测仪的探测头部主要由主动单机和被动单机等组成,其中主动单机中的发送/接收(T/R)组件数量多、功耗大、阵面布局长达7 m,被动单机中的接收机对温度波动敏感,同时探测头部构型复杂且各散热面外热流环境恶劣。针对探测头部热控难点及要求,开展了包括轨道外热流分析、散热面和传热路径的设计、热管网络布局,关键单机的精细化控温等工作,并结合热平衡试验结果对热设计方案进行了有效验证。仿真及试验结果表明:探测头部的温度水平、关键单机的温度梯度及每轨温度波动均满足要求,其中T/R组件温度梯度控制在≤12℃,被动接收机温度波动控制在±1℃/轨。该设计解决了大功耗T/R组件短时开机导致单机之间温差大、瞬时温升速率快,接收机温度波动大等技术难点,突破了高功率密度T/R组件全阵面热设计关键技术和被动接收机的高稳定度控温关键技术,实现了探测头部在轨全周期高精度、高稳定度热控,可为星载微波探测仪类载荷的热设计提供借鉴。     

空间太赫兹亚毫米波载荷初探

太赫兹频段在空间研究及应用领域具有独特的优势。太赫兹频段的科学载荷及气象载荷可以为探测空间信息及地球大气信息提供全新的视角;天基太赫兹预警雷达可以为航天器自身安全及弹道目标中段探测提供有力工具;太赫兹波段的通信链路具有带宽大的显著优势,以太赫兹链路为基础的空间网络具有良好的生存能力;太赫兹测控通信链路也是突破高速飞行器黑障问题的有效解决方案。     

大气环境红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪数字建模与仿真

"高分五号"卫星是中国高分专项工程中的唯一一颗实现高光谱分辨率的遥感卫星,其中搭载的大气环境红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪(Atmospheric Infrared Ultra-spectral Sounder,AIUS)是中国第一个星载超高光谱掩星探测载荷,是中国目前光谱分辨率最高的星载傅里叶变换光谱仪。文章基于AIUS的探测原理,以掩星观测路径的能量传输为线索,研究探测仪数据获取链路中各个环节的辐射传输过程,建立了包括大气红外辐射传输仿真和探测器仿真的数字化建模与仿真模型,并对仿真模型进行了精度验证,充分验证了数字仿真模型的有效性和准确性。验证试验结果表明:数字仿真模型具有高精度的数据仿真能力,所有通道仿真数据与实际测量数据相比,相对误差小于2%,数据相似度优于0.99。因此,数字仿真模型能够为"高分五号"卫星大气环境红外甚高光谱分辨率探测仪在轨成像质量预测、指标参数优化和应用能力评价提供重要的数据支撑。     

太赫兹反隐形观测技术发展现状及研究必要性

太赫兹波具有高频率、较强穿透性、相干性和物质“指纹特性”等独特性质,其中高频率使得太赫兹具有高分辨率观测能力。文章主要针对太赫兹隐形目标观测技术进行阐述,跟踪太赫兹隐形目标观测技术的国内外发展现状,理清技术发展趋势及脉络,分析研究必要性,为我国反隐形探测技术提供一种新的途径。     

太赫兹焦平面阵列成像技术综述

太赫兹焦平面阵列成像技术是指以太赫兹波为载波或信息来源,以焦平面阵列为主体架构,兼具全天时全天候、凝视前视、高分辨率、实时视频成像等优点的先进探测感知技术,是太赫兹技术领域重要研究方向。首先回顾了太赫兹探测感知技术的发展历程与现状,重点介绍了几类典型太赫兹探测感知系统。然后,重点聚焦太赫兹焦平面阵列成像技术,分别介绍了太赫兹低频段(1 THz)和太赫兹高频段(1 THz)焦平面阵列国内外现状。最后,对像素级太赫兹探测器的一般性概念和发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

太赫兹雷达前沿探测成像技术

综述几种典型的太赫兹雷达前沿探测成像技术。首先,回顾太赫兹雷达技术的发展历程,分析其实用化进程中面临的挑战;然后,分别从太赫兹雷达增程、前视成像探测以及雷达信号处理三个方面展开论述,梳理太赫兹单光子探测、里德堡原子探测、孔径编码成像、涡旋目标微动探测以及智能信息处理五种典型的太赫兹雷达探测前沿技术的研究背景、基本原理、技术优势等;最后,对全文进行总结。研究成果有望为突破太赫兹雷达在作用距离、探测体制等方面的技术瓶颈提供可行的技术途径,并进一步推动太赫兹探测机理、方法、器件和系统等全面创新发展,为战场侦察、精确打击以及远程预警等应用提供关键技术支撑。     

