Two-phase flow effect on hybrid rocket combustion

This study numerically explores the aerodynamic and combustion processes in a hybrid rocket combustor, under a two-phase turbulent flow environment, considering the evaporation, combustion and drag of droplet and droplet ignition criterion. The predictions of temperature, reaction mode, reactant mass fraction, velocity, oxidizer consumption, fuel regression and droplet number distribution enhance understanding of the two-phase combustion aerodynamics inside the combustor. A parametric study of the inlet spray pattern, including spray cone angle, spray injection velocity and droplet size, is performed to improve the operation of reactant mixing and higher fuel regression rate. Analytical results indicate that both the oxidizer consumption and the fuel regression increase with increasing spray cone angle and spray injection velocity in the practical range of operation. However, for stoichiometric operation, the superior spray cone angle is within 20–60°, and spray injection velocity within 20–40 m/s, under a volume-mean droplet radius of 50 μm. The power dependence of solid-fuel regression on total mass flux is found to decrease with rising of droplet mean size.     

硝酸与固体燃料燃烧性能计算研究

建立了固液火箭发动机燃烧性能计算模型,采用一维化学平衡(ODE)方法对以硝酸为氧化剂的固液火箭发动机燃烧性能进行了初步探讨。计算表明,固液火箭发动机的比冲、特征速度和燃烧温度以及燃烧产物组分等与氧化剂和燃料的配比有密切关系,氧化剂与燃料质量配比在3.75附近时,固液火箭发动机内部的温度较高,燃烧产物组分以及特征速度达到最佳状态,比冲最高。     

凝胶燃料单滴燃烧的建模、实验及应用

讨论了凝胶燃料单个液滴燃烧的建模、实验研究和应用问题。单滴燃烧建模的关键在于依据凝胶燃料的胶凝结构和组份物性,确定燃烧过程的关键步骤,提炼主要影响因素。单滴燃烧实验研究的水平主要依赖于微小液滴的生成技术,高分辨率和高速成像技术,燃气成份的准确快速测量技术等光学测试技术的发展。单滴燃烧研究的主要应用在于揭示燃料的燃烧机理,分析燃料的燃烧特性,提高燃烧装置的设计水平。     

燃烧室结构对固液火箭发动机燃烧与流动的影响研究

建立了85%H2O2-PE固液火箭发动机氧化剂H2O2催化分解、PE燃料热解以及热解气体与氧化剂分解气体扩散燃烧的综合模型,计算了固液火箭发动机燃烧室轴对称二维内流场,对不同结构燃烧室内流场的计算结果进行了对比,研究了补燃室和氧化剂入口突扩结构对发动机燃烧性能的影响.结果表明,增加氧化剂入口突扩段有利于发动机稳定工作和充分燃烧,增加补燃室长度可以提高发动机平均燃烧温度,使燃烧更加充分.     

推进剂中燃烧铝滴直径分布和聚集状态的研究

本文给出了含铝推进剂燃烧时,气相中燃烧铝滴的直径大小与分布,讨论了配方中氧化剂粒度和铝粉粒度对铝的凝聚程度的影响。实验表明,由粗氧化剂组成的推进剂其燃烧时铝的凝聚是很明显的;并且,对应于相同的粗氧化剂,细铝粉比粗铝粉更易凝聚。实验结果支持复合推进剂中铝凝聚的“口袋模型”。本文还用显微密度分析方法对铝的凝聚燃烧机理进行探讨,发现有三种不同类型的光密度分布曲线,文中称之为液滴型,微滴型和液—汽过渡型,它们分別对应于铝的一种聚集状态。此外,还有一种在底片上无铝亮条出现的称之为气相型,它们的燃烧效率是依次升高的。     

固液混合火箭发动机燃烧室和喷管流动数值模拟

固液混合火箭发动机是采用液体作为氧化剂,固体作为燃料的一种典型的混合火箭发动机.固液混合火箭发动机中的燃烧和流动问题是固液混合火箭发动机设计中的关键问题,对固液混合火箭发动机的燃烧室和喷管进行一体化计算很有必要.利用二维轴对称N-S方程和组分方程对选用液氧/端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂的固液混合火箭发动机的燃烧室和喷管进行了一体化计算.计算采用LU时间隐式格式、MUSCL空间离散和Van Leer矢通量分裂方法,采用有限速率化学反应模型,对化学源相进行了点隐式处理.计算中分别采用了一步化学反应模型和两步化学反应模型方案,计算了多个氧化剂流速和燃烧室压强下的燃烧室和喷管流场分布,对化学模型进行了选择,为固液混合火箭发动机的设计提供了依据.     

