Electric Fields and Plasma Processes in the Auroral Downward Current Region, Below, Within, and Above the Acceleration Region

The downward field-aligned current region plays an active role in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes associated with aurora. A quasi-static electric field structure with a downward parallel electric field forms at altitudes between 800 km and 5000 km, accelerating ionospheric electrons upward, away from the auroral ionosphere. A wealth of related phenomena, including energetic ion conics, electron solitary waves, low-frequency wave activity, and plasma density cavities occur in this region, which also acts as a source region for VLF saucers. Results are presented from sounding rockets and satellites, such as Freja, FAST, Viking, and Cluster, to illustrate the characteristics of the electric fields and related parameters, at altitudes below, within, and above the acceleration region. Special emphasis will be on the high-altitude characteristics and dynamics of quasi-static electric field structures observed by Cluster. These structures, which extend up to altitudes of at least 4–5 Earth radii, appear commonly as monopolar or bipolar electric fields. The former are found to occur at sharp boundaries, such as the polar cap boundary whereas the bipolar fields occur at soft plasma boundaries within the plasma sheet. The temporal evolution of quasi-static electric field structures, as captured by the pearls-on-a-string configuration of the Cluster spacecraft indicates that the formation of the electric field structures and of ionospheric plasma density cavities are closely coupled processes. A related feature of the downward current often seen is a broadening of the current sheet with time, possibly related to the depletion process. Preliminary studies of the coupling of electric fields in the downward current region, show that small-scale structures appear to be decoupled from the ionosphere, similar to what has been found for the upward current region. However, exceptions are also found where small-scale electric fields couple perfectly between the ionosphere and Cluster altitudes. Recent FAST results indicate that the degree of coupling differs between sheet-like and curved structures, and that it is typically partial. The mapping depends on the current-voltage relationship in the downward current region, which is highly non-linear and still unclear, as to its specific form.     

An Optimally Integrated Track Recovery System for Aerial Bathymetry

An airborne system has been developed for charting shallow coastal and inland waters. The primary components of this system are an aerial survey camera, a profiling laser radar, an analytical stereo plotter, and a multisensor track recovery system (TRS). The TRS comprises a gimbaled inertial navigation system and a number of auxiliary sensors which acquire redundant position and attitude information. The sensor data are combined postmission using a U-D factorized Kalman filter and modified Bryson-Frazier smoother to compute accurate estimates of the orientation parameters of the survey camera at the times of film exposure. These parameters are used to position each overlapping pair of photographs on the analytical plotter to form a stereo image and corresonding analytical stereomodel from which water depth measurements are made. Flight trial results demonstrate that the TRS can achieve radial position and attitude accuracies which exceed 1 m and 2 arcmin root mean square (rms), respectively, and that this level of performance is sufficient to enable water depth measurements to be made to an accuracy of better than 0.65 m (rms).     

功率MOSFET并联主动均流设计与仿真

功率MOSFET并联在低压大电流领域是一种常见而且有效的解决方案。但是，由于MOSFET器件参数、回路寄生参数以及栅极驱动参数的差异性等因素，功率MOSFET器件并联时常常出现电流不均衡现象。通过Multisim 仿真，分析了MOSFET器件参数因素以及外围电路特性对并联支路静态和动态电流的影响；根据法拉第电磁感应定律以及磁通约束原理，采用耦合电感的均流方法，在并联的各支路中串入共磁芯耦合线圈，实现了各并联支路的电流平衡；然后，通过建立耦合电感的电路以及数学模型，揭示了串入耦合电感实现均流的数学原理。最后，通过仿真验证了串入耦合电感实现并联功率MOSFET均流方法的有效性与可行性。     

用时间分辨法实现半导体激光器特性脉冲测试

提出了一种基于时间分辨的脉冲式半导体激光器特性测试新方法,并研制了相应的测试系统。该方法根据脉冲驱动源的时序,同步产生采样窗口信号,然后根据采样窗采集半导体激光器的注入电流、端电压和输出光功率等数据,进而获得表征器件特性的曲线和参数。该方法解决了半导体激光器特性测试中的2个关键问题：一是现有的连续测试方法造成的器件温升,影响测试准确性和安全性;二是解决了脉冲驱动源与测试的同步问题。文中给出了最小脉冲宽度达100 ns的窄脉冲驱动的L-I-V测试曲线和测试参数。     

碳纤维缠绕发动机壳体数字射线DR成像检测图像质量控制

对检测图像的空间分辨率、信噪比和对比度的影响因素进行了研究。采用不同的工艺参数对碳纤维缠绕发动机壳体进行了数字射线DR成像检测试验。试验结果表明,当其他检测参数不变时,焦点尺寸和放大倍数对图像的空间分辨率影响较大;管电压、管电流和单帧积分时间对图像的信噪比有影响;管电压和管电流对图像的对比度均具有一定影响。     

