Multi-phase flow effect on SRM nozzle flow field and thermal protection materials

Multi-phase flow effect generated from the combustion of aluminum based composite propellant was performed on the thermal protection material of solid rocket motor(SRM) nozzle.Injection of alumina(Al₂O₃) particles from 5% to 10% was tried on SRM nozzle flow field to see the influence of multiphase flow on heat transfer computations.A coupled,time resolved CFD(computational fluid dynamics) approach was adopted to solve the conjugate problem of multi-phase fluid flow and heat transfer in the solid rocket motor nozzle.The governing equations are discretized by using the finite volume method.Spalart-Allmaras(S-A) turbulence model was employed.The computation was executed on the different models selected for the analysis to validate the temperature variation in the throat inserts and baking material of SRM nozzle.Comparison for temperatures variations were also carried out at different expansion ratios of nozzle.This paper also characterized the advanced SRM nozzle composites material for their high thermo stability and their high thermo mechanical capabilities to make it more reliable simpler and lighter.      

矢量喷管内燃气辐射与壁面温度的耦合计算

选取内、外调节片和隔热屏建立几何模型,基于封闭腔净辐射模型和壁面热平衡模型建立了燃气辐射与喷管壁面温度的耦合算法.波段为1~5μm的气体辐射采用窄波带模型计算,其他波段不考虑气体辐射,建立辐射净热流密度-有效辐射亮度-壁面温度的关联式求解燃气与壁面的辐射换热,采用牛顿-拉斐尔森迭代法求解壁面热平衡方程计算其温度.对某轴对称矢量喷管(偏转20°),计算了喷管壁面的红外光谱辐射和辐射净热流密度,以及各部分结构的温度.作为验证,还计算了文献中某液体火箭发动机轴对称矢量喷管壁面的辐射净热流密度,与文献的结果进行对比一致性较好.研究表明:轴对称矢量喷管偏转段沿周向的辐射热流密度和温度差异很大,沿偏转方向部位壁面的温度和辐射热流密度都较低,偏转方向壁面的温度比相反方向大约低10%,辐射热流密度大约低50%.      

Investigation of the infrared characteristics of the rocket nozzle

Investigation of the infrared characteristics of a rocket nozzle is very important for the study of infrared initiating technology. The Narrow-Band Zone model is developed for that purpose. The spectral transmission and absorption factors are introduced, and the equations between radiative heat flux and the temperature of waill surfaces and gas are developed. The radiative heat transfer in one axisymmetric cylindrical enclosure filled with homogeneous radiative participating medium is computed with the Narrow-Band Zone model and compared with those in the reference documents. The comparison shows good agreement. The radiative heat transfer to the nozzle of one rocket engine is also calculated with the Narrow-Band Zone model, and the outgoing radiative energy flux and energy rate integrated in a mid-wave infrared band 2-6 pm, a long-wave infrared band 8-14 pm and the full wave band are analyzed. The following conclusions can be derived: the spectral radiation from the inlet and outlet of the nozzle show apparent spectral discontinuity, which appears greater in the 2.7-2.95 pm than in the neighboring wave band. The spectral outgoing radiative energy flux of nozzle wail is similar to that of gray body, which decreases with wavelength in 2-14 pm. The outgoing radiative energy flux on the nozzle wall is greater in the cylindrical and contracting section of nozzle, but smaller in the divergent section, which is determined by temperature. The nozzle of the rocket engine radiates most energy in the mid-wave surfaces by absorption. The most important feature of gas radiation is the strong selection of the waveband, so the detailed study of the infrared characteristics of nozzle of the rocket engine should be carried out on narrow-band computation.     

复杂边界条件下的多层多孔壁温度场的计算模型

经过推导给出了具有孔内和内外表面对流换热及外表面热辐射复杂边界条件下的多层多孔壁温度场的计算模型,并以具有陶瓷隔热涂层的全气膜覆盖气冷叶片为例进行了温度场计算。计算结果表明：陶瓷涂层具有明显的隔热效果,并可明显地减小冷却空气用量;燃气温度对壁温影响较大;考虑热辐射将更加符合实际物理过程;对于涡轮叶片若不考虑热辐射将低估壁温 1. ５％ ～3. ５％ 。该模型可用于多层多孔壁冷却结构形式的发动机高温部件的优化设计。     

Numerical study on combustion efficiency of aluminum particles in solid rocket motor

