A Search for Possible Mesolensing of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts: II. Double and Triple Bursts in the BATSE Catalog

The paper is devoted to searching for a possible phenomenon of the gravitational lensing of cosmic gamma-ray bursts on celestial bodies of a globular cluster type (mesolensing). If this phenomenon takes place, gamma-ray bursts should have light curves with two or three similar components whose spectra are identical. These components are separated in time by a few seconds. Using a statistical method developed for comparing the components, we have found in the BATSE catalog 11 candidates of gamma-ray bursts with mesolensing for the entire time of operation of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (1991–2000). Two of these 11 gamma-ray bursts have light curves with three components. The possibility of gravitational mesolensing of these gamma-ray bursts on the King's type bodies is investigated.     

视觉测振技术在柔性太阳翼模态试验中的应用

针对8 m×5 m的柔性太阳翼在倒立状态下进行模态试验，设计数字摄像视觉测振系统，基于图像特征跟踪法实现了从相机标定、图像采集、信息提取到三维振动数据获取的过程，通过工况模态辨识方法获取了柔性太阳翼模态频率及振型等动力学参数。并考虑空气和重力影响建立太阳翼有限元模型，通过与基于基恩士激光位移传感器的传统模态试验结果及仿真分析结果进行对比，验证了基于视觉测振工况模态试验方法的准确性，为柔性太阳翼在轨模态辨识奠定基础。     

Astrophysical ionizing radiation and Earth: a brief review and census of intermittent intense sources

Cosmic radiation backgrounds are a constraint on life, and their distribution will affect the Galactic Habitable Zone. Life on Earth has developed in the context of these backgrounds, and characterizing event rates will elaborate the important influences. This in turn can be a base for comparison with other potential life-bearing planets. In this review, we estimate the intensities and rates of occurrence of many kinds of strong radiation bursts by astrophysical entities, ranging from gamma-ray bursts at cosmological distances to the Sun itself. Many of these present potential hazards to the biosphere; on timescales long compared with human history, the probability of an event intense enough to disrupt life on the land surface or in the oceans becomes large. Both photons (e.g., X-rays) and high-energy protons and other nuclei (often called "cosmic rays") constitute hazards. For either species, one of the mechanisms that comes into play even at moderate intensities is the ionization of Earth's atmosphere, which leads through chemical changes (specifically, depletion of stratospheric ozone) to increased ultraviolet B flux from the Sun reaching the surface. UVB is extremely hazardous to most life due to its strong absorption by the genetic material DNA and subsequent breaking of chemical bonds. This often leads to mutation or cell death. It is easily lethal to the microorganisms that lie at the base of the food chain in the ocean. We enumerate the known sources of radiation and characterize their intensities at Earth and rates or upper limits on these quantities. When possible, we estimate a "lethal interval," our best estimate of how often a major extinction-level event is probable given the current state of knowledge; we base these estimates on computed or expected depletion of stratospheric ozone. In general, moderate-level events are dominated by the Sun, but the far more severe infrequent events are probably dominated by gamma-ray bursts and supernovae. We note for the first time that so-called "short-hard" gamma-ray bursts are a substantial threat, comparable in magnitude to supernovae and greater than that of the higher-luminosity long bursts considered in most past work. Given their precursors, short bursts may come with little or no warning.     

The BDRG and SHOK instruments for studying gamma-ray burst prompt emission onboard the Lomonosov spacecraft

One of the goals of the Lomonosov satellite designed by scientists of Moscow State University is to study the prompt emission of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. This paper describes the gamma-ray burst monitor in the gamma-ray range (the BDRG instrument) and the wide-field optical cameras (the SHOK instrument) for detecting both the gamma-ray burst prompt emission and its precursors.     