天基信息传输分发体系中新频段及新体制梳理

文章介绍了激光通信、太赫兹通信和量子通信等新的通信频段及通信体制在天基信息传输分发体系中的应用前景。激光通信链路可用于构建未来空间骨干网,附加在激光链路上的量子光通信链路可以极大提升链路保密性能,太赫兹通信链路可能在未来卫星星座及伴随飞行集群内部高速数据交换场合提供大带宽及灵活组网的通信能力。各种新形式的链路技术结合起来,可以为天基信息传输分发系统提供支撑。     

太赫兹目标雷达散射截面测量技术

THz波介于微波和红外之间,其所处的特殊频段使其具有很多优越的特性,具有频带宽、波长短、信息容量大等特点。在军事应用上,太赫兹探测技术具有较强的庭隐身能力和目标识别能力。但是,由于太赫兹频段在大气中衰减比较严重,除几个特定的大气窗口外,以目前的技术要实现在大气层内的太赫兹超宽带雷达系统是不现实的。太赫兹波在外太空的无损传播特性,使得其在空间攻防对抗方面将有着及其巨大的应用前景。作为太赫兹雷达系统研制的总体设计、指标论证的前提,目标的太赫兹散射特性必须进行预先研究。文章主要介绍国外的典型太赫兹波目标Rcs测量系统组成及其技术特点,以及本单位在太赫兹RCS测量研究中所取得的成果和开展的主要工作。     

Plastic Cubesat: An innovative and low-cost way to perform applied space research and hands-on education

This paper describes the design and the manufacturing of a Cubesat platform based on a plastic structure.The Cubesat structure has been realized in plastic material (ABS) using a “rapid prototyping” technique. The “rapid prototyping” technique has several advantages including fast implementation, accuracy in manufacturing small parts and low cost. Moreover, concerning the construction of a small satellite, this technique is very useful thanks to the accuracy achievable in details, which are sometimes difficult and expensive to realize with the use of tools machine. The structure must be able to withstand the launch loads. For this reason, several simulations using an FEM simulation and an intensive vibration test campaign have been performed in the system development and test phase. To demonstrate that this structure is suitable for hosting a complete satellite system, offering innovative integrated solutions, other subsystems have been developed and assembled.Despite its small size, this single unit (1U) Cubesat has a system for active attitude control, a redundant telecommunication system, a payload camera and a photovoltaic system based on high efficiency solar cells.The developed communication subsystem has small dimensions, low power consumption and low cost. An example of the innovations introduced is the antenna system, which has been manufactured inside the ABS structure. The communication protocol which has been implemented, the AX.25 protocol, is mainly used by radio amateurs. The communication system has the capability to transmit both telemetry and data from the payload, in this case a microcamera.The attitude control subsystem is based on an active magnetic system with magnetorquers for detumbling and momentum dumping and three reaction wheels for fine control. It has a total dimension of about 50×50×50 mm. A microcontroller implements the detumbling control law autonomously taking data from integrated magnetometers and executes pointing maneuvers on the basis of commands received in real time from ground.The subsystems developed for this Cubesat have also been designed to be scaled up for larger satellites such as 2U or 3U Cubesats. The additional volume can be used for more complex payloads. Thus the satellite can be used as a low cost platform for companies, institutions or universities to test components in space.     

A survey and assessment of the capabilities of Cubesats for Earth observation

In less than a decade, Cubesats have evolved from purely educational tools to a standard platform for technology demonstration and scientific instrumentation. The use of COTS (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) components and the ongoing miniaturization of several technologies have already led to scattered instances of missions with promising scientific value. Furthermore, advantages in terms of development cost and development time with respect to larger satellites, as well as the possibility of launching several dozens of Cubesats with a single rocket launch, have brought forth the potential for radically new mission architectures consisting of very large constellations or clusters of Cubesats. These architectures promise to combine the temporal resolution of GEO missions with the spatial resolution of LEO missions, thus breaking a traditional trade-off in Earth observation mission design. This paper assesses the current capabilities of Cubesats with respect to potential employment in Earth observation missions. A thorough review of Cubesat bus technology capabilities is performed, identifying potential limitations and their implications on 17 different Earth observation payload technologies. These results are matched to an exhaustive review of scientific requirements in the field of Earth observation, assessing the possibilities of Cubesats to cope with the requirements set for each one of 21 measurement categories. Based on this review, several Earth observation measurements are identified that can potentially be compatible with the current state-of-the-art of Cubesat technology although some of them have actually never been addressed by any Cubesat mission. Simultaneously, other measurements are identified which are unlikely to be performed by Cubesats in the next few years due to insuperable constraints. Ultimately, this paper is intended to supply a box of ideas for universities to design future Cubesat missions with high scientific payoff.     