永磁同步电机无差拍电流控制电流稳态误差消除算法

电流环的响应速度决定永磁同步电机伺服系统的响应速度。无差拍电流控制可以使电流环具有良好的响应速度,但当电机参数与控制算法中电机参数不匹配时电流会产生稳态误差,无法输出期望转矩。针对该问题将离散积分加入无差拍电流控制算法中并且给出积分系数的取值范围,消除了因电机参数变化而引起的电流稳态误差,提高了电流跟踪精度。最后通过仿真与试验验证了所提算法的有效性和实用性。     

Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives of the 3D MHD Numerical Modeling of Oscillations in the Solar Corona

Recent high temporal and spatial resolution satellite observations of the solar corona provide ample evidence of oscillations in coronal structures. The observed waves and oscillations can be used as a diagnostic tool of the poorly known coronal parameters, such as magnetic field, density, and temperature. The emerging field of coronal seismology relies on the interpretation of the various coronal oscillations in terms of theoretically known wave modes, and the comparison of observed and theoretical wave mode properties for the determination of the coronal parameters. However, due to complexity of coronal structures the various modes are coupled, and the application of linear theory of idealized structures to coronal loops and active regions limits the usefulness of such methods. Improved coronal seismology can be achieved by the development of full 3D MHD dynamical model of relevant coronal structures and the oscillation phenomena. In addition to improved accuracy compared to linear analysis, 3D MHD models allow the diagnostic method to include nonlinearity, compressibility, and dissipation. The current progress made with 3D MHD models of waves in the corona is reviewed, and the challenges facing further development of this method are discussed in the perspective of future improvement that will be driven by new high resolution and high cadence satellite data, such as received from Hinode and STEREO, and expected from SDO.     

多学科设计优化算法及其在飞行器设计中应用

多学科设计优化(MDO)算法是复杂系统设计优化的策略。对现有的各种MDO算法及其在飞机设计中应用状况进行分析、归纳和评述。内容包括:MDO问题的表述及其有关术语;MDO算法的任务;现有的MDO算法及其应用。     

Grad-Shafranov Reconstruction of Magnetic Flux Ropes in the Near-Earth Space

Electric currents permeate space plasmas and often have a significant component along the magnetic field to form magnetic flux ropes. A larger spatial perspective of these structures than from the direct observation along the satellite path is crucial in visualizing their role in plasma dynamics. For magnetic flux ropes that are approximately two-dimensional equilibrium structures on a certain plane, Grad-Shafranov reconstruction technique, developed by Bengt Sonnerup and his colleagues (see Sonnerup et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 111:A09204, 2006), can be used to reveal two-dimensional maps of associated plasma and field parameters. This review gives a brief account of the technique and its application to magnetic flux ropes near the Earth’s magnetopause, in the solar wind, and in the magnetotail. From this brief survey, the ranges of the total field-aligned current and the total magnetic flux content for these magnetic flux ropes are assessed. The total field-aligned current is found to range from ∼0.14 to ∼9.7×10⁴ MA, a range of nearly six orders of magnitude. The total magnetic flux content is found to range from ∼0.25 to ∼2.3×10⁶ MWb, a range of nearly seven orders of magnitude. To the best of our knowledge, this review reports the largest range of both the total field-aligned current and the total magnetic flux content for magnetic flux ropes in space plasmas.     

Parameter extraction for the extended cantilever model of magneticcomponent windings

The extended cantilever model (ECM) for transformer or inductor windings is convenient from the parameter extraction standpoint since, theoretically, each model parameter can be extracted from a single measurement of an open-circuit voltage or a short-circuit current. The impedance of the sensor used to measure a short-circuit current, however, makes the “short” less ideal, and it has been believed that each parameter in the ECM cannot be directly measured unless the impedance of the current sensor is negligible. It is shown that as long as the ECM parameters are reactive (inductive or capacitive) and the current sensor resistive, the current-sense resistance does not have to be restrictively small for the ECM parameters to be directly measurable. A linear, broadband formulation is also presented for extraction of the model admittances using current sensors with significant impedances     

采用定子电流与扰动观测的永磁同步电机改进预测电流控制

提出了一种采用定子电流和扰动观测补偿的改进预测电流控制(PCC)算法。理论上永磁同步电机PCC具有优异的控制性能,但现实系统中离散采样延时与电磁参数时变等问题使得原理上基于模型的预测电流控制器的控制品质严重恶化。设计了龙伯格(Luenberger)状态观测器实现对定子电流与参数扰动的观测,并应用于补偿和改进经典的无差拍预测电流控制器。将观测到的当前时刻的定子电流替代当前时刻的采样电流用于反馈控制,以补偿采样延时;运行过程中电磁参数的变化使得模型参数失配,其影响以电压扰动的形式被观测出来,并补偿到预测控制输出的电压指令中。仿真和试验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