Space experiments aboard the Lomonosov MSU satellite

At present, the Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow State University, in cooperation with other organizations, is preparing space experiments onboard the Lomonosov satellite. The main goal of this mission is to study extreme astrophysical phenomena such as cosmic gamma-ray bursts and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. These phenomena are associated with the processes occurring in the early universe in very distant astrophysical objects, therefore, they can provide information on the first stages of the evolution of the universe. This paper considers the main characteristics of the scientific equipment aboard the Lomonosov satellite.     

支持径向交会对接任务的宽波束中继方法研究

针对神舟飞船和天和空间站径向交会对接形成组合体的工作模式下,神舟飞船宽波束中继S终端对中继卫星视场缩小导致测控覆盖率降低的现象,提出一种基于组阵和时空分集技术的宽波束中继S链路的设计构想,通过在天和空间站宽波束中继S终端内部增设功分器和合路器,以及在组合体径向对接口的对接总线内部增设高频电缆。利用天和空间站的宽波束中继S发射天线和接收天线,传送神舟飞船的宽波束中继S信号。神舟飞船宽波束中继S终端,同时接收和处理组合体对接总线内部高频电缆和神舟飞船I/III象限收发的宽波束中继S信号,解决了中继卫星过顶遮挡导致的测控覆盖率降低的问题,提升了链路可靠性。经仿真分析,相比单独工作模式,测控覆盖率提升了25.3%。对于接收链路,采用时空分集技术,对3个方向的宽波束中继S信号进行互相关解算和最大比合并,获得信号合并增益,有效提升了接收信号的信噪比和有效带宽。     

新型大尺度空间微波功率发射阵列的考虑

以空间太阳能电站为应用代表的微波功率传输系统中,微波功率发射阵列是其中的核心组成部分。为保证特定传输距离限制下的波束收集效率,目前国际上多种空间太阳能电站方案中收发天线口径都达到了km级以上。在空间构建大尺度的微波功率发射有源相控阵,面临的主要问题有：发射阵列电性能的高要求、发射阵列折叠状态的总体积限制、大功率发射阵列的热控问题。针对这些问题,文章提出了新型大尺度空间微波功率发射阵列的一些研究及设计考虑,主要包括大尺度阵列同源分发倍频的频率分配方案;高效率高集成功率发射组件技术;大尺度阵列相位同步与误差自校正技术;低剖面天线结构及型面误差补偿技术;大型天线3D打印在轨建造方案设想以及空间微波功率发射阵列热控新思路等。文章提出了新型大尺度空间微波功率发射阵列3个方面的6个主要问题,可为空间太阳能电站系统提供可优化、开放性的设计与发展思路。     

阵元间互耦和幅度/相位失配参数的联合估计

针对阵列信号处理中存在的阵元间互耦和阵元幅度/相位失配的问题,提出了一种适用于任意阵列结构的估计算法。该算法使用一个辅助信号源,从不同方向分时发射信号,发射方向的个数决定于阵列中的阵元个数。算法能够利用信号子空间与噪声子空间的正交特性同时求解阵元间互耦系数和阵元幅度/相位失配参数。计算机仿真实验结果证明了该算法的正确性和有效性。     

Short increases of the fluxes of electrons with energies > 0.08 MeV at low-latitude (<Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis> < 2) regions of near-Earth space

We present the characteristics of short (duration less than 1 min) increases of the counting rate of electrons with energies >0.08 MeV observed in low-latitude (L < 2.0) regions of near-Earth space in the course of the GRIF experiment on the Spektr module of the Mir orbital station. The measurements were carried out using a set of instruments including X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers, as well as detectors of electrons, protons, and nuclei with large and small geometrical factors, which allowed one to detect the fluxes of charged particles both in the region of the Earth’s radiation belts and in regions close to the geomagnetic equator. As a result of more than 1.5 years of observation, it is demonstrated that short increases in the intensity of electrons of subrelativistic energies are detected not only in the regions of the near-Earth space known as “precipitation zones” (1.7 < L < 2.5), but in high-latitude regions (up to the geomagnetic equator, L < 1.1) as well. Two types of increases of the electron counting rate are found: either fairly regular increases repeating on successive orbits or increases local in time. The latter type of increases can be caused by a short enhancement of electron flux on a given drift shell. The results of our measurements have shown that the duration of the detected increases in intensity can be rather short, as little as 20–30 s. Therefore, in the case of large amplitudes, such increases of the counting rate of electrons can imitate astrophysical events of the type of cosmic gamma-ray bursts in the detectors of hard X-ray and gamma radiation.     

