Optical fiber geostationary tether satellite (F-GTS) system design

The geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) is a limited natural resource and its efficient utilization is very important. The geostationary tether satellite (GTS) system has a number of satellites aligned along the local vertical on either side of the nominal geostationary position. The system is synchronized with the Earth's rotation and all the various altitudes are geostationary, Furthermore, optical-fiber geostationary tether satellite (F-GTS) system has been introduced to improve the GTS system, with regard to increment of communication capacity, simplification of interference paths and intersatellite link (ISL) capability. The F-GTS system design is discussed with the purpose of achieving a realistic satellite network. Three frequency bands, i.e., the 14/11, 30/20, and 50/40 GHz bands, are examined for selection of the optimum frequency band. The F-GTS system example for covering the service areas in Japan is discussed with regard to satellite antenna diameter, communication capacities, etc. To apply the F-GTS system to the whole GSO, the diagonal azimuth orbit arrangement method is proposed for low latitude service areas. Moreover, the F-GTS communication capacity and total communication capacity, when the F-GTS systems are applied to the whole GSO, are also examined.     

Efficient Utilization of Orbit/Frequency for Satellite Broadcasting

In this paper some basic concepts involved in efficient orbit/spectrum utilization for broadcast satellites are discussed. A theoretical analysis leads to the determination of interference zones and minimum number of frequency channels required for homogeneous systems operating in the 800-MHz and 12-GHz bands. A crossed-beam arrangement of satellite systems is proposed, in which the beams from satellites to service areas cross each other. This arrangement has a more efficient orbit spectrum utilization compared to the identical-longitude approach, in which the subsatellite point has the same longitude as the center of the service area, Based upon practical considerations, the elemental number of frequency channels required for world-wide coverage has been calculated in relation to satellite orbital position, for single-beam and multibeam satellite systems, using the identical-longitude and crossed -beam arrangements.     

Collocation of two GEO satellites and one inclined GSO satellite

Three collocation strategies are planned and analyzed for the cluster of two geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites and one inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO) satellite in the same longitude control band of 116°E±0.05° . The longitudinal control bands are allocated for the two GEO satellites and one inclined GSO satellite with seven-day East/West station-keeping maneuver cycle. The latitudinal control bands are allocated for the two GEO satellites with fourteen-day North/South station-keeping maneuver cycle. One inclined GSO satellite is allowed for natural inclination drift. The coordinated eccentricity vector and inclination vector separation method is applied for the collocation, and the maneuver schedule is planned to minimize the operational load by avoiding simultaneous maneuvers. A total of six months of station-keeping maneuver simulations are performed for the three different strategies.     

GSO卫星先进推进系统的现状与发展

简要介绍优化地球同步轨道（ＧＳＯ）卫星推进系统的重要性,重点分析ＧＳＯ卫星推进系统的主要功能、应用现状和发展前景,最后提出发展我国ＧＳＯ卫星推进系统的建议。     

The Advent of Land Mobile Satellite Service Systems

The practicality of providing cellular-type communications service to underserved remote areas of the country is now possible through the use of satellites in geostationary orbit. The advent of high-power, land-mobile satellites, coupled with high-performance, low-cost ground receivers, makes it possible to provide mobile radio, mobile telephone, data communication, and other services to large numbers of rural and suburban users. A recent Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decision has allocated L-band (1.5 GHz, 1.6 GHz) spectrum to this service. Even though there is a significant amount of spectrum available at L-band, the expected demand for this service is high and spectral efficient means must be devised to maintain sufficient capacity. Expedient means used to increase capacity, in the absence of additional spectrum, are single channel per carrier, demand assignment multiple access (SCPC-DAMA) with voice, frequency reuse via multiple beams, and orbital reuse by using multiple satellites. Some of the operational, systemic, and technological considerations of the first generation land mobile satellite service (LMSS) that would provide thin-route services to large land masses of North America are considered here.     

