StarLink星座对空间安全态势的影响

针对StarLink星座部署后带来的空间安全问题，对StarLink星座构型仿真，利用碰撞概率的算法，从碰撞风险的角度分析了StarLink星座部署后对其他卫星在轨安全的影响。结果表明:StarLink星座部署对低轨航天器将带来较大的碰撞风险，碰撞风险比部署前提升一个量级，对535~555 km空间区域的航天器影响尤为突出，一旦产生碰撞碎片将带来更大的碰撞风险。通过分析提出了警示，并针对大型卫星星座带来的碰撞危险提供了应对建议。     

低轨Walker星座构型演化及维持策略分析

针对低轨(LEO)Walker星座构型维持问题，分析在地球非球形引力和大气阻力摄动下卫星的运动规律及星座构型演化特性。结果表明，低轨Walker星座构型发散主要体现在由初始轨道参数不一致引起的轨道高度衰减和相位漂移，国内首例低轨Walker星座实测轨道数据验证了理论分析的正确性。结合星座任务特性与构型发散特点，提出了基于基准卫星的相对相位维持策略，选取一颗卫星作为基准卫星，使星座中其它所有卫星相对于基准卫星的相位漂移量累加值最小，通过对目标卫星实施一次相对基准卫星的轨道高度抬升/降低，维持星间的相对位置关系。实际工程应用表明了此策略的有效性，不仅降低星座构型维持的复杂度及频次，节约燃料，且轨控时间短，为我国今后卫星星座的构型维持提供参考。     

美俄卫星碰撞事件验证及其对我国卫星的影响分析

北京时间2009年2月11日0时55分,美国铱星-33和俄罗斯宇宙-2251两颗卫星在太空相撞,在所在的高度产生了大量新增空间碎片,使得空间碎片环境更加严峻,低轨航天器运行遭受空间碎片撞击的风险大幅增加。文章通过碰撞前后轨道数据分析,确认并验证了此次碰撞事件;利用事前轨道数据进行碰撞预警分析,得出碰撞的相关的参数;通过分析此次事件产生的新增碎片的轨道数据,进一步验证确认碰撞事件;从空间碎片密度和通量角度分析其时当前空间碎片环境产生的影响;通过新增碎片寿命计算分析其对空间碎片环境的长期的影响;从碰撞概率出发分析对航天器运行安全的威胁。分析结果表明：我国低轨卫星在一定程度上增大了空间碎片碰撞风险,需要进行在轨空间碎片碰撞预警,以确保我国卫星的安全运行。     

大型低轨星座构型演化分析及维持控制策略研究

针对大型低轨星座构型维持控制问题,搭建了一套星座构型演化及维持控制分析流程,适用于千颗量级的大型低轨Walker卫星星座构型演化分析及维持控制;采用去平均漂移偏差的相对构型保持方法分析星座构型演化情况,有效减小了控制频次、均衡了控制卫星分布;采用自由段维持策略有序规划各卫星位置维持控制时序和控制弧段,实现了整个星座在时间和空间维度有序、分散的控制,降低了对星座服务性能的影响。     

基于低轨全覆盖卫星星座的反向缝建链策略

低轨卫星星座的拓扑设计是天地一体化网络部署中较为重要的一环。在低轨卫星网络中，如何设计星座拓扑来提升卫星网络的稳定性与传输性能，是亟待解决的问题。提出一种基于轨道覆盖带方法的低轨持续全覆盖卫星星座设计方法，通过该方法构建低轨卫星星座，满足覆盖性能，可有效减少卫星切换的次数。基于构建的星座拓扑，制定邻轨k最近邻星的反向缝建链策略，优化设计链路长度和链路持续时长，获取网络传输性能与稳定性的平衡。仿真结果表明:通过上述方法设计出的星座，在满足对地持续全覆盖性能的情况下，相较于轨道覆盖带方法切换次数减少10%;邻轨k最近邻星策略相较于最短建链策略，拓扑稳定性能提升79.62%，使网络拓扑稳定性与传输性能达到更优的平衡。     

低轨巨型星座网络容量评估与分析

低轨卫星网络可以提供广覆盖、低时延、大容量的通信服务和随遇接入的网络服务，可有效弥补地面通信网络和高轨卫星网络的不足。近年来“星链”“一网”等星座项目推动了低轨巨型星座的飞速发展。卫星网络容量是网络性能评价的重要指标，传统方法计算复杂度高、耗时长，且计算开销随网络节点数迅速增加，在巨型星座网络评估中产生巨大计算开销。面向低轨巨型星座网络容量评估问题，提出了一种基于最大流的网络容量评估方法，与传统方法相比计算复杂度和计算耗时大大降低。以“星链”星座为例，分析了星座构型、星间链路拓扑连接方式、链路容量及用户需求量对巨型星座网络容量的影响。仿真分析结果对未来低轨巨型星座网络建设具有指导意义。     

