Genetic algorithm application to efficient utilization of the GSO

Utilization of the geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) has reached full capacity in orbital arcs at certain longitudes. A variety of proposals and regulations have already been established to increase the number of possible satellite positions. The optimum satellite arrangement carried out by considering the geographical distribution of service areas is an effective strategy for efficient utilization of the GSO. The genetic algorithm (GA) method is applied here to optimize the satellite arrangement. Initially, an example of the optimum arrangement of eight satellites is demonstrated by using the GA method to ensure accuracy of the newly developed program. Subsequently, a multiple beam satellite system concept is introduced to further improve the efficient utilization of the GSO. Finally, 80 satellites (40 service areas) in the ITU Region 1 example is solved using the GA method, resulting in a quasi-optimum satellite arrangement solution. By using the GA method, the quasi-optimum solution can be obtained by very short (e.g., several ten seconds) calculation times.     

Geostationary tether satellite system and its application tocommunication systems

The geostationary tether satellite system expands the geostationary orbit resource from a one-dimensional arc into a two-dimensional disk. The tethered satellites, each several thousand kilometers apart and aligned along the local vertical, are stabilized at the altitude of the geosynchronous orbital speed. When this system is applied to communications systems, it is estimated that the number of satellites can be increased as much as thirteenfold and the communication capacity can be increased more than seventeenfold, compared with a conventional geostationary satellite orbit system     

Collocation of two GEO satellites and one inclined GSO satellite

Three collocation strategies are planned and analyzed for the cluster of two geostationary orbit (GEO) satellites and one inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO) satellite in the same longitude control band of 116°E±0.05° . The longitudinal control bands are allocated for the two GEO satellites and one inclined GSO satellite with seven-day East/West station-keeping maneuver cycle. The latitudinal control bands are allocated for the two GEO satellites with fourteen-day North/South station-keeping maneuver cycle. One inclined GSO satellite is allowed for natural inclination drift. The coordinated eccentricity vector and inclination vector separation method is applied for the collocation, and the maneuver schedule is planned to minimize the operational load by avoiding simultaneous maneuvers. A total of six months of station-keeping maneuver simulations are performed for the three different strategies.     

Geostationary orbit determination for time synchronization using analytical dynamic models

A real time analytical orbit determination method has been developed for precision national time synchronization. The one-way time transfer technique via a geostationary TV satellite standard time and frequency signal (STFS) dissemination system was considered. The differential method was also applied for mitigating errors in geostationary satellite STFS dissemination system. Analytical dynamic orbit determination with extended Kalman filter (EKF) was implemented to improve differential mode STFS (DSTFS) service accuracy by acquiring better accuracy of a geostationary satellite position. The perturbation force models applied for satellite dynamics include the geopotential perturbation up to fifth degree and order harmonics, luni-solar perturbations, and solar radiation pressure. All of the perturbation effects were analyzed by secular, short, and long period variations for equinoctial orbit elements such as semimajor axis, eccentricity vector, inclination vector, and mean right ascension of the geostationary satellite. The reference stations for orbit determination were composed of four calibrated stations. Simulations were performed to evaluate the performance of real time analytical orbit determination in Korea. The simulation results demonstrated that it is possible to determine real time position of geostationary satellite with the accuracy of 300 m rms. This performance implies that the time accuracy is better than 25 ns all over the Korean peninsula. The real time analytical orbit determination method developed in this research can provide a reliable, extremely high accurate time synchronization service through setting up domestic-only benchmarks.     

The Advent of Land Mobile Satellite Service Systems

The practicality of providing cellular-type communications service to underserved remote areas of the country is now possible through the use of satellites in geostationary orbit. The advent of high-power, land-mobile satellites, coupled with high-performance, low-cost ground receivers, makes it possible to provide mobile radio, mobile telephone, data communication, and other services to large numbers of rural and suburban users. A recent Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decision has allocated L-band (1.5 GHz, 1.6 GHz) spectrum to this service. Even though there is a significant amount of spectrum available at L-band, the expected demand for this service is high and spectral efficient means must be devised to maintain sufficient capacity. Expedient means used to increase capacity, in the absence of additional spectrum, are single channel per carrier, demand assignment multiple access (SCPC-DAMA) with voice, frequency reuse via multiple beams, and orbital reuse by using multiple satellites. Some of the operational, systemic, and technological considerations of the first generation land mobile satellite service (LMSS) that would provide thin-route services to large land masses of North America are considered here.     

Basic performance of BeiDou-2 navigation satellite system used in LEO satellites precise orbit determination

The visibility for low earth orbit（LEO） satellites provided by the BeiDou-2 system is analyzed and compared with the global positioning system（GPS）. In addition, the spaceborne receivers＇ observations are simulated by the BeiDou satellites broadcast ephemeris and LEO satellites orbits. The precise orbit determination（POD） results show that the along-track component accuracy is much better over the service area than the non-service area, while the accuracy of the other two directions keeps at the same level over different areas. However, the 3-dimensional（3D） accuracy over the two areas shows almost no difference. Only taking into consideration the observation noise and navigation satellite ephemeris errors, the 3D accuracy of the POD is about30 cm. As for the precise relative orbit determination（PROD）, the 3D accuracy is much better over the eastern hemisphere than that of the western hemisphere. The baseline length accuracy is 3.4 mm over the service area, and it is still better than 1 cm over the non-service area. This paper demonstrates that the BeiDou regional constellation could provide global service to LEO satellites for the POD and the PROD. Finally, the benefit of geostationary earth orbit（GEO） satellites is illustrated for POD.     

