微波辐射计静止轨道遥感试验技术

在地球静止轨道上对大气进行微波遥感探测尚无先例。为验证静止轨道微波探测仪器关键技术,研究高轨微波辐射传输特性并积累遥感数据,研制了微波探测试验载荷,搭载于风云四号A星进行在轨试验。微波探测载荷采用真实孔径圆周扫描体系,配置双频段(183,425 GHz)五通道。载荷在轨试验中,各项指标正常,183GHz频段灵敏度优于0.5K,425GHz灵敏度优于1.9K,性能稳定并超过3个月考核寿命。对微波探测载荷183GHz与极轨载荷先进技术微波辐射计(advanced technology microwave sounder,ATMS)进行亮温交叉比对的结果显示,两者亮温相近,变化趋势一致,验证了探测数据的有效性。载荷还在静止轨道获取了极轨无法探知的3K/h量级亮温变化,并在风云四号A星姿态调整期间完成了静止轨道微波遥感成像。验证了在静止轨道上进行真实孔径体制微波遥感探测的有效性。     

国外星载微波辐射计应用现状及未来发展趋势

星载微波遥感已发展成为对地侦察和观测大气与地球表面的重要手段。它不依赖于太阳作为照射源，在白天和黑夜都可以工作；具有穿透云层和在一定程度上穿透雨区的能力。不受天气的影响。因此微波遥感可以实现全天时、全天候的对地观测。与其它遥感手段相比．微波遥感除了具有上述的穿透云层和雨区的能力之外．甚至还能穿透一定深度的地表或植被，从而可以获取被植被覆盖的地面信息以及地表下一定深度目标的信息。     

基于SVM和"嫦娥一号"数据的月球表面亮温分布

月球表面的微波辐射亮度温度分布与月表物质的物理化学和地理分布特性密切相关.为了分析月球表面微波辐射亮温的分布特点,利用支持向量机(SVM)方法对嫦娥一号(CE-1)绕月卫星搭载的微波辐射计获得的2C级亮温数据建立回归分析模型,并利用粒子群算法优化SVM回归模型,建立了月球表面不同地理位置的4个频率通道(3GHz,7.8GHz,19.35GHz,37GHz)的微波辐射亮温与时间的关系,获得了这4个频率的微波辐射亮温在月表很窄时间段的全球分布,因而显示出了更多的细节特征.最后对这些特征进行了描述并对影响月球表面亮温的因素进行了讨论.     

星载微波辐射计的计算机仿真研究

星载微波辐射计是大气观测和海洋观测的重要微波遥感仪器,计算机仿真研究对于系统分析、设计、研究和性能的测定具有重要的意义。文章对全功率型微波辐射计进行了计算机仿真研究,建立了全功率型微波辐射计的系统仿真模型,并采用伪随机数模拟微波辐射计信号源,进行了微波辐射计测温灵敏度的仿真测试。仿真测试结果证明了所建模型准确有效,为系统设计提供了重要参考。     

干涉式合成孔径微波辐射测量技术

干涉式合成孔径微波辐射测量技术是对地无源微波遥感技术的一个重大发展。在微波频段的低端，采用此技术天线无需扫描就能以较小的收集面积获得高空间分辨率的亮温分布图像。较深入地阐述了此技术的系统性能，较详细地介绍了电扫描稀薄阵列辐射计（ＥＳＴＡＲ）的构成原理和基本参数，并概述其原型的某些试验结果。     

利用天狼星(SIRIO-1)卫星进行的Ku波段电波传播实验

1983—1984年中国和意大利进行天狼星(SIRlO-1)卫星联合实验,本文报导北京地球站所进行的电波传播实验的主要结果。其中包括:11.5GHz下行雨致衰减、17.1GHz/11.5GHz上下行雨致衰减的相关关系,衰减变化率,微波辐射计和信号闪烁等。所获得的结果对我国发展Ku波段通讯或广播卫星系统有参考意义。     