折叠状航天器太阳电池阵在轨热分析(Ⅰ)——计算模型

将太阳电池板蜂窝芯子、面板和硅电池片中发生的辐射－传导复合传热过程等效为一个无内热源的三维瞬态热传导问题。根据电池板的材料、尺寸及结构形态导出太阳电池板的三维等效导热系数。针对任意两相邻电池板表面间的热辐射交换规律，构造适用于这表面内节点温度的离散方程系数。研究折叠状态太阳电池阵边界节点的热特点时，仔细考虑了地球红外辐照、地球的太阳反照、太阳辐射加热、航天器舱体几何遮挡、深冷环境散热、飞行轨道高度及航天器在太阳－地球系中不同位置等造成的影响。利用本文给出的方程，可以求出展开前在轨折叠状太阳电池阵三瞬态不稳定温度场。     

Insight-HXMT:China's First X-Ray Astronomical Satellite

The Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(HXMT) satellite is the first X-ray astronomical satellite in China. Utilizing the "direct demodulation image reconstruction method", HXMT will perform broad band(1-250 keV) survey of large sky areas in scanning mode, which can result in source detection characterized with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. Point observation is another key working mode of HXMT, and is specified for observations of galactic bright sources like X-Ray Binary(XRB) and others. Additionally, HXMT also has a powerful capability developed for monitoring gamma-ray bursts, which is quite unique in the world due to its energy coverage of 200 keV-3 MeV and largest detection area. The HXMT satellite was launched by a Long March 4 B(LM-4 B) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on June 15, 2017. The payloads onboard HXMT are a High Energy X-ray Telescope(HE), a Medium Energy X-ray Telescope(ME), a Low Energy X-ray Telescope(LE), and a Space Environment Monitor(SEM).This paper introduces the main technical aspects of the satellite, including scientific objectives, technical features, mission design, and system design.     

深空通信天线组阵关键技术及其发展趋势

天线组阵是未来深空通信中的重要发展方向之一。本文介绍了天线组阵的发展历程,重点讨论了组阵中的关键技术,包括阵址选择、阵元口径和数量设计、阵构型设计以及信号处理的方法,分析了上述技术对组阵性能的影响。最后,探讨了天线组阵的发展趋势。
     

空间太阳能发电站拓扑架构及能量管理控制策略

针对超大功率空间太阳能电站(SSPS),提出了一种分布式+集中式系统拓扑架构,将系统电力传输分为太阳电池阵区、主结构电力传输区及发射天线阵区三大部分。根据系统三大阵区的能量流动关系,本文将SSPS系统的工作模式划分为最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)工作模式、跟踪功率指令工作模式及阴影区工作模式,并提出分层能源管理控制策略。最后,针对兆瓦级太阳电池阵的不同工作模式,利用Matlab/Simulink搭建空间太阳能电站系统仿真模型,进行仿真试验及对比分析,试验结果验证了拓扑架构的合理性及控制策略的有效性,为解决空间太阳能发电技术电力传输与能量管理问题提出了新思路。     

Observation of Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes in the RELEC space experiment on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vernov</Emphasis> satellite