面向高轨空间的北斗导航性能增强星座选型研究

由于高轨空间超出北斗卫星导航系统的正常服务区域,导航信号微弱、可见性差,难以实现高轨飞行器全程稳定可靠的导航定位服务。提出了以空间卫星为时空基准传递平台,向高轨空间区域发射导航信号,从而提高高轨飞行器导航性能的方法,并展开面向高轨空间的北斗导航性能增强星座选型研究。基于卫星可见性、精度衰减因子（DOP）、信号接收门限和所需增强卫星数目等评估指标,仿真分析了基于LEO星座、MEO星座和HEO星座的北斗导航增强性能。     

Basic performance of BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system used in LEO satellites precise orbit determination

The visibility for low earth orbit（LEO） satellites provided by the BeiDou-2 system is analyzed and compared with the global positioning system（GPS）. In addition, the spaceborne receivers＇ observations are simulated by the BeiDou satellites broadcast ephemeris and LEO satellites orbits. The precise orbit determination（POD） results show that the along-track component accuracy is much better over the service area than the non-service area, while the accuracy of the other two directions keeps at the same level over different areas. However, the 3-dimensional（3D） accuracy over the two areas shows almost no difference. Only taking into consideration the observation noise and navigation satellite ephemeris errors, the 3D accuracy of the POD is about30 cm. As for the precise relative orbit determination（PROD）, the 3D accuracy is much better over the eastern hemisphere than that of the western hemisphere. The baseline length accuracy is 3.4 mm over the service area, and it is still better than 1 cm over the non-service area. This paper demonstrates that the BeiDou regional constellation could provide global service to LEO satellites for the POD and the PROD. Finally, the benefit of geostationary earth orbit（GEO） satellites is illustrated for POD.     

高效MF-TDMA系统时隙分配策略

由于具有高效性和灵活性,多频时分多址接入(MF-TDMA)技术被广泛应用于现代宽带通信卫星系统的上行链路设计中。时隙分配算法的有效性是高效利用MF-TDMA系统资源的保证。在MF-TDMA系统中,时隙资源分配问题可以分为两步：载波信道选择和信道内的时隙分配。对于第1步,RCP-fit等算法提供了良好的用户载波信道预约策略。本文主要针对时隙分配过程的第2步展开讨论,针对载波内的时隙管理问题提出了一种基于倒序时隙编号时隙资源树的时隙组织方式,从时隙编号的角度解决了时隙时间均分问题。并采用伙伴递归调整算法作为载波内时隙优化定位方法,有效减低时隙碎片对系统资源利用率的负面影响。最后通过仿真,验证了该时隙管理算法的高效性。     

A Concept of Position Fixing by a Passive Mode Navigation Satellite System

A position fix in a passive mode using satellites usually necessitates an expensive computer or lengthy hand calculation. This is the largest drawback of passive navigation and it would be more desirable if the user could find his position by a mere glance at a chart and table, as one uses Loran. The first step toward this goal is to use a synchronous satellite because it simplifies the problem. The next step is to find the position of the user by a Loran type of chart, which is universal, and correct this apparent position by looking at a special table which is made according to the amount of perturbation of both the satellite and the user's position. An example of the position fix along the route between Yokohama to Hawaii is shown. The concept can be extended to orbiting satellites due to the rules which govern the motion of satellites, if the fix accuracy is in the order of 2 to 5 miles. This method should be more accurate than the common sextant and more practical due to the fact that the satellite can be used at any time and in any weather. As a total system, it will be better than Omega because it could provide additional navigation information such as communication or traffic control by using satellites.     