The combustion of aluminum particles in solid rocket motor plays an important role in energy release of propellants. However, due to the limited residence time, aluminum particles may not be burned completely, thus hindering the improvement of specific impulse. This study aims to explore the characteristics of aluminum combustion efficiency and its influencing factors by experiments and numerical simulations, providing a guideline for engine performance improvement. As an input of simulation, the initial agglomerate size was measured by a high pressure system. Meanwhile, the size distribution of the particles in plume was measured by ground firing test to validate the numerical model. Then, a two-phase flow model coupling combustion of micro aluminum particle was developed, by which the detailed effects of particle size, detaching position and nozzle convergent section structure on aluminum combustion efficiency were explored. The results suggest that the average combustion temperature in the chamber drops with increasing initial particle size, while the maximum temperature increases slightly. In the tested motors, the aluminum particle burns completely as its diameter is smaller than 50 μm, and beyond 50 μm the combustion efficiency decreases obviously with the increase of initial size. As the diameter approaches to 75 μm, the combustion efficiency becomes more sensitive to particle size. The combustion efficiency of aluminum particle escaping from end-burning surfaces is significantly higher than that from internal burning surface, where the particle combustion efficiency decreases during approaching the convergent section. Furthermore, the combustion efficiency decreases slightly with increasing nozzle convergent section angle. And theoretically it is feasible to improve combustion efficiency of aluminum particles by designing the convergent profile of nozzle.     

火箭发动机喷管辐射及壁温的计算研究

研究了火箭发动机复合喷管的耦合换热及瞬态壁温的计算方法,考虑了扩散控制的C/C喉衬的稳态烧蚀,建立了封闭腔-净辐射模型计算喷管内的辐射换热,改进了喷管辐射换热的计算方法.计算了两种复合喷管的壁温随时间的变化,并与有关文献的结果进行对比.研究表明:在火箭发动机喷管的入口段,高温燃气对壁面的辐射换热热流比对流换热热流强;采用封闭腔-净辐射法计算火箭发动机喷管的辐射精度较高.      

Detailed modeling of aluminum particle combustion——From single particles to cloud combustion in Bunsen flames

A numerical model for aluminum cloud combustion which includes the effects of interphase heat transfer, phase change, heterogeneous surface reactions, homogeneous combustion,oxide cap growth and radiation within the Euler–Lagrange framework is proposed. The model is validated in single particle configurations with varying particle diameters. The combustion process of a single aluminum particle is analyzed in detail and the particle consumption rates as well as the heat release rates due to the v...     

高温下加热/冷却管内参与性介质的辐射与对流耦合换热研究

本文通过数值模拟方法研究了高温下加热/冷却管内层流充分发展流动的参与性介质热起始段的辐射与对流耦合换热。采用离散坐标法求解圆柱坐标系下的非线性积分微分辐射传递方程,采用有限差分法求解辐射与对流的耦合换热能量方程。通过计算,分析了不同壁温及入口温度下,介质导热系数、壁面发射率、介质散射反照率及散射相函数等因素对局部努谢尔数、壁面热流密度及有效加热/冷却长度的影响,并同时采用努谢尔数和壁面热流密度评价了耦合换热中辐射对对流换热的影响。      

燃烧室辐射换热一维区域法模型研究

目前用于工程计算燃烧室辐射热流的Lefebvre零维辐射模型,不考虑燃气区域对附近壁面的辐射影响,过于简化,不能反映实际燃烧室火焰筒内的辐射换热过程。本文发展了一种机理严密,精度高的用于燃烧室壁温计算的区域法辐射换热模型。文中采用Lefebvre模型和区域法模型计算了一个圆筒型不冷却火焰筒结构的换热;对比分析了两种方法计算的壁面辐射热流和壁面温度分布情况。结果表明,使用Lefebvre模型计算时,由于将燃气按一维划分为定向辐射,在燃烧室前后壁面辐射热流较小,存在一定不足;而使用区域法模型计算时,辐射热流分布更趋合理。     

固液火箭发动机多界面喷管瞬态传热特性研究

固液火箭发动机是一种采用固体燃料和液体氧化剂的一种新型火箭发动机,由于燃料和氧化剂是不同物理状态,且在燃烧室内为非预混扩散燃烧,因此固液火箭发动机固体燃料的燃速低,工作时间长。固液火箭发动机喷管一般采用被动热防护喷管,喷管结构在长时间工作中的热防护问题是发动机设计中的关键问题。针对工作时间为200s的全尺寸固液火箭发动机,本研究采用碳陶复合材料、钨渗铜高温合金和高硅氧酚醛树脂等材料,提出了三种喷管结构方案。随后通过建立喷管材料瞬态热传导和烧蚀仿真模型,对三种不同方案的喷管结构的传热特性进行了仿真计算,分析了固体药柱内径在工作过程中变化对喷管传热性能的影响,发现药柱内径会改变燃烧火焰层结构,进而影响喷管壁面的温度分布和热流分布,热流密度在喷管喉部位置达到最大值。本研究同时还开展了相应的地面热试车试验,对仿真结果进行了验证分析。此外,对固液火箭发动机的喷管设计提出了建议和展望。     

