Surface temperature distribution along a thin liquid layer due to thermocapillary convection

The surface temperature distributions due to thermocapillary convections in a thin liquid layer with heat fluxes imposed on the free surface are investigated. The nondimensional analysis predicts that, when convection is important, the characteristic length scale in the flow direction L, and the characteristic temperature difference ΔT₀, can be represented by and , respectively, where L_R and ΔT_T are the reference scales used in the conduction-dominant situations with A denoting the aspect ratio and Ma the Marangoni number. Having had L and ΔT₀ defined, the global surface-temperature gradient ( ), the global thermocapillary driving-force, and other interesting features can then be readily determined. Finally, numerical calculations involving a Gaussian heat flux distribution are presented to justify these two relations.     

Evaporation and ignition of droplets in combustion chambers modeling and simulation

Computer simulation of liquid fuel jet injection into heated atmosphere of combustion chamber, mixture formation, ignition and combustion need adequate modeling of evaporation, which is extremely important for the curved surfaces in the presence of strong heat and mass diffusion fluxes. Combustion of most widely spread hydrocarbon fuels takes place in a gas-phase regime. Thus, evaporation of fuel from the surface of droplets turns to be one of the limiting factors of the process as well. The problems of fuel droplets atomization, evaporation being the key factors for heterogeneous reacting mixtures, the non-equilibrium effects in droplets atomization and phase transitions will be taken into account in describing thermal and mechanical interaction of droplets with streaming flows. In the present paper processes of non-equilibrium evaporation of small droplets will be discussed. As it was shown before, accounting for non-equilibrium effects in evaporation for many types of widely used liquids is crucial for droplet diameters less than 100 μm, while the surface tension effects essentially manifest only for droplets below 0.1 μm. Investigating the behavior of individual droplets in a heated air flow allowed to distinguish two scenarios for droplet heating and evaporation. Small droplets undergo successively heating, then cooling due to heat losses for evaporation, and then rapid heating till the end of their lifetime. Larger droplets could directly be heated up to a critical temperature and then evaporate rapidly. Droplet atomization interferes the heating, evaporation and combustion scenario. The scenario of fuel spray injection and self-ignition in a heated air inside combustion chamber has three characteristic stages. At first stage of jet injection droplets evaporate very rapidly thus cooling the gas at injection point, the liquid jet is very short and changes for a vapor jet. At second stage liquid jet is becoming longer, because evaporation rate decreases due to decrease of temperature. But combustion of fuel vapor begins which brings to increase of heat flux to droplets and accelerates evaporation. The length of the liquid jet decreases again and remains constant slightly oscillating.     

Radiant ignition of a combustible solid with gas-phase exothermicity

An asymptotic analysis is presented for the ignition of a solid fuel that gasifies endothermically then reacts exothermically in the gas phase through a one-step Arrhenius process. The endothermic gasification was analyzed in an earlier paper; the present paper employs those results in treating the gas-phase reaction. It is shown that depending on values of the chemical parameters, the gas-phase ignition reaction may begin either at the time that gasification begins or during the later stage of transport-controlled gasification. In the former case, results for the gas-phase ignition time are similar to those for condensed-phase ignitions. In the latter case, a mixing layer develops in the gas-phase and moves away from the surface, the exothermic reaction being negligible until thermal runaway occurs somewhere within the mixing layer. Both early-time and late-time ignitions within the mixing layer are analyzed by solving partial differential equations derived from perturbations for large activation energies and a small ratio of gas to solid thermal responsivity. The theory serves to indicate how ignition by gas-phase reactions may be distinguished experimentally from ignition by condensed-phase or heterogenous reactions.     

氢仲-正转化释冷方案及冷量空间利用潜能分析

调研了氢仲-正转化释冷能力及研究现状,介绍了绝热、连续、等温三种转化方式的释冷潜能与工作特征。针对氢空间长期安全贮存,按照转化器布置位置与转化方式,提出四种冷量空间利用方案。研究发现：氢绝热转化在150 K时释冷量最大,为391 kJ/kg;等温转化在110 K时释冷量最大,为394 kJ/kg;连续转化在出口温度大于200 K后,释冷量稳定在491 kJ/kg。所提四种方案中,由于空间排气温度偏低,造成氢仲-正转化潜能无法充分释放,对贮箱绝热性能提升有限。相较于一次绝热转化,在蒸气冷却盘管内连续转化可较充分利用转化冷能,在氢的空间贮存应优先考虑。     