Ignition delay time in swirling supersonic flow

Supersonic hydrogen–air cylindrical mixing layer is numerically analyzed to investigate the effect of inlet swirl on ignition delay time in scramjets. Combustion is treated using detailed chemical kinetics. One-equation turbulence model of Spalart and Allmaras is chosen to study the problem and advection upstream splitting method is used as computational scheme. The results show that swirling both fuel and oxidizer streams may drastically decrease the ignition distance in supersonic combustion, unlike using the swirl just in fuel stream which has no helpful effect.     

Droplet vaporization in supercritical pressure environments

For most liquid-fueled combustion systems the behavior of the fuel as it is introduced to the combustion zone, often by spray injection, will have a significant impact on combustion. The subsequent combustion may be affected to a considerable degree by the initial spread of the liquid, break-up of larger fuel sheets and droplets into droplets of various sizes, droplet vaporization, and diffusion of gaseous fuel. Among the many factors which affect spray break-up and droplet vaporization are the environmental conditions into which the spray is introduced. For both diesel engines and rockets the environment pressure and temperature may be above the critical pressure and temperature of the injected fuel. In a compression-ignition internal combustion engine, the environment consists primarily of air, at pressures from 20 to 100 atmospheres and temperatures ranging from 900 to 1500 K. Even higher pressures are encountered in turbocharged diesels. A typical diesel reference fuel, dodecane, has a thermodynamic critical pressure of about 17 atmospheres, and a critical temperature of 600 K. Fuel is injected into a diesel engine environment in which ambient pressures exceed the critical pressure. While droplet temperatures are subcritical at first, they may rise to the critical temperature or higher.This paper will survey current understanding of supercritical pressure droplet vaporization. Specifically, the topics covered will include: liquid phase behavior; vapor phase behavior; thermodynamic and transport properties; droplet distribution and break-up; micro-explosions; and effects of microgravity.     

超临界环境下煤油和UDMH单滴燃烧现象

采用重活塞实验系统,对煤油和UDMH在超临界环境下的蒸发和燃烧现象进行了初步研究,结果表明:无论液态或者凝胶燃料,在超临界环境下均存在蒸发现象。在空气超临界环境下,煤油和UDMH均产生自燃现象。自燃呈现多点着火现象,类似于"森林火灾"模式,且持续时间较长。燃烧大致可分为蒸发、点火、燃烧前期和燃烧后期4个阶段。     

固体推进剂燃烧波温度分布测定

采用相对光强度法测定了双基推进剂、复合推进剂及NEPE（氧化剂为HNIW或HMX）推进剂的燃烧火焰温度分布。结果表明,用相对光强度法测得推进剂的最高燃烧火焰温度比热电偶法更接近推进剂的理论燃烧温度,测试压强越高,最高燃烧火焰温度与理论燃烧火焰温度的误差越小。     

Modeling of combustor swirl flows

Swirl is used extensively in gas turbine combustors, principally as a means of controlling flame size, shape, stability and combustion intensity. Rapid progress has been made in recent years in the development of mathematical models of combustor swirl flows which simulate the processes of turbulence, combustion, fuel droplet sprays, radiation and pollutant formation, and solve the resulting equations via a computational procedure, which seeks an optimum path to the solution of the governing set of several simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations. This paper looks at recent advances in the modeling of combustor swirl flows, its aim being to review the difficulties, discuss developments, demonstrate that useful predictions are already being made, and indicate in what areas further research may be useful.     

气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧研究进展

针对在氧化性气相氛围以及在燃料/氧化剂混合气相氛围中粉末燃料爆震燃烧波的传播特性，总结了气相氛围中悬浮粉末燃料爆震燃烧的实验和数值模拟研究进展，归纳了影响爆震波速度、稳定性、传播模式、细观结构和胞格尺寸的主要因素。同时，还介绍了粉末燃料应用于爆震发动机或燃烧室的案例；结合粉末爆震自身特点对实验装置和燃烧诊断测试手段和数值模拟方法进行总结分析；最后针对下一步需要开展的研究工作进行展望 。     

Monopropellant droplet decomposition for large activation energies

The quasi-steady decomposition of a monopropellant droplet in a quiescent atmosphere is analyzed, in the limit of large activation energy, for a gas phase decomposition reaction of the Arrhenius type.An analytical relation is obtained for the pre-exponential rate constant, or the Damköhler number, as a function of the droplet vaporization rate. The curve giving the vaporization rate in terms of the Damköhler number has, for low values of the temperature at infinity, an S shaped form which exhibits ignition-extinction characteristics.With increasing values of the droplet vaporization rate above the pure vaporization value we pass from a nearly frozen regime, under which ignition conditions occur due to the large temperature sensitivity of the reaction rate, to a complete decomposition regime, in which practically all the fuel is decomposed in a thin reactive-diffusion zone, separated from the droplet surface by a transport region of lower temperature. For sufficiently large Damköhler numbers, the thin reaction zone is located close to the droplet surface, so that the flame structure becomes planar: a linear relation between the droplet radius and time is obtained in this case. The non planar effects are responsible for the extinction of the flame at low Damköhler numbers and ambient temperatures below the adiabatic flame temperature. For sufficiently low values of the ambient temperature, an intermediate regime exists in which the enhancement of the vaporization rate is due only to the fraction of the vaporized fuel decomposed at a thin reaction zone, not far from the droplet, where the temperature reaches its maximum value; the remaining fuel is decomposed very far from the droplet.     