基于改进粒子群算法的混合卫星星座优化设计

对用低轨子星座和椭圆轨道子星座组成的混合卫星星座实现不均匀覆盖进行了研究。给出了低圆轨道和椭圆轨道的设计方法和计算模型。基于对传统粒子群算法的改进,提出了一种自适应变异与非线性单纯形法综合的高效粒子群优化算法对星座进行优化设计,并给出了设计的某混合卫星星座的整体构型。分析结果表明:该法明显优于遗传算法和传统粒子群算法。     

低轨星座对静止轨道卫星同频干扰指标研究

随着全球低轨星座系统的快速部署及应用,非静止轨道卫星对静止轨道卫星系统的同频干扰问题日益凸显。为保护静止轨道卫星系统不受有害干扰,国际电联现行无线电规则中规定了非静止轨道卫星系统应满足的等效功率通量密度限值或干扰噪声比限值,但所适用频段及限值标准仍在不断修订完善中。为了精确定量评估低轨星座对静止轨道卫星的同频干扰,通过对等效功率通量密度限值和干扰噪声比限值的确定方法及演进历程进行研究,分析了上述限值与静止轨道卫星实际被干扰的对应关系,并以典型倾斜轨道星座和极地轨道星座为例,分析了不同干扰指标对卫星系统间干扰判定结果的影响,当静止轨道卫星系统的实际被干扰门限低于国际电联制定等效功率通量密度限值选用的参考门限时,建议低轨星座选择干扰噪声比限值作为开展频率干扰分析与判定的依据。     

拟合摄动力函数在低轨卫星定轨算法中的应用

为降低卫星定轨中摄动运动方程计算的复杂性，根据低轨卫星动力学模型，在考虑二体作用力和地球非球形引力J2项摄动条件下，以拟合函数表示其余的摄动力，并采用扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法，提出了一种基于拟合摄动力函数的低轨卫星自主定轨滤波算法。仿真结果表明，该法可明显减少计算量，缩短滤波收敛时间，提高卫星的实时处理能力。定轨精度为：位置方向70．7m（1σ），速度方向0．16m／s（1σ），可满足一般低轨卫星的精度要求。     

美又有两个大低轨卫星系统获许可证

美又有两个大低轨卫星系统获许可证作为其全球星座建设工作的第一阶段，星座通信公司将先发射１２颗艾科卫星美国联邦通信委员会最近又向两个将通过非静地轨道小卫星提供国际移动电话业务的卫星通信项目颁发了许可证。这两个项目分属星座通信有限公司和移动通信控股有限公...     

Post-disposal orbital evolution of satellites and upper stages used by the GPS and GLONASS navigation constellations: The long-term impact on the Medium Earth Orbit environment

The long-term evolution and environmental impact in MEO of all the abandoned spacecraft and upper stages associated with the GPS and GLONASS navigation constellations were analyzed. The orbits of the disposed objects, as of 1 May 2011, were propagated for 200 years and snapshots of their evolving distribution were obtained, together with an estimation of the changing collision probability with the spacecraft of the operational navigation systems existing or planned in MEO, i.e., GLONASS, GPS, Beidou and Galileo. The probability that the abandoned objects considered will collide with the operational spacecraft of the navigation constellations is very low, even taking into account the intrinsic eccentricity instability of the disposal orbits. Assuming the present or envisaged configuration of the constellations in MEO, the probability of collision, integrated over 200 years, would be <1/300 with a GLONASS spacecraft, <1/15,000 with a GPS or Beidou spacecraft, and <1/250,000 with a Galileo spacecraft. The worst disposal strategy consists in abandoning satellites and upper stages close to the altitude of the operational constellation (GLONASS), while a re-orbiting a few hundred km away (GPS) is able to guarantee an effective long-term dilution of the collision risk, irrespective of the eccentricity instability due to geopotential and luni-solar perturbations. The disposal strategies applied so far to the GPS satellites should be able to guarantee for at least a few centuries a sustainable MEO environment free of collisions among intact objects. Consequently, there would be no need to adopt disposal schemes targeting also the optimal value of the eccentricity vector. However, it should be pointed out that the GPS disposal strategy was devised well in advance of the Beidou constellation announcement, so most of the abandoned satellites were re-orbited fairly close to the altitude of the new Chinese system. A new re-orbiting approach will be therefore needed in the future.     