The turbulent combustion of a propane-air mixture

This paper models the combustion of a turbulent homogeneous mixture of propane and air within a duct having a stationary one-dimensional mean flow. The Bray-Moss model is applied to the closure of the chemical production terms, using a probability density function (pdf) of the temperature which is chosen as the characteristic variable. Under the conditions chosen for the study, chemical kinetic factors are important and the conventional assumption, that heat release is controlled by turbulent mixing, is not valid. The chemical model of Edelman and Fortune for the combustion of hydrocarbons is used and simplifying assumptions are made which reduce the systems of unknowns to that of the temperature alone. This leads to the introduction of two chemical production terms which are defined respectively in a “delay zone”, where the heat release is modest, and a “combustion zone”. The required equations for the Favre-averaged temperature, turbulence kinetic energy and the mean square fluctuation of the temperature are solved numerically. In the delay zone, a comparison is made between a second order Borghi type closure and the pdf closure. Good agreement is found in the case of relatively small turbulence intensity. It is shown that the pdf formulation does not require the two zones to be spatially distinct. Differing chemical source terms can be discriminated instantaneously by the reaction progress variable and contributions to the average production terms appropriately apportioned by its pdf. Predictions are made of the profiles of mean temperature and mean square fluctuation under different initial turbulence levels.     

固体燃料热分解特性分析

为了认清固液火箭发动机混合燃烧过程,采用热平板导热方式对固体燃料进行热分解实验,得到了固体燃料的化学动力学参数。在热平板导热实验中,观察了固体燃料在不同温度条件下的热分解残药情形,绘制了典型的燃料表面热分解温度-时间曲线,进一步得到Arrhenius类型的燃面退移速率-燃料表面温度关系曲线,并得出固体燃料的活化能强烈依赖于燃料的表面温度,"燃速-温度"曲线明显地展现了2个活化能区域,为固液火箭发动机燃料表面退移速率理论计算提供实验依据。     

发动机尾焰注水降温数值计算与试验研究

针对火箭发动机尾焰注水流场,组织并实施了火箭发动机系留点火及燃气流场注水降温缩比试验,研究了燃气冲击射流流场和注水作用下两相流场的分布状态以及降温效果。并通过研究在高温高速对流冲击作用下气液两相流的传热和传质理论,在Mixture多相流模型的基础上添加质量和能量源项,建立了多组分气液两相流非定常数值计算模型,通过对比试验结论,结果表明：所建立的数值计算模型具有较高的计算精度和可靠性,能够准确地反映物理现象。利用数值计算模型研究了注水后燃气、液态水和水蒸气三种主要组分在流场中的组成,通过与自由射流对比得到了注水燃气流场的包络线长度与宽度变化,注水对燃气流场降温效果显著。     

On gas-phase ignition of diffusion flame in the stagnation-point boundary layer

An analytical expression for gas-phase ignition is developed for a diffusion flame in the two-dimensional or axisymmetric stagnation-point boundary-layer flow of a hot oxidizing gas about a vaporizing condensed fuel surface. The analysis is based on the limit of large activation energy for a one-step, irreversible reaction describing the overall combustion process in the gas phase. The approach in this work, following that of our recent analysis on extinction for the same geometry, is to seek an exact correspondence of the parameters of the present problem with those of counterflow diffusion-flame problem of Liñán. Such a correspondence has been found in the frozen-flow regime and as a consequence, the asymptotic structure of the flame in the nearly frozen ignition regime is identical in both the problems. A particular result of this observation is the availability of an analytical criterion for ignition in the present problem. The analysis reveals that contrary to the case of extinction, fluid dynamic details do not have significant effect on the ignition criterion and that Liñán's results may be applied with good accuracy to the condensed fuel problem.     

Venus surface power and cooling systems

A mission to the surface of Venus would have high scientific value, but most electronic devices and sensors cannot operate at the 450 °C ambient surface temperature of Venus. Power and cooling systems were analyzed for Venus surface operation. A radioisotope power and cooling system was designed to provide electrical power for a probe operating on the surface of Venus. For a mission duration of substantial length, the use of thermal mass to maintain an operable temperature range is likely impractical, and active refrigeration may be required to keep components at a temperature below ambient. Due to the high thermal convection of the high-density atmosphere, the heat rejection temperature was assumed to be at a 500 °C radiator temperature, 50 °C above ambient. The radioisotope Stirling power converter designed produces a thermodynamic power output capacity of 478.1 W, with a cooling power of 100 W. The overall efficiency is calculated to be 23.36%. The mass of the power converter is estimated at approximately 21.6 kg.     