The RELEС scientific payload of the Vernov satellite launched on July 8, 2014 includes the DRGE spectrometer of gamma-rays and electrons. This instrument comprises a set of scintillator phoswich-detectors, including four identical X-ray and gamma-ray detector with an energy range of 10 kev to 3 MeV with a total area of ~500 cm² directed to the atmosphere, as well as an electron spectrometer containing three mutually orthogonal detector units with a geometric factor of ~2 cm² sr. The aim of a space experiment with the DRGE instrument is the study of fast phenomena, in particular Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGF) and magnetospheric electron precipitation. In this regard, the instrument provides the transmission of both monitoring data with a time resolution of 1 s, and data in the event-by-event mode, with a recording of the time of detection of each gamma quantum or electron to an accuracy of ~15 μs. This makes it possible to not only conduct a detailed analysis of the variability in the gamma-ray range, but also compare the time profiles with the results of measurements with other RELEC instruments (the detector of optical and ultraviolet flares, radio-frequency and low-frequency analyzers of electromagnetic field parameters), as well as with the data of ground-based facility for thunderstorm activity. This paper presents the first catalog of Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. The criterion for selecting flashes required in order to detect no less than 5 hard quanta in 1 ms by at least two independent detectors. The TGFs included in the catalog have a typical duration of ~400 μs, during which 10–40 gamma-ray quanta were detected. The time profiles, spectral parameters, and geographic position, as well as a result of a comparison with the output data of other Vernov instruments, are presented for each of candidates. The candidate for Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes detected in the near-polar region over Antarctica is discussed.     

套筒天线组成的宽带干涉仪测向圆阵研究

为提高宽带干涉仪测向圆阵性能,首次提出了利用套筒天线代替常规加载宽带偶极子作为测向阵列单元.利用Fourier变换结合矩量法分析了套筒天线组成的测向圆阵的电磁特性,并利用HFSS软件对部分仿真结果进行了验证.在得出阵列电磁特性的基础上再运用基于空间距离的相关数据处理方法统计分析了测向圆阵性能.研究结果表明,相对于常规测向圆阵,由于套筒天线构成的测向圆阵增益高、消除了广义谐振现象,使测向圆阵的灵敏度、测向精度均得到较大提高.相应地模糊度减小、稳健性能增强.     

一种新的共轭增强MUSIC测向算法

提出一种新的测向算法。利用阵列输出的非零时延互相关函数及其共轭形成伪阵列输出,从而得到伪协方差矩阵,对其进行特征分解,利用信号子空间与噪声子空间的正交性,搜索得到的空间谱函数的极大值点对应的角度就是波达方向。仿真实验表明,新算法可对多于阵元数的信号进行测向,其测角精度和分辨力优于MUISC和MUSIC-like算法。     

空间太阳电池阵的发展现状及趋势

从四方面分析了空间太阳电池阵的发展现状,包括体装式、带桨展开式、单板展开式、多板展开式、柔性多模块多维展开式等总体构型的发展历程,常用太阳电池片如硅电池片、砷化镓电池片、柔性薄膜电池片的材料与性能的发展现状,刚性基板结构、半刚性基板结构、柔性基板结构的发展与应用及五种展开机构的特点与空间应用分析,论述了空间太阳电池阵发展的制约因素,指出了聚光型柔性太阳电池阵是未来空间太阳电池阵发展的趋势,旨在促进空间太阳电池阵向着大尺寸、大功率、模块化、低成本和轻质量的方向发展,以适应大功率航天器的发展需求。     

基于圆形超声阵列传感器的在轨泄漏定位方法

随着空间碎片数量的不断增加,载人航天器在轨泄漏定位问题成为一个亟待解决的问题。文章研究了一种基于圆形超声阵列传感器的在轨泄漏定位方法,利用互相关原理计算泄漏超声信号传播到不同测试单元的时间差,从而确定泄漏所在的方向,并根据三角定位方法确定漏孔的具体位置。     

基于关键事件的系统级单点故障识别方法及应用

系统级单点故障严重影响航天器任务的成败。为全面识别系统级单点故障模式,文章提出了基于时域空域分析、故障树分析（FTA）和故障模式影响分析（FMEA）相结合的关键事件系统级单点故障识别方法,并在交会对接任务中得到了应用。通过对识别的单点故障模式相关设备采取在轨补偿措施或过程控制措施,降低了任务风险,保证了交会对接任务的成功。该故障识别方法具有一定工程应用价值。