Small satellite access of the Space Network

Small satellites have been perceived as having limited access to NASA's Space Network (SN). The potential for satellite access of the Space Network when the design utilizes a fixed antenna configuration and low-power, coded transmission is analyzed. From the analysis, satellites using this configuration in high-inclination orbits are shown to have a daily data throughput in the 100 to 1000 Mbit range using the multiple access communications service     

Cross-layer design of LT codes and LDPC codes for satellite multimedia broadcast/multicast services

According to large coverage of satellites, there are various channel states in a satellite broadcasting network. In order to introduce an efficient rateless transmission method to satellite multimedia broadcasting/multicast services with finite-length packets, a cross-layer packet transmission method is proposed with Luby transform （LT） codes for efficiency in the network layer and low density parity check （LDPC） codes for reliability in the physical layer jointly. The codewords generated from an LT encoder are divided into finite-length packets, which are encoded by an LDPC encoder subsequently. Based on noise and fading effects of satellite channels, the LT packets received from an LDPC decoder either have no error or are marked as erased, which can be mod- eled as a binary erasure channels （BECs）. By theoretical analysis on LT parameters and LDPC parameters, the relationships between LDPC code rates in the physical layer and LT codes word lengths in the network layer are investigated. With tradeoffs between the LT codes word lengths and the LDPC code rates, optimized cross-layer solutions are achieved with a binary search algorithm. Verified by simulations, the proposed solution for cross-layer parameters design can provide the best transmission mode according to satellite states, so as to improve throughput performance for satellite multimedia transmission.     

Selecting and scheduling observations of agile satellites

This article concerns the problem of managing the new generation of Agile Earth Observing Satellites (AEOS). This kind of satellites is presently studied by the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (PLEIADES project). The mission of an Earth Observing Satellite is to acquire images of specified areas on the Earth surface, in response to observation requests from customers. Whereas non-agile satellites such as SPOT5 have only one degree of freedom for acquiring images, the new generation satellites have three, giving opportunities for a more efficient use of the satellite imaging capabilities. Counterwise to this advantage, the selection and scheduling of observations becomes significantly more difficult, due to the larger search space for potential solutions. Hence, selecting and scheduling observations of agile satellites is a highly combinatorial problem. This article sets out the overall problem and analyses its difficulties. Then it presents different methods which have been investigated in order to solve a simplified version of the complete problem: a greedy algorithm, a dynamic programming algorithm, a constraint programming approach and a local search method.     

卫星授时与时间传递技术进展

近年来,卫星导航技术发展迅速.卫星导航系统以精密时间测量技术为基础,实现了伪距测量,进而实现定位.同时,卫星导航系统还提供了高精度授时功能.综述了卫星导航系统的授时和时间频率传递技术、基于通信卫星的授时技术以及双向卫星时间频率传递(TWSTFT)技术等.随着我国北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的建成和提供服务,BDS授时应用研究正在快速发展.基于BDS/GNSS多系统的精密单点定位(PPP)时间传递技术已成为重点研究方向,未来将会应用于国际时间比对.同时,随着卫星通信技术尤其是低轨通信卫星技术的快速发展,低轨通信卫星授时会成为一个有潜力的研究方向.     

小卫星编队飞行队形设计与轨道要素确定

用两体相对运动的线性Hill方程进行了小卫星编队飞行队形的初步设计，并给出编队飞行中各绕飞小卫星轨道要素的确定过程，以空间圆形编队为例，在未考虑摄动情况下，通过仿真验证了Hill方程在小卫星编队队形初步设计中的有效性。     

基于非合作低轨卫星的测向交叉定位技术

根据非合作低轨卫星的特点，可以被动测量多颗卫星信号的来向，通过测向交叉的方式进行定位。但是通过星历解算出的卫星位置位于地心地固坐标系，用户测量的方位角和俯仰角基于站心坐标系。针对非合作低轨卫星测向交叉定位时目标用户角度信息与卫星位置基于不同坐标系的问题，提出了一种迭代最小二乘定位算法，通过迭代的方式不断收敛定位结果，能够在目标用户角度信息与卫星位置基于不同坐标系的情况下，解决非合作低轨卫星的测向交叉定位问题。仿真结果表明，基于迭代最小二乘定位算法能够实现非合作低轨卫星仅利用角度定位，并分析了测角精度、卫星轨道高度、参与定位卫星数与定位误差之间的关系。针对迭代的计算方法，分析了迭代过程中不同收敛条件下迭代次数与定位误差之间的关系。在保证定位精度的情况下，将迭代收敛范围设置为8~30 km，可以降低2~3次迭代次数。     