星载多频段双极化共馈微波辐射计天线

作为“神州四号飞船”留轨段主载荷的多模态微波遥感系统中的微波辐射计天线是我国第一个工作到毫米波段的航天器天线，其工作频段跨越近6个倍频程，采用了多频、双极化共馈源偏置抛物反射面天线系统，首次应用就获成功。本文着重阐述该微波辐射计天线的多频、双极化共馈系统设计和毫米波高精度反射面天线的实现。文中还介绍了空间反射面天线的计算机机电热一体化设计。     

星载微波传感器大气温湿度物理反演算法研究

针对我国下一代静止轨道微波探测器资料应用的需求,对微波50~60GHz和183GHz的温湿遥感通道开展了不同大气条件下探测敏感高度的模拟,发现大气散射对微波探测影响明显,尤其是近地面通道,在未来数据应用时需加以注意。提出一种基于一维变分的大气温湿度廓线物理反演算法。以美国最新一代气象卫星Suomi NPP搭载的ATMS(Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder)获取的观测资料为研究对象,RTTOV(Radiative Transfer for TOVS)快速辐射传输模式为前向算子,利用一维变分算法开展了温湿度廓线反演单点试验。研究发现:地表参数对微波亮温,尤其是地面通道影响较大。同时,反演所需背景场对反演结果影响较明显,反演所得温度与背景场较接近。     

星载双模态微波遥感器

简要介绍了微波辐射计、微波高度计原理。设计了一种新型的星载双模态微波遥感器方案。该方案采用微波辐射计与微波高度计的同步测量模式，即辐射模态与高度模态共用同一天线对星下点进行同步测量，在高度模态数据处理的同时，辐射模态对地物波谱进行数字积分。两种模态具有各自的处理系统，在一部定时器的统一控制下相互协调工作。微波辐射测量灵敏可达±０．１Ｋ，测高精度小于±１０ｃｍ。     

NASA建造先进的对地观测微波辐射计

据美国国家航空航天局网站报道,2013年5月,美国航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心开发了一台先进的微波辐射计。该微波辐射计能够克服以往类似地球观测仪器所遇到的困扰,将配备为对地观测卫星任务研制的最先进的信号处理系统,主要用于测量电磁辐射密度及特殊的微波。目前,仪器已被运输到加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳的NASA喷气推进实验室,在这里技术人员将把微波辐射计与一台喷气推进实验室研发的合成孔径雷达系统一并集成到该实验室的土壤水分有源-无源探测     

An inversion approach for lunar regolith layer thickness using optical albedo data and microwave emission simulation

An approach to inversion of the lunar regolith layer thickness by using multi-channel brightness temperature observation in passive microwave remote sensing is developed. To first make simulation of brightness temperature from the lunar layered media, the lunar regolith layer thickness (d) is proposed being constructed by available lunar DEM (digital elevation mapping) and on site measurements. The physical temperature distribution (T) over the lunar surface is also empirically assumed as a monotonic function of the latitude. Optical albedo of the lunar nearside from the telescopic observation is employed to construct the spatial distribution of the FeO+TiO₂ content (S) in the lunar regolith layer. A statistic relationship between the DEM and S of the lunar nearside is further extended to construction of S of the lunar farside. Thus, the dielectric permittivity (ε) of global lunar regolith layer can then be determined. Based on all these conditions (d,T,ε), brightness temperature of the lunar regolith layer in passive microwave remote sensing, which is planned for China's Chang-E lunar project, is numerically simulated by a parallel layering model using the strong fluctuation theory of random media.Then, taking these simulations with random noise as observations, an inversion method of the lunar regolith layer thickness is developed by using three- or two-channels brightness temperatures. When the S is low, and the four channels brightness temperatures in China's Chang-E project are well distinguishable, the regolith layer thickness and physical temperature of the underlying lunar rock media can be inverted by the three-channels approach. When the S becomes high that the brightness temperature at high frequency channels such as 19.35, 37 GHz are saturated, the regolith layer thickness is alternatively inverted only by the two-channels approach.Numerical simulation and inversion approach in this paper make an evaluation of the performance for lunar passive microwave remote sensing, and for future data calibration and validation.     