Numerical simulation of the infrared radiative signatures of liquid and solid rocket plumes

In this paper, a finite volume method was developed to compute the infrared radiative signatures of both liquid and solid rocket plumes, and to investigate the radiative signatures on two wavebands, 2–6 and 8–12 μm bands, respectively. This method is based on the radiative transport equation for local thermodynamic equilibrium, which accounts for radiative heat transfer in inhomogeneous emitting, absorbing, and non-isotropic scattering media. The radiative properties of combustion gases are computed by using the Elsasser narrow band model, and that of particles are computed by using the Mie scattering theory. A numerical method is applied to solve the following three problems. The first one is the computation of the radiative heat transfer in an absorbing, emitting and isotropic scattering homogeneous cylindrical medium in which the radiative flux is presented. The other two are the computations of the infrared radiation of plumes from the liquid and solid rockets in which both the source and apparent radiant intensities are presented as results. The atmospheric absorption effect on the radiation of plumes is also considered by calculating the atmospheric transmittance using MODTRAN. Some of these results, compared with those available in the literature, have shown satisfactory agreement in most cases.     

三维数值模拟再生冷却喷管的换热

为了解液体火箭发动机喷管再生冷却的换热特点，采用数值模拟的方法，对内喷管燃气、壁面和冷却液建立不同的三维控制方程，进行流动和传热的耦合计算。在计算中，假定喷管流动为冻结流动，考虑燃气向壁面的对流换热和辐射换热；采用二阶迎风格式离散控制方程，采用DO模型离散求解辐射换热方程，水蒸气的吸收系数根据Leckner公式计算。计算模型采用缩比热试车发动机，数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好，较准确地模拟出了喷管的壁面热流密度，得到了喷管燃气和冷却液的流场和温度场，对高压再生冷却喷管的设计具有指导意义。     

涡轮发动机高温隔热涂层内的传热研究

高温环境中的金属部件, 通常采用表面涂层技术以降低金属材料的温度和热力梯度。氧化锆、陶瓷等涂层材料对热辐射是半透明的, 因此, 高温下涡轮发动机的热分析需要考虑涂层内辐射换热的影响。本文考虑了各种界面辐射特性: 不透明界面和半透明界面, 镜反射和漫反射。采用光线踪迹 /节点分析法计算了吸收、各向同性散射性介质内的辐射传递系数。结合控制容积法数值模拟了涡轮叶片和燃烧室衬垫涂层内的辐射与导热瞬态耦合换热。      

气动加热下光学窗口传热特性的数值模拟

针对气动加热条件下光学窗口辐射导热耦合传热开展研究,以了解光学窗口的热辐射发射规律及热防护性能。采用有限体积法、蒙特卡罗法、谱带模型建立了具有镜反射界面的光学窗口辐射传输及辐射导热耦合传热计算模型,对具有两层SiO2玻璃的光学窗口传热特性进行了模拟。结果表明处于高温区玻璃向外发射热辐射,低温区玻璃吸收热辐射;除了加热面附近外的玻璃区域,辐射热流密度远大于导热热流密度,在2.9～4.2μm谱带内的辐射热流密度大于0.4～2.9μm谱带内的;在0.4～2.9μm谱带内,可见光波长内的出射辐射热流密度最小,中红外波长范围内出射辐射热流密度最大。在光学窗口总厚度一定的情况下,降低玻璃层厚度和玻璃夹层气体热导率能够有效降低光学窗口非加热面稳态温度。     

二维塞式喷管再生冷却换热的数值模拟

为了解塞式喷管再生冷却的换热特性 ,建立了二维型面塞式喷管计算模型 ,采用数值模拟的方法 ,研究了不同工况下塞式喷管的流场和换热特性。计算中 ,假定塞式喷管中的流动为冻结流动 ,考虑燃气向壁面的对流换热和辐射换热 ;采用二阶迎风格式离散控制方程 ,及 DO( Discrete Ordinates)模型离散求解辐射换热方程 ,水蒸气的吸收系数根据 Leckner公式计算。计算结果表明 :内喷管的受热情况最严重 ,需要重点考虑 ;塞锥的热防护随工作状况而改变 ,地面工况下塞锥的受热最严重 ,随着压比的升高 ,塞锥的受热逐渐减轻 ,最后不随环境压强而改变 ;塞锥型面设计不合理致使塞锥出现很高的温度峰值      