Venus surface power and cooling systems

A mission to the surface of Venus would have high scientific value, but most electronic devices and sensors cannot operate at the 450 °C ambient surface temperature of Venus. Power and cooling systems were analyzed for Venus surface operation. A radioisotope power and cooling system was designed to provide electrical power for a probe operating on the surface of Venus. For a mission duration of substantial length, the use of thermal mass to maintain an operable temperature range is likely impractical, and active refrigeration may be required to keep components at a temperature below ambient. Due to the high thermal convection of the high-density atmosphere, the heat rejection temperature was assumed to be at a 500 °C radiator temperature, 50 °C above ambient. The radioisotope Stirling power converter designed produces a thermodynamic power output capacity of 478.1 W, with a cooling power of 100 W. The overall efficiency is calculated to be 23.36%. The mass of the power converter is estimated at approximately 21.6 kg.     

Two-phase flow effect on hybrid rocket combustion

This study numerically explores the aerodynamic and combustion processes in a hybrid rocket combustor, under a two-phase turbulent flow environment, considering the evaporation, combustion and drag of droplet and droplet ignition criterion. The predictions of temperature, reaction mode, reactant mass fraction, velocity, oxidizer consumption, fuel regression and droplet number distribution enhance understanding of the two-phase combustion aerodynamics inside the combustor. A parametric study of the inlet spray pattern, including spray cone angle, spray injection velocity and droplet size, is performed to improve the operation of reactant mixing and higher fuel regression rate. Analytical results indicate that both the oxidizer consumption and the fuel regression increase with increasing spray cone angle and spray injection velocity in the practical range of operation. However, for stoichiometric operation, the superior spray cone angle is within 20–60°, and spray injection velocity within 20–40 m/s, under a volume-mean droplet radius of 50 μm. The power dependence of solid-fuel regression on total mass flux is found to decrease with rising of droplet mean size.     

HFC134a喷雾闪蒸冷却换热特性的实验研究

喷雾闪蒸冷却由于可以在较小的工质流量下实现很高的散热能力,在高热流密度散热、航天器热控和热防护等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文建立了喷雾闪蒸冷却实验系统,对环境压力下以HFC134a为工质的喷雾闪蒸冷却换热特性进行了实验研究,得出了喷雾闪蒸冷却的换热特性曲线、临界热流密度(critical heat flux,CHF)以及被冷却表面温度随喷雾高度和流量的变化曲线,分析了适用于热控的最佳喷雾高度和流量。     

PE燃料热解过程对H2O2-PE固液发动机点火的影响

通过85%H2O2-PE固液火箭发动机中含有液体层的燃料热解模型,计算了PE燃料的热解过程,分析了燃料热解过程对点火时间的影响,计算结果和试验值一致。H2O2的流量对点火过程起决定性作用,当氧化剂流量低于最小点火流量时,发动机将无法点火。     

Analysis of heterogeneous recombination of oxygen atoms on aluminum oxide by methods of quantum mechanics and classical dynamics

To analyze the catalytic properties of heat shield materials of space vehicles, the cluster models of the adsorption of oxygen atoms on aluminum oxide are constructed and the corresponding potential energy surface is calculated on the basis of the density functional theory. Quantum-mechanical calculations showed that it is necessary to take into account the relaxation of the surface monolayers. Using this surface in molecular dynamics, calculations made it possible to obtain the probabilities of the heterogeneous recombination of oxygen atoms on the α-Al₂O₃ surface, which are in good agreement with experimental data. The calculations performed substantially decrease the amount of experimental investigations necessary reliably to describe the heterogeneous catalysis on promising reusable heat shield coatings for analyzing heat transfer during spacecraft entry into the atmosphere.     

Oscillatory thermocapillary flows in simulated floating-zones with time-dependent temperature boundary conditions

This study deals with numerical simulations of the Maxus sounding rocket experiment on oscillatory Marangoni convection in liquid bridges. The problem is investigated through direct numerical solution of the non-linear, time-dependent, three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. In particular, a liquid bridge of silicon oil 2[cs] with a length L = 20 [mm] and a diameter D = 20 (mm) is considered. A temperature difference ΔT = 30 [K] is imposed between the supporting disks, by heating the top disk and cooling the bottom one with different rates of ramping. The results show that the oscillatory flow starts as an ‘axially running wave’, but after a transient time the instability is described by the dynamic model of a ‘standing wave’, with an azimuthal spatial distribution corresponding to m = 1 (where m is the critical wave number). After the transition, the disturbances become larger and the azimuthal velocity plays a more important role and the oscillatory field is characterized by a travelling wave. The characteristic times for the onset of the different flow regimes are computed for different rates of ramping.     