刚体姿态仿真方法研究

首先论述了姿态描述的四种方法:欧拉角、欧拉轴旋转参数、方向余弦和四元数法,重点介绍了四元数法在飞行器运动学上的应用,它消除了欧拉方程的奇异性,计算效率也远远优于其他三种方法;最后讨论了数值仿真的方法及误差。     

网络编码在无线通信系统物理层中的应用

在对网络编码技术概念及发展现状的研究基础上,分析网络编码在无线通信系统物理层中的应用,重点研究物理层网络编码技术以及网络编码与信道编码的联合设计,并进行综述.一方面,介绍物理层网络编码机制,对物理层网络编码的主要研究热点进行分类,包括物理层网络编码的编解码设计、同步问题、与其他传输技术的结合、信息容量分析以及应用场景扩展,总结现有成果及发展方向.另一方面,研究不同网络编码与信道编码联合设计方案,根据设计的不同角度,将其归纳为结合信道编码的类型、改造软信息处理的方式、利用物理层网络编码及考虑不同的系统场景.     

大功率电机投切过程冲击电流仿真分析

大功率电机电源短暂中断后又重合闸恢复供电现象是普遍存在的,而大功率电机投切过程带来的瞬态冲击电流问题危害严重.根据某公司试验站实际情况和给定的相关参数,对两种大功率电机投切方式进行PSCAD建模与仿真,旨在分析投切过程所引起的冲击电流水平,以及冲击电流与投切时间的关系.结果表明:直接投切到三角形绕组支路模式比直接投切到备用支路模式产生的冲击电流更大,而且两种模式都不建议直接投切大功率电机,若直接投切,必须采取相应的安全措施,更换相应保护设备.     

The Earth's ring current: Causes,generation, and decay

The development of currents due to arbitrary distributions of trapped particles in the geomagnetic field is described. These currents form the Earth's ring current and are responsible for world wide decreases of the surface magnetic field observed during magnetic storms. It is shown that we do not yet know the relative abundances of the ions forming the ring current. Because of this we do not understand how various sources mix to produce the ring current. Several possible generation mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the decay of the ring current is discussed and is shown to be due primarily to charge exchange with important secondary effects attributable to wave-particle interactions.     

基于自适应PID的异步电机电流控制

在异步电机矢量控制电流环中采用参数自适应PID算法。该算法采用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘算法对PID参数进行在线估计,能够根据不同情况实时调整PID参数。试验结果表明,该算法鲁棒性强、稳定性好、自适应性强、计算量小,能够满足对电流控制的要求,并且提高了速度的抗干扰能力。     

电弧喷涂参数优化及涂层磨损性能试验研究

采用正交设计方法和通过极差分析研究了电弧喷涂工艺参数对CFB锅炉水冷壁涂层耐磨性的影响。结果表明,影响涂层性能的工艺参数主要是电弧电流,其次是喷涂距离,而电弧电压和雾化空气压力的影响很小。通过涂层冲蚀磨损性能试验,进一步验证了用此最佳喷涂工艺参数组合可以获得良好耐磨性能的涂层。     

一种通用航迹起始模型

在研究现有航迹起始方法的基础上,在机载脉冲多普勒雷达环境下,从工程实现背景出发重点研究航迹起始模型,提出了一种适应于各类航迹起始的通用航迹起始模型。其主要思想是在归纳现有普通航迹起始模型的基础上,在模型中增加了一级中间航迹,并对整个航迹起始过程进行了分阶段处理,在不同的处理阶段采用不同的航迹起始方法和门限。使得整个航迹起始过程物理概念更明确,层次更清晰,门限设置更合理,文件管理更方便,改善了现有普通航迹起始模型存在的航迹起始分裂和丢失问题。蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明：通用模型增加了设计的灵活性,规范了航迹起始设计方法,提高了航迹起始正确概率。     

航空燃油柱塞泵运动学参数计算的坐标法

采用坐标法推导并给出了球面斜盘型柱塞泵位移、速度、加速度等运动学参数计算的一种新方法,并以某型号泵为应用对象,分别采用现有方法和所推出的坐标法进行仿真,结果表明:现有方法由于采用线性化处理,计算的位移和速度误差在0.4%以下、加速度最大误差为3.34%;与现有计算方法相比,坐标法从理论上保证了是一种精确的计算方法,且计算过程简单,可为该类柱塞泵运动学参数计算提供理论依据.