Remote sensing of precipitation by a satellite-borne microwave remote sensor

The problem of remote sensing of precipitation by a satellite-borne microwave rain scatterometer is discussed. A downward-looking scanning pencil-beam antenna system is used. The combination of the range-gate method and low side lobe level is used to separate echoes from precipitation layers in the main lobe from ground clutter in the side lobes. Various parameters of the satellite-borne microwave rain scatterometer are calculated and characteristics of systems at 10 and 34.45 GHz are considered. The transmitter peak power needed to observe precipitation with sufficient signal-to noise ratio is calculated by means of the radar equation. The signal (i.e. the received power from the resolution volume of the precipitation) and the received power due to the ground clutter are calculated and the signal-to-clutter ratio is obtained by applying the radar equation. An airborne microwave rain scatterometer is proposed for preliminary experiments.     

星载微波辐射计的天线方向图校正和亮温计算

在简要介绍星载微波辐射计周期定标技术基础上,着重分析了外部周期定标技术,采用天线方向图校正技术进行了误差分析,对“冷”、“热”定标源进行了计算,提出了提高星载微波辐计定标精度的措施。     

Möglichkeiten und grenzen von mikrowellensystemen zur fernerkundung von satelliten

(Possibilities and Limitations of Microwave Systems for Satellite Remote Sensing)—Microwaves are applied in satellite remote sensing in both active, i.e. radar systems and in passive, i.e. microwave radiometer systems. The advantages and disadvantages of active and passive microwave systems in comparison to each other and to optical systems are discussed shortly. It becomes evident that radar has advantages over microwave radiometry due to its ranging and velocity-measurement capability, due to its SAR-capability with its extremely fine resolution and due to the fact that no major theoretical limitations exist for the obtainable measurement accuracy.The most important radar systems for Earth and ocean observations from satellites are altimeter, scatterometer and imaging radars with real or synthetic aperture. The physical and technical basics of these types of radar are presented together with some applications. Examples for remote sensing data and results obtained from different microwave remote sensing systems show the present state of the art and the present possibilities and limitations of microwave systems for satellite remote sensing.     

Diurnal change of MW and IR thermal emissions from lunar craters with relevance to rock abundance

Abnormal “hot spots” during a total eclipse on the lunar surface were revealed by using a ground based infrared (IR) scanner and visible telescope in the early 1960s, which turned out to be “cold spots” on the microwave (MW) brightness temperature distribution at night according to the Chang'E (CE)-1 radiometer's observations. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of radiative transfer is presented to explain this abnormal phenomenon of diurnal changes. Two typical craters, representing the abnormal fresh craters rich in rock abundance and an old one almost free of rocks located at similar latitudes are chosen for comparison of the diurnal temperature change. Using the measurements of CE-1 multi-channel microwave radiometer, brightness temperatures from these two craters are presented and applied to inversions of the physical temperatures of lunar regolith media, based on a three-layer radiative transfer model. The correlation between the diurnal MW and IR thermal changes of the lunar surface and the rock abundance is discussed.     

空间主动光电遥感现状及发展

空间主动光电遥感技术在空间对地观测和深空探测等领域具有广阔的应用前景,探测对象包括地球和地外天体三维地形、地球植被垂直分布、大气气溶胶与云的垂直分布、大气温湿廓线、大气风廓线和特殊气体浓度等。为系统梳理空间主动光电遥感技术,综合分析了国内外空间主动光电高程探测载荷和大气垂直廓线探测载荷的发展历史和现状,提出了未来我国在多波束单光子三维地形探测、高光谱分辨率激光大气探测、差分吸收激光大气探测、激光掩星大气探测和激光海洋探测领域开展更深入研究的建议。     

应用红外遥感寻找地下热水初探

文章利用陆地卫星TM6波段能反映地物辐射温度差异这一特点,通过HIS彩色变换等处理,对快速寻找地下热水进行了探讨。为研究地下热水开发,发展山西省旅游及医疗事业提供一种具有广泛应用前景的方法。