μ Tools for flight control robustness assessment

The aim of this paper is to emphasize the usefulness of the μ framework for the analysis of the robustness properties of flight control systems. Model uncertainties may correspond, either to parametric uncertainties (e.g. in the aerodynamic model or in the value of the trim point) or to neglected high frequency dynamics (e.g. in the actuators or sensors). We especially show that several classical problems (computation of a phase or delay margin, non-linear analysis of a PIO effect, computation of a frequency domain overshoot) can be extended to an uncertain aircraft model. A flexible model of the aircraft can, moreover, be taken into account.     

QFT force loop design for the aerodynamic load simulator

A dynamic load simulator which can reproduce on-ground the aerodynamic hinge moment of a control surface is an essential rig for conducting performance and stability tests of aircraft actuation systems. The hinge moment varies widely over the flight envelope, depending on the specific flight condition and maneuvering status. To replicate the wide spectrum of this hinge moment variation within some accuracy hounds, a force controller is designed based on the Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT). A dynamic model of the load actuation system Is derived, and compared with experimental results. Through this comparison, a nominal model of the load actuation system with some uncertainty bounds is developed. The efficacy of the QFT force controller is verified by a numerical simulation, in which combined aircraft dynamics, flight control law and hydraulic actuation system dynamics of the aircraft control surface are considered     

Application of neural networks for the design of flight control algorithms. II Adaptive tuning of neural network control law

In this paper, we consider different approaches for the neural network controller tuning in the flight control system. Two of the most common tuning approaches in the adaptive control theory are applied. The first one uses parameter identification technique and consists in solving a real-time regression problem for the control law. The second approach is based on the Lyapunov direct method, which utilizes a tracking error as an absolute measure of tuning performance. The neural network control law are designed for the three-axis flight control problem and tested on the full nonlinear model of a fighter aircraft. Closed loop simulation results are presented and two adaptation algorithms are compared in the case of abrupt change of aircraft dynamics.     

基于隐模型跟踪的倾转旋翼机飞行控制

针对倾转旋翼机过渡阶段的强耦合性和快时变性,基于隐模型跟踪法设计了过渡阶段的自主飞行控制律。首先,考虑短舱和旋翼相对机身运动带来的额外惯性力,建立了倾转旋翼机的多体动力学模型;然后,通过飞行动力学特性分析发现倾转旋翼机过渡阶段具有强耦合性和快时变性;最后,针对强耦合性使用隐模型跟踪法实现了固定倾转角时的解耦控制,针对快时变性使用插值调用控制参数的方法实现了倾转旋翼机在整个过渡阶段的连续控制。仿真结果表明,隐模型跟踪控制系统能够达到良好的速度和轨迹跟踪效果,可以实现倾转旋翼机在过渡阶段的自主飞行仿真。     

基于QFT的鲁棒飞行控制器设计

首先对定量反馈控制理论及其发展进行了介绍,并指出了其所能解决的问题,以及器的一般求解步骤,按着讲述了鲁棒控制中的灵敏度设计方法,讨论了基于ＱＦＴ的鲁棒灵敏度设计思路,最后以某型号飞机为算例,采用ＱＦＴ方法设计了鲁棒控制律,计算和仿真结果说明了定量反馈控制理论是一种设计鲁棒飞行控制律的有效方法。     

预置杆位和飞控系统对滑跃起飞的影响分析

建立了陆基滑跃起飞动力学模型,并以某型电传操纵飞机为例进行了滑跃起飞仿真计算.分析了在滑跃起飞初始阶段驾驶员预置杆位和飞行控制系统对滑跃起飞的影响.仿真分析结果对驾驶员实际飞行具有一定的参考价值,对完善控制系统设计具有借鉴作用.     

Multi-body dynamic system simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff

The flight safety is threatened by the special flight conditions and the low speed of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The aircraft carrier motion, aircraft dynamics, landing gears and wind field of sea state are comprehensively considered to dispose this multidiscipline intersection problem. According to the particular naval operating environment of the carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff, the integrated dynamic simulation models of multi-body system are developed, which involves the movement entities of the carrier, the aircraft and the landing gears, and involves takeoff instruction, control system and the deck wind disturbance. Based on Matlab/Simulink environment, the multi-body system simulation is realized. The validity of the model and the rationality of the result are verified by an example simulation of carrier-based aircraft ski-jump takeoff. The simulation model and the software are suitable for the study of the multidiscipline intersection problems which are involved in the performance, flight quality and safety of carrier-based aircraft takeoff, the effects of landing gear loads, parameters of carrier deck, etc.     