基于光子晶体的太赫兹环行器设计及其内带电效应研究

对于卫星亚毫米波甚至太赫兹收发通信系统而言,由铁磁性器件构成的环行器和隔离器是实现功率隔离、保护发射通道不受反射功率影响的关键元器件.文章基于周期性光子晶体阵列,提出一种具有良好平面集成性的新型太赫兹环行器构型;并针对星载环境的电子辐照问题,采用典型能量电子辐照分析光子晶体Si的内带电特性、环行器整体电位以及局部电场分...     

太赫兹焦平面阵列芯片技术

太赫兹焦平面阵列成像具有成像帧率高、凝视前视、实孔径成像的优点，是太赫兹成像技术中最具有可持续发展价值的技术途径之一。太赫兹焦平面阵列是太赫兹焦平面成像系统中的核心组件，其性能直接影响太赫兹焦平面阵列成像系统的灵敏度和分辨率。首先，介绍了太赫兹焦平面阵列的基本概念，包括系统工作原理、典型架构以及像素级太赫兹探测器；然后，分别介绍了检波式太赫兹焦平面阵列和混频式太赫兹焦平面阵列的发展现状；最后，总结了太赫兹焦平面阵列的关键技术和发展趋势。     

FY-4 Meteorological Satellite

FY-4 is the second generation of Chinese geostationary satellite for quantitative remote sensing meteorological application. The detection efficiency, spectral bands, spatial and time resolution have been greatly improved with respect to those of first generation, as well as the radiometric calibration and sensitivity. The combination of multichannel detection and vertical sounding was first realized on FY-4, because both the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager(AGRI) and Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder(GIIRS) are on the same spacecraft. The main performance of the payloads including AGRI, GIIRS and Lightning Mapping Imager, and the spacecraft bus are presented, the performance being equivalent to the level of the third generation meteorological satellites in Europe and USA. The acquiring methods of remote sensing data including multichannel and high precision quantitative observing, imaging collection of the ground and cloud, vertical observation of atmospheric temperature and moisture, lightning imaging observation and space environment detection are shown. Several innovative technologies including high accuracy rotation angle detection and scanning control, high precision calibration, micro vibration suppression, unified reference of platform and payload and on-orbit measurement, real-time image navigation and registration on-orbit were applied in FY-4.     

基于VRT的气象粒子群时域回波仿真研究

随着雷达使用频段提升,降雨、云雾等气象因素对雷达探测的影响逐渐不可忽视。为研究气象粒子群对雷达探测工作产生的影响,文章总结了电磁波在不同类型气象粒子群下的谱分布与衰减特性;再根据粒子谱方程给出气象粒子群的模型信息;最后基于矢量辐射传输方法,提出了一种改进的气象粒子群时域回波快速仿真的方法,包括分区加速、传播路径判断的优化,在大体量粒子群回波建模中的优化效果可达到普通方法的20倍左右。结果表明,雨粒子群对雷达探测工作会造成较大的杂波,其杂波幅值约为发射功率的10-4倍;云粒子群的时域结果存在较强的随机性;雾粒子群时域结果均匀且幅值较低。文章针对不同类型气象粒子群时域回波的仿真结果与分析,对雷达的精准探测研究具有一定参考价值。     

FY-2C星应答机子系统技术改进

阐述了风云二号(FY-2)C星测控分系统应答机子系统的功能,以及载频中心频率、工作体制、接收机输入信号电平、馈线损耗、发射性能和功耗等主要技术指标.给出了子系统的组成和工作原理.介绍了C星应答机的倍频链电路、调制器、选用固态功率放大器(SSPA),以及功率合成器放电余量增大等设计改进.试验验证及在轨运行状况表明,C星应答机工作正常,所作技术改进正确有效.