空间信息网络中面向双卫星的频谱共享方法

认知无线电能为缓解空间信息网络中日益增长的服务需求与紧张的频谱资源之间的矛盾提供有效的解决途径。论文针对静止轨道卫星系统和低轨道卫星系统提出一种基于频率动态分配的频谱共享方法。基于用户信号质量最差场景的干扰分析，定义波束隔离区域以避免同频干扰。此外，针对卫星运动引起的时空动态性，通过卫星星历、频率配置方案以及天线方向图等共享信息来预测可能出现的干扰，在此基础上提出频率动态分配算法来实现频谱共享。仿真结果表明，频谱共享方法在保护主用户的同时可有效提高次级用户的信号质量。     

Urban area performance of GPS receiver with simultrac capability

The theory of operation, practical applications, and technical performance of a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver designed for urban area use are presented. The receiver tracks as many as eight satellites, or all visible satellites, and uses the signals of the four best satellites to ascertain its location. If visibility of one satellite is blocked, one of the additional satellites can be used to provide continuous navigation. Component-level system design choices are shown to support superior automotive vehicle location performance, including optimum mobile communication with satellites and ground-based relays     

14.5-14.8 GHz Frequency Sharing by Data Relay Satellite Uplinks and Broadcasting-Satellite Uplinks

Data relay satellites are being developed to provide real-time data links between research satellites in low earth orbits and central data acquisition and processing facilities. Frequency assignments for data relay satellite links will be made in bands allocated internationally to the space research service. One of the bands which will be used lies between 14.5 and 15.35 GHz, where the space research service has had a frequency allocation as a secondary service since 1971. During the General World Administrative Radio Conference of the International Telecommunication Union, held in Geneva in 1979, a primary frequency allocation was made in the band 14.5-14.8 GHz to the fixed-satellite service, specifically for use by earth-to-space links of the broadcasting satellite service. The feasibility of shared band operation is evaluated between data relay satellite uplinks and broadcasting-satellite feeder links in the band 14.5-14.8 GHz. Relationships for predicting interference power levels are formulated, as functions of satellite separation and of earth station separation. Tradeoffs between satellite separation angle and earth station separation are explored, and conclusions are drawn regarding the feasibility of band sharing. Co-channel operation is demonstrated to be technically feasible for typical systems, provided appropriate separations are maintained.     

航天器天基测控中心关键技术分析

天基测控模式是航天器测控发展的必然趋势.天基测控模式与地基测控模式有着本质的区别,如何实现天基测控是我国航天领域目前研究的重点课题之一.本文在分析天基测控技术和我国现有条件的基础上,提出了实现航天器天基测控的方法,分析研究了与航天器天基测控中心相关的关键技术。     

基于BDS-2/BDS-3联合处理的北斗超快速钟差预报优化策略

针对北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)钟差预报产品无法满足高精度快速服务需求的现状，提出了一种基于BDS-2/BDS-3联合估计的超快速卫星钟差预报优化策略。区别于传统两步法预报模型，利用稀疏建模方法一步求解所有模型项，并通过BDS-2/BDS-3星间相关性实现了模型系数解的增强；为进一步降低模型残差的影响，基于残差序列时空相关性，利用半变异函数重构了模型估计的权阵。为验证提出的钟差预报模型，设计了12套对比方案，实验结果表明：基于稀疏建模的钟差模型参数一步估计可略微提高钟差预报精度；通过引入星间相关性对随机模型进行精化，钟差序列一步建模可分别将BDS-2与BDS-3卫星钟差18h预报精度提升28.6%与27.2%；基于半变异函数建模的模型残差相关性提取，可实现BDS-2与BDS-3预报钟差精度8.0%与11.1%的提升。因此，提出的优化策略对当前北斗超快速卫星钟差预报产品精化具有重要意义。