Inverse simulation as a tool for flight dynamics research—Principles and applications

The technique of inverse simulation is finding application in many and varied fields. As the name implies this technique is used to calculate the control action required to achieve a specified system response. The field of aircraft flight dynamics is particularly suited to this form of simulation as the question of what control actions must the pilot (or automatic flight control system) take for the aircraft to fly along a particular trajectory (a landing approach, for example) is often asked. This paper looks specifically at the application of inverse simulation in flight dynamics. The aim is not only to give an overview of the various techniques and applications but also to provide guidance to potential users of the technique on several of the physical and numerical features often observed in the results. An extensive review of the methodologies used within the family of inverse simulations is presented followed by a formal treatment of the theoretical development of inverse simulation as an established technique. A case study involving the inverse simulation of a helicopter flying a slalom manoeuvre is presented to demonstrate the application of inverse simulation in a flight dynamics analysis. An important feature of the use of inverse simulation is that it is necessary to define the output response required—in the case of flight dynamics the required flight path has to be modelled. Some of the methods used are documented, and their validity discussed. The paper also gives an insight into the types of problem which can be addressed by inverse simulation by detailing some of the many applications to which it has been put in the past. These include studies of rotorcraft handling qualities, performance and design, and pilot modelling as well as model validation. An important element of this paper is the formal, theoretical analysis of some of the numerical and physical features exhibited by inverse simulation which should aid potential users to interpret their results. The work presented in this paper shows a clear evolution of inverse simulation from its initial days when the mathematical models used were relatively simple into a mature analytical technique able to incorporate state of the art mathematical models and be applied to real flight dynamics problems.     

"直接升力控制"空中加油控制系统模拟

研究采用“直接升力控制系统”，在俯仰角保持不变（θ=const)的情况下，空中加油时飞机的飞行动力学和飞行控制问题。采用F-15飞机（静不安定飞机）参数，完成了飞机空中加油过程线代模型的建立和运动关系的推导；进行了空中加油闭环过程的计算机模拟；结果证明这种方法是有效的。     

飞机着陆下滑状态人-机系统动态特性分析

采用最优控制驾驶员模型在频率域内分析是理论评价电传操纵飞机着陆下滑状态飞行品质的一种有效方法。基于人 -机系统响应特性可揭示出驾驶员工作负荷和系统动态特性之间相互影响。驾驶员相位补偿作为驾驶员工作负荷的度量 ;取人 -机系统闭环带宽、开环高频峰值和飞行轨迹倾角误差均方值等指标来评价系统动态特性。这些评价准则与驾驶员主观评分之间具有很好的相关性。应用该方法对某电传操纵飞机进行分析 ,其结果与飞行模拟评价结果较为一致     

A Criterion Based on Closed-loop Pilot-aircraft Systems for Predicting Flying Qualities

During the process of aircraft design, the mathematical model of pilot control behavior characteristics is always used to predict aircraft flying qualities (FQ). This is one of the important methods to avoid pilot-aircraft adverse coupling. In order to study the FQ criterion based on closed-loop pilot-aircraft systems, first, an experimental database is built, which includes 40 aircraft dynamics configurations and the corresponding flight simulation results. Second, the mathematical pilot models with a set of different aircraft configurations are obtained by this experimental database. Then, two FQ criteria, Neal-Smith criterion and Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI) criterion, are analyzed. And the relationship between the FQ level evaluated by actual pilot and the parameters of closed-loop pilot-aircraft systems is studied. Finally, an improved criterion of aircraft FQ is built based on the above two criteria. This new criterion is further used to predict FQ for four new aircraft dynamics configurations, and the prediction results verify its accuracy and practicability.     

弹性飞机纵向稳定性分析

本文讨论弹性飞机的纵向稳定性问题。包括带与不带飞行控制系统两种情况。文中通过算例,分析讨论弹性飞机的总体运动模态和弹性运动振型之间的藕合以及弹性飞机本身和飞行控制系统之间的耦合。分析与计算表明,带有飞行的控制系统的飞机,其结构弹性变形运动对纵向稳定性的影响,即使对于算例中的“小”飞机,也是不可忽视的。飞机的弹性影响,不但会降低飞机的飞行品质,有时还会引起飞机与系统之间的耦合不稳定。     