Efficient Utilization of Orbit/Frequency for Satellite Broadcasting

In this paper some basic concepts involved in efficient orbit/spectrum utilization for broadcast satellites are discussed. A theoretical analysis leads to the determination of interference zones and minimum number of frequency channels required for homogeneous systems operating in the 800-MHz and 12-GHz bands. A crossed-beam arrangement of satellite systems is proposed, in which the beams from satellites to service areas cross each other. This arrangement has a more efficient orbit spectrum utilization compared to the identical-longitude approach, in which the subsatellite point has the same longitude as the center of the service area, Based upon practical considerations, the elemental number of frequency channels required for world-wide coverage has been calculated in relation to satellite orbital position, for single-beam and multibeam satellite systems, using the identical-longitude and crossed -beam arrangements.     

Line-of-sight-pointing for satellites in high altitude inclined elliptic orbits

With a growing demand for space communications and resulting overcrowding of geostationary orbit (GEO), the importance of high altitude inclined elliptic orbits is gaining impetus. However, the satellites in these orbits suffer from a severe problem of apparent periodic angular drift around their line-of-sight. This paper addresses this problem and proposes a cost effective method based on tether to continually tilt the satellites in order to compensate for longitudinal and lateral drifts relative to the ground station. The proposed system comprises two satellites connected by a flexible tether at a point on each satellite with offsets. A control strategy is developed for tether offset variations that ensures judiciously controlled changes in the satellite orientations. The numerical simulation of the governing nonlinear equations of motion establishes the feasibility of the concept. A high degree of line-of-sight pointing of dual satellites as well as the simplicity of the proposed control mechanism makes the concept particularly attractive for future space applications.     

空间信息网络中面向双卫星的频谱共享方法

认知无线电能为缓解空间信息网络中日益增长的服务需求与紧张的频谱资源之间的矛盾提供有效的解决途径。论文针对静止轨道卫星系统和低轨道卫星系统提出一种基于频率动态分配的频谱共享方法。基于用户信号质量最差场景的干扰分析，定义波束隔离区域以避免同频干扰。此外，针对卫星运动引起的时空动态性，通过卫星星历、频率配置方案以及天线方向图等共享信息来预测可能出现的干扰，在此基础上提出频率动态分配算法来实现频谱共享。仿真结果表明，频谱共享方法在保护主用户的同时可有效提高次级用户的信号质量。     

Controlling Stationary Satellite Orbits Minimum Fuel Consumption Rate

The orbital angular velocity of a stationary satellite expresses the perturbation in the orbit of the satellite. The minimum variation in direction of this velocity corresponds to the minimum fuel consumption rate to maintain a stationary satellite within allocated bounds. The directional variation of the orbital angular velocity is minimized by maintaining the ascending node of the orbit near the direction of the vernal equinox. The direction of the ascending node to maintain the orbit with minimum fuel consumption rate is given over the 18.6 yr nodal period of the moon. Over that period the inclination variation of the orbit and the angular speed proportional to the necessary fuel consumption rate to maintain the orbit are also given. An example of fuel consumption is given with a comparison with fuel savings over the standard stationkeeping method. The method here is applicable to the geostationary communication satellite, UHF broadcasting satellite, solar power satellite, etc.     

Satellite mobile communication and radio positioning systemplanning aspects

System aspects of mobile communication and position determination by satellite are described. Topics of discussion are the choice of frequency, type of modulation/multiple access and system design, and considering the effects of active and passive intermodulation and multipath interference. Communication performance and position determination analyses are conducted with respect to small-scale domestic mobile communication systems, where the satellite mobile transponder constitutes only a fraction of the otherwise fixed services C-band or Ku-band payload, and where the orbit position of the spare satellite(s) is dictated by considerations other than purely radio positioning. The system tradeoffs and arguments presented lead to a particular modulation/multiple access system, which provides high channel capacity, good ranging accuracy, and high resistance to multipath fading     

Precision Synchronization of Satellites in Inclined Orbits

Synchronization between an Earth station and a satellite in geostationary orbit can be accomplished by repeatedly transmitting sync burst signals and making small timing corrections. However, when a satellite is in an inclined nonsynchronous orbit, such as a navigation satellite, the problem is more complex due to the high relative velocity of the navigation satellite relative to the ground. One possible solution to the problem is examined by employing a satellite in geostationary orbit to communicate with the navigation satellite. It is shown that the uplink delay to the navigation satellite can be deduced to an accuracy of about 1 ns by making a single round trip transmission.     