某固体火箭发动机点火启动过程三维流场一体化仿真

以某固体发动机的燃烧室和喷管为一体化研究对象,采用三维流场控制方程,应用有限体积法计算了发动机点火启动过程中燃烧室和喷管内燃气的流场特性。发动机药柱上的着火点最初出现在药柱星角尖上,然后向四周扩展;在药柱点火初期,燃气压力波先于火焰峰到达喷管;随着燃烧室内燃气压力升高,压力沿轴向分布逐渐平缓;当喷管进口压力与出口背压比达到某一值时,喷管扩张段内出现一道激波,随着压力比的升高,激波最终移出喷管,燃气流速在喷管出口处达到最大值。     

Monopropellant droplet decomposition for large activation energies

The quasi-steady decomposition of a monopropellant droplet in a quiescent atmosphere is analyzed, in the limit of large activation energy, for a gas phase decomposition reaction of the Arrhenius type.An analytical relation is obtained for the pre-exponential rate constant, or the Damköhler number, as a function of the droplet vaporization rate. The curve giving the vaporization rate in terms of the Damköhler number has, for low values of the temperature at infinity, an S shaped form which exhibits ignition-extinction characteristics.With increasing values of the droplet vaporization rate above the pure vaporization value we pass from a nearly frozen regime, under which ignition conditions occur due to the large temperature sensitivity of the reaction rate, to a complete decomposition regime, in which practically all the fuel is decomposed in a thin reactive-diffusion zone, separated from the droplet surface by a transport region of lower temperature. For sufficiently large Damköhler numbers, the thin reaction zone is located close to the droplet surface, so that the flame structure becomes planar: a linear relation between the droplet radius and time is obtained in this case. The non planar effects are responsible for the extinction of the flame at low Damköhler numbers and ambient temperatures below the adiabatic flame temperature. For sufficiently low values of the ambient temperature, an intermediate regime exists in which the enhancement of the vaporization rate is due only to the fraction of the vaporized fuel decomposed at a thin reaction zone, not far from the droplet, where the temperature reaches its maximum value; the remaining fuel is decomposed very far from the droplet.     

燃气喷射角度对含硼固体火箭超燃冲压发动机补燃室燃烧效率的影响

固体火箭燃气超燃冲压发动机具有高比冲、结构简单、流量易调节等优点,然而在超音速空气流的补燃室中,如何让燃料更好地与空气掺混,增加颗粒停留时间,在较短时间内释放出更多的燃烧焓成为目前研究的重点。采用Realiazble k-ε湍流模型,单步涡团耗散模型,在King的硼颗粒点火燃烧模型的基础上考虑了硼颗粒在高速气流当中的气动剥离效应,利用龙格-库塔算法迭代计算硼颗粒点火燃烧过程,对燃气进气方向与轴向夹角从45°~180°的10种进气方式下的补燃室进行了三维两相燃烧流动计算,分析了各种进气角下的燃气燃烧效率、硼颗粒燃烧效率以及总燃烧效率。结果表明:当一次燃气喷射角度与轴向夹角逐渐增加时,燃气与颗粒燃烧效率逐渐增加,并在180°时燃烧效率和比冲为最高。     

气体辐射与流场耦合对火星进入热环境影响

采用火星大气物理化学模型,求解带辐射源项的三维热化学非平衡N S方程,对探路者号火星探测器进入过程中的高温流场和热环境进行了数值模拟,分析了气体辐射与非平衡流场耦合效应对流场和热流的影响。结果表明：1)探路者号火星探测器流场热化学非平衡效应显著,CO 2 气体发生大规模离解,高度低至 28.5 km 仍存在热力学非平衡效应;2)热力学与化学非平衡效应的影响均与表面催化特性相关,完全催化热流要高于完全非催化热流50%以上;3)高温流场中的CO组分会产生较强的气体辐射加热,辐射热流与对流热流的比值为15%～45%,靠近肩部区域比值最大;4)气体辐射对非平衡流场的冷却效应使激波脱体距离减小;与非耦合方法相比,采用耦合方法得到的辐射热流降低约12%～25%。     

吸热型碳氢燃料再生冷却性能评估方法

吸热型碳氢燃料作为吸气式高超声速飞行器的再生冷却剂,冷却剂出口温度可达到750℃以上。碳氢燃料的冷却能力和抗结焦特性指标,是再生冷却剂的关键参数。在工程应用参数范围内,建立了吸热型碳氢燃料再生冷却性能综合评估体系,实现燃料热沉、结焦和流动传热性能的综合评估。燃料热沉采用热平衡法测量。作为参考:燃料温度600℃,热沉约2.0 MJ/kg;燃料温度750℃,热沉约3.5 MJ/kg。结焦采用层流流动阻力法进行定量测量,应用泊肃叶定律计算碳氢燃料结焦前后通道的当量内径,从而得到通道内结焦层的平均厚度。流动换热性能的评估方法是比较相同出口流体温度条件下不同燃料壁面温度沿轴向的分布趋势。以上吸热型碳氢燃料评估方法的建立,为研制吸热型碳氢燃料提供了有效的初步筛选途径。