电传操纵飞机起飞着陆动态特性仿真研究

 以刚体系动力学理论为依据,结合飞机起飞着陆运动学特征,建立了起落架-机身组合刚体6自由度全量飞机方程。提出的阶跃跟踪驾驶员时域数学模型,有助于评价起飞着陆阶段人-机系统的飞行品质。然后建立机械操纵系统、电传操纵系统的数学模型,并编制非线性全量时域仿真程序,对起飞着陆动态特性做出了综合的全面的定量分析,其结果与试飞情况吻合。     

非线性自适应控制在无尾飞控系统中的应用

无尾飞机是新型飞机的研究方向,由于其没有尾翼甚至机身,导致横侧向模态自身以及横侧向模态与纵向模态之间存有强耦合非线性特性。将非线性自适应控制应用到无尾飞控系统中,结合MATLAB的仿真工具,对无尾飞机模型进行实时仿真,得到了相应的仿真曲线。通过对仿真曲线的分析,验证了该控制方法在无尾飞控系统应用中的可行性。     

控制器非线性对飞机纵向飞行品质的影响分析

针对飞机控制系统执行机构具有非线性这一特点,选用某歼击机作为研究对象,分析各类非线性环节对飞机纵向短周期特性的影响。首先分析了死区、间隙和速率饱和等非线性环节的基本特性,建立了相应的包含非线性环节的飞行动力学模型,然后,基于Chalk准则计算不同非线性参数下的飞行品质指标,进行飞行品质评价。通过对不同飞控系统构型的对比研究,探讨了执行机构非线性对飞行品质的影响。研究结果表明,各非线性环节都将对系统的快速性产生不利影响,使系统有效上升时间增加,相位延迟增加。其中,间隙还会造成系统阻尼减小,可导致系统不稳并出现极限环振荡。     

三轴式无人旋翼飞行器及自适应飞行控制系统设计

设计了一种操控简便的三轴式无人旋翼飞行器,由三组共轴双旋翼组成,各旋翼由直流电机直接驱动,只需调节各电机转速就能控制旋翼飞行器运动姿态和轨迹。为使三轴式无人旋翼飞行器飞行控制系统设计得到有效验证,研究了旋翼飞行器的飞行动力学非线性建模,运用叶素动量理论建立了共轴双旋翼变转速旋翼载荷计算方法,分析了旋翼入流分布对共轴双旋翼气动载荷模型的影响,通过试验验证了共轴双旋翼气动载荷计算模型的正确性。由于旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型的非线性及未建模动力学的影响,难于建立非常精确的数学模型,给飞行控制系统设计带来了挑战。本文根据旋翼飞行器飞行动力学非线性模型推导出了旋转动力学模型逆和平移动力学模型逆控制器,利用神经网络在线自适应修正模型逆误差,采用线性PD或PI控制器调节指令跟踪误差,应用由向心回转和垂直上升组合的机动科目进行了仿真验证,给出了具有外界阵风干扰模拟的仿真结果,表明所设计的飞行控制系统具有自适应性和鲁棒性,能实现精确的轨迹跟踪控制。     

DFBW飞机人-机闭环纵向着陆特性研究

本文根据试飞员的飞行体会和一组试飞曲线,提出驾驶员参数随着着陆过程变化的频率域模型,建立装有DFBW飞机的人-机闭环系统数学模型,编制非线性全量时域仿真程序,对纵向着陆过程动态作了全面的定量分析,其结果与装有MCS飞机的试飞情况吻合,验证了本文建模、程序可信度和精度,从而得出某DFBW飞机着陆特性是可被驾驶员接受的一些有益结论。     

Full mode flight dynamics modelling and control of stopped-rotor UAV

The Stopped-Rotor(SR) UAV combines the advantages of vertical take-off and landing of helicopter and high-speed cruise of fixed-wing aircraft. At the same time, it also has a unique aerodynamic layout, which leads to great differences in the control and aerodynamic characteristics of various flight modes, and brings great challenges to the flight dynamics modelling and control in full-mode flight. In this paper, the flight dynamics modelling and control method of SR UAV in full-mode flight is st...     

飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

飞机操纵系统优化设计软件开发与运动仿真

飞机发动机操纵系统和舵面操纵系统通常采用连杆机构传递运动。本文介绍了飞机操纵系统的通用优化设计软件———ACSODS软件。本软件可根据传动系统的设计要求,对传动系统的各参数进行优化设计,同时生成系统运动的动态仿真图,因此,可以大大缩短传动系统的设计周期和设计费用。软件操作简便,界面友好,有较好的人机对话式的交互功能,并具有直观形象的设计特点,为设计者提供了一个高效、实用的设计平台。通过与实际系统的比较,设计结果完全能满足系统的要求。