TBCC燃烧室/喷管一体化壁面温度计算

基于Navier Stokes(N-S)方程组对包括隔热屏、隔热屏内外流、大气外流在内的涡轮基组合动力(TBCC)发动机燃烧室/喷管进行了一体化的气/热耦合数值模拟,考虑了燃气组分输运、辐射换热等影响,研究了其在某典型飞行状态下TBCC冲压发动机燃烧室/喷管筒体及隔热屏内外壁壁面温度、辐射换热热流及对流换热热流分布.结果表明:燃烧室/喷管筒体与对称面上下交线的壁面温度在轴向距离为0.5~2.6m内变化较小,在轴向距离为2.6~3.1m内急剧增加,在轴向距离为3.1~3.5m内急剧下降.之后,上交线筒体壁面温度沿流向减小,下交线筒体壁面温度先升高后降低.筒体壁面温度最高点在喷管下调节板收缩段,为1577K.隔热屏内壁面辐射热流在370~500kW/m2变化,上下交线处的辐射热流较外壁面的辐射热流约高300kW/m2,辐射热流沿流向先减小后增加.隔热屏外壁面辐射热流在50~200kW/m2范围内分布.      

考虑导热对流和辐射作用的轴对称收扩喷管壁温计算

基于N-S方程求解了包括引射流、加力燃烧室在内的轴对称收扩喷管内外流一体化的流场,建立了考虑导热、对流换热和辐射换热作用的轴对称收扩喷管各层壁温分布的计算模型,包括隔热屏、喷管简体、外调节片三层结构.对某航空发动机进行了多工况计算,燃气的物性随压力、温度和油气比的变化采用了一系列精度较高的计算公式和计算方法.计算结果表明:基于密度求解器求解包含引射流在内的轴对称收扩喷管内外流一体化的跨声速流场是成功的.隔热屏和收扩喷管筒体沿流向温度逐渐升高,喷管筒体壁温在喉部达到最大,在扩张段逐渐降低;收扩喷管外调节片壁温与收扩喷管简体的壁温变化规律相同,但是壁温最大值则位于喉部前某一位置.计算结果与经过试验验证程序的结果符合良好.      

超临界压力下低温甲烷的湍流传热数值研究

通过系统的数值模拟计算,在准确确定甲烷的热力学和传输物性变化的情况下,详细分析了两种热流密度下超临界压力对低温甲烷的湍流传热过程的影响,揭示了对流换热Nusselt数的变化规律。计算结果表明:在超临界压力下,热力学和传输物性对湍流传热现象会造成很大的影响,尤其在甲烷的临界区域附近,由于物性的剧烈变化会导致传热过程的恶化现象;在高热流密度情况下(如7MW/m2),增大管内压力有利于提高对流换热强度;现有的常用变物性湍流传热公式不能适用于超临界压力下低温甲烷的对流换热计算。     

半透明高温涂层的内部辐射效应

为了准确计算涂层和金属基底内的温度和热流，需要考虑涂层内部热辐射的影响。采用光线踪迹／节点分析法对吸收、各向同性散射性非灰涂层内的辐射与导热瞬态耦合换热进行数值模拟。与多个文献的计算结果比较表明，计算方法正确，计算结果精度高。数值模拟结果表明，忽略涂层内的热辐射会使实际运动中的金属部件温度高于设计温度。     

高温圆管内多孔介质耦合换热的辐射作用

通过数值模拟圆管内填充多孔介质的辐射对流耦合换热,研究高温固体骨架辐射效应对温度分布及换热的影响.基于局部非热平衡模型分别建立流体和固相能量方程,采用蒙特卡罗法求解固体骨架的辐射换热;对不考虑热辐射引起的温度场偏差和管壁发射率以及多孔结构参数的影响进行讨论.结果表明:多孔固体骨架的辐射效应对入口段温度场的影响明显,不考虑辐射将导致较大偏差,壁温为1500K时最大偏差为16%.管壁发射率对温度场影响较小,壁温为1500K时影响小于3%.孔隙率或孔径增大,壁面辐射热流密度比例增加,辐射效应体现明显.