一种高可靠长寿命的推进系统

介绍单元肼为推进剂的卫星推进系统，该系统已成功用于我国地球同步轨道通信卫星，高可靠，长寿命。叙述了系统及各部件的主要性能，关键部件的特性与可靠性试验，材料相容性试验，微粒控制及系统热试车。根据多年的飞行试验及地验对系统进行了可靠性计算。     

数字卫星电视授时方法及其研究进展

为丰富和完善国家时间频率体系建设,提高现有定位导航与授时(PNT)体系的服务能力,中国科学院国家授时中心开展了基于数字卫星电视信号的授时方法研究,并搭建了一套数字卫星电视授时系统,实际测试结果表明其定时精度优于50ns(均方根).首先综述了数字卫星电视授时方法中的理论框架及其若干关键技术问题,然后介绍了在提高授时精度方面的研究进展,最后指出了数字卫星电视授时方法的应用场景和由此方法衍生出的电视卫星测定轨、目标定位等应用前景,并展望了未来的研究方向.     

通信卫星推力器可靠性评估方法

针对通信卫星推力器服役寿命长、试验费用高、寿命试验所得数据通常较少等具体特点,提出一种推力器极少失效数据可靠性评估和寿命预测方法,并建立不同试验工况下试验信息的相互折算原则,有效解决了通信卫星推力器的高精度可靠性评估难题.对某型推力器脉冲试验和稳态试验数据进行了处理,分别给出其同步轨道运行可靠性和转移轨道运行可靠性评估结果.      

面内轨道转移过程中的绳系系统摆振特性研究

轨道转移过程中的绳系系统处于非开普勒轨道,导致系统呈现复杂的动力学行为并影响着星体的飞行安全,因此研究系统摆振特性具有重要的理论和实际意义。针对复杂的非线性和强耦合问题,利用动量矩定理建立绳系系统姿态动力学方程,以切向常值加速度轨道转移为任务背景,给出了系统质心运动轨迹;通过分析面内摆角的静态分岔现象,推导了面内、面外摆角的一阶摆动解析解;引入经典的珠点模型,研究系绳纵向和横向的振动特性,并分析了系绳摆动与系绳振动之间的耦合关系。仿真结果表明:面内轨道转移过程中,面内、面外摆角以固定的频率绕平衡位置做往返摆动,摆动频率大小以及平衡位置的变化均与系绳长度、推力加速度和所处轨道密切相关,面内摆角摆动频率接近轨道角频率时会引起共振现象,系绳在轨道转移过程中会出现大幅度横向振动等现象。     

全球卫星导航星座网络协议体系与运行模式

针对全球卫星导航星座网络建设初期或论证阶段所涉及的网络体系结构、协议体系及相关组网等技术问题,开展了基于导航星座星间链路构建空间信息网络的技术研究,分别提出了由子网、接入网、骨干网等节点及其相互之间星间、星地无线链路构成的分层网络系统结构,设计了兼容遥控、遥测、测量与网络交互支持等业务的基于IP over CCSDS(基于空间数据系统咨询委员会标准的空间链路承载互联网协议业务)的协议体系,给出了全系统基本通信业务运行模式等。与传统高轨卫星通信系统相比,该星座网络具有高覆盖、低时延、随遇接入等优点,可实现星座导航性能与中低轨及地面用户通信性能的全方位提升,相关结果对我国全球卫星导航星座网络技术研究具有一定的参考意义。     

The geostationary orbit and satellite communications: concepts older than commonly supposed

The first proposal for a radio-equipped, man-made satellite in geostationary orbit is customarily attributed to author Arthur Charles Clarke (1917-), however, he makes no claim to having originated the geostationary orbit. Clarke's now classic article, in the October 1945 issue of Wireless World described a system of worldwide broadcasting via three satellites in geostationary orbit. In the article, Clarke listed seven references, including two to previous significant works by Willy Ley (Rockets, first published in 1944) and Hermann Noordung (The Problems of Space Travel, published in 1929). Both these works make reference to the geostationary orbit but as Clarke (see IEEE Spectrum, vol. 31, no.3, p. 4 et seq., Mar. 1994) points out the concept predates these works. It goes back at least to the works of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935), a Russian scientist now regarded as the father of space research. His book, ("Dreams of Earth and Sky"), published in 1895, was the first by a scientist on the subject.     

静止轨道自旋卫星离轨控制策略的研究

对静止轨道自旋卫星离轨控制策略进行了分析。通过某静止卫星离轨控制的实际工作,分析了有关离轨控制策略制定原则,详细阐述离轨控制策略制定及离轨控制过程中需要考虑的约束条件,总结出适于静止轨道自旋卫星的离轨控制策略。     

通用卫星轨道的可视化向导式设计软件开发

通过研究太阳同步轨道、地球静止轨道、回归轨道、太阳同步回归轨道及冻结轨道的数学模型，开发了设计软件和人机交互界面，并通过与国际上最通用的卫星设计工具包stk的设计结果的比较及分析，验证了软件设计的正确性。最后从总体的角度介绍了本软件。