氧化剂质量通量对固液火箭发动机中固体燃料退移速率的影响

针对采用硝酸/HTPB型推进荆的固液混合火箭发动机,采取数值方法研究了氧化剂质量通量对固体燃料热解表面退移速率及换热的影响.研究表明,固体燃料热解表面轴向平均对流换热热流密度、总热流密度以及退移速率与氧化荆质量通量的n次方近似成正比,n的值介于0.6～0.7之间;固体燃料热解表面的辐射换热热流密度近似与氧化刺质量通量成正比;随着氧化剂质量通量的增加,辐射换热占总换热量的比例逐渐增加,增加幅度逐渐减小.     

Ignition of fuel sprays by shock wave mathematical modeling and numerical simulation

The paper presents the results of developing of physical and mathematical model making it possible to take into account the effect of droplets non-uniformity in space and size distribution on ignition conditions for fuel sprays. The influence of condensed phase volume fraction on ignition and combustion of sprays was studied, physical and mathematical models for multi-phase flows, mixture formation and combustion of liquid fuels based on solving Navier–Stokes equations for gas phase accounting for thermal and mechanical interaction with poly-dispersed droplets array. The problems of particulate phase dynamics are regarded accounting for the interaction with gas phase atomization, evaporation and combustion.It was shown that depending on droplet size distribution and aerosol cloud density different flow scenarios were possible.Several ignition zones could be formed behind incident shock wave depending on mixture properties and initiation parameters. The possibility of numerical simulation permitting variation of definite parameters only made it possible to explain this fact.     

卫星AIT阶段推进系统压力参数处理方法

在双组元推进系统管路中,高压气路、氧路、燃路分别装有一个压力传感器,通过压力传感器的遥测参数获取相应管路中压力情况。文章以某双组元卫星为例给出整星装配、总装与测试（AIT）阶段卫星推进系统压力参数处理方法,为卫星压力参数的纵向数据比对提供判读依据。通过该方法可以间接检查相应管路的气密性。     

同轴喷嘴自发激励高频燃烧不稳定性试验研究

为增进对液氧煤油火箭发动机同轴离心喷嘴燃烧不稳定性过程的理解,在大气环境下进行了同轴离心喷嘴的自发激励燃烧不稳定性试验。试验采用单喷嘴敞口模拟燃烧室,高温的氧气和空气混合物从同轴喷嘴的直流喷嘴喷注,高温的煤油蒸气从同轴喷嘴的离心喷嘴喷注。通过逐步改变氧化剂流量使模拟燃烧室内产生自发激励高频燃烧不稳定性,使用脉动压力传感器和黑白高速相机记录稳定和不稳定燃烧工况下的脉动压力和火焰。研究发现：气气同轴离心喷嘴的自发激励高频燃烧不稳定过程呈现“滞后”现象;不稳定工况下的火焰均为脱口火焰,火焰特征长度约等于喷嘴出口到脱口火焰团上沿的距离;气气同轴离心喷嘴燃烧不稳定性的发生原因可以被认为是因混合特征时间与声学特征时间相关。     

鲁泊数和孔径比对直流互击式喷注器性能的影响

设计高性能喷注器、提高发动机比冲性能是发动机设计者一直追求的目标。对于直流互击式喷注器,鲁泊数和孔径比是影响喷注器性能的两个关键参数,而且两者之间有一定关联。为了初步研究鲁泊数和孔径比参数对直流互击式喷注器性能的影响,合理匹配两者的关系,设计了三种状态的喷注器,进行了混合比分布试验和热试车考核。结果表明,兼顾鲁泊数和孔径比才能使氧化剂和燃料达到最佳混合效果,提高燃烧效率。     

Non-equilibrium diffusion combustion of a fuel droplet

A mathematical model for the non-equilibrium combustion of droplets in rocket engines is developed. This model allows to determine the divergence of combustion rate for the equilibrium and non-equilibrium model. Criterion for droplet combustion deviation from equilibrium is introduced. It grows decreasing droplet radius, accommodation coefficient, temperature and decreases on decreasing diffusion coefficient. Also divergence from equilibrium increases on reduction of droplet radius.Droplet burning time essentially increases under non-equilibrium conditions. Comparison of theoretical and experimental data shows that to have adequate solution for small droplets it is necessary to use the non-equilibrium model.