基于自适应软切换的多星座组合导航系统研究

多卫星组合导航系统星座结构复杂、卫星数量多,在某些特定场合、特殊时间内需要快速完成星座和卫星的选取和重组.采用一种快速选星算法和自组织网络相结合的策略,并应用于多卫星导航系统建模和多星座软切换领域,既避开了系统对象建模这一难点,同时又充分利用卫星星座间的相互关联性,极大的发掘多卫星系统本身的潜力.仿真结果表明,快速选星算法和自组织组网技术可以增强整个导航系统的抗干扰性和自愈能力,以牺牲较少的定位精度来有效减少导航运算量,提高导航定位的实时性.     

Evaluation of a satellite constellation for active debris removal

This paper analyzes an example of a three-dimensional constellation of debris removal satellites and proposes an effective constellation using a delta-V analysis that discusses the advisability of rendezvousing satellites with space debris. Lambert?s Equation was used to establish a means of analysis to construct a constellation of debris removal satellites, which has a limit of delta-V injection by evaluating the amount of space debris that can be rendezvoused by a certain number of removal satellite. Consequently, we determine a constellation of up to 38 removal satellites for debris removal, where the number of space debris rendezvoused by a single removal satellite is not more than 25, removing up to 584 pieces of debris total. Even if we prepare 38 removal satellites in their respective orbits, it is impossible to remove all of the space debris. Although many removal satellites, over 100 for example, can remove most of the space debris, this method is economically disproportionate. However, we can also see the removal satellites are distributed nearly evenly. Accordingly, we propose a practical two-stage strategy. The first stage is to implement emergent debris removal with the 38 removal satellites. When we find a very high probability of collision between a working satellite and space debris, one of the removal satellites in the constellation previously constructed in orbit initiates a maneuver of emergent debris removal. The second stage is a long-term space debris removal strategy to suppress the increase of space debris derived from collisions among the pieces of space debris. The constellation analyzed in this paper, which consists of the first 38 removal satellites, can remove half of the over 1000 dangerous space debris among others, and then the constellation increases the number of the following removal satellites in steps. At any rate, an adequate orbital configuration and constellation form is very important for both space debris removal and economic efficiency. Though the size of constellation of debris removal satellites would be small originally, such a constellation of satellites should be one of the initial constellations of removal satellites to ensure the safety of the future orbital environment.     

星座设计中的安全性问题研究

如何避免星座中卫星之间发生碰撞是星座安全性设计需要考虑的重要问题,给出了预测星座中卫星发生碰撞的一种方法,提出保证星座安全性需要考虑的三个问题并研究了如何避免星座中工作卫星、备份卫星和寿命终止卫星与工作卫星发生碰撞的措施。     

星座设计中避免卫星碰撞问题的研究

随着小卫星技术的发展 ,越来越多的航天任务采用小卫星星座来完成 ,在星座的设计过程中需要考虑的因素众多。本文从星座运行的安全性角度 ,分析了星座中卫星发生碰撞的机会和碰撞概率 ,对星座中存在的卫星之间可能发生的碰撞问题进行了研究 ,并提出了解决方法     

低轨大规模星座对空间碎片环境的影响及其应对措施（英文）

Large constellations have developed rapidly in recent years because of their unique advantages, but they will inevitably have a major negative impact on the space debris environment, leading to its deterioration. The key to mitigate the impact is the success rate and duration of the post-mission disposal(PMD) process. Aiming at solving this problem, this paper further studies the impact of large constellations on other space assets under different PMD strategies through simulation, and proposes corresponding strategies and suggestions for mitigation.According to OneWeb's large constellation launch plan, the dangerous intersection of the large constellation with existing space assets at different stages of the constellations life cycle is calculated by simulation. Based on this, the influence of the large constellation operation on existing space assets at different times and strategies of PMD is analyzed. The conclusion shows that in the PMD stage, large constellations have the greatest impact on existing space assets; the PMD duration and number of satellites performing PMD at the same time are key factors to the degree of negative impact. The faster the PMD is, the less threat it poses to other spacecraft. More results and conclusions are still being analyzed.     

面向飞行器自主导航的铱星/星链星座覆盖性及可见性分析

针对低轨星座机会信号导航中单星座构型和可见星数无法同时满足高精度、高可用性的难题,基于铱星、星链轨道参数,建立了单星座和混合星座模型,探究了各个星座覆盖重数、覆盖率及飞行器对上述星座的可见性。研究结果表明：飞行器可见星数随飞行高度增加而减少,随飞行器最小观测仰角增大而减少,星链和铱星的融合可显著增加纬度60°以上区域可见星数。铱星对全球不同纬度、不同时间具有100%全覆盖;星链目前覆盖区域向两极拓展,对全球覆盖重数最大为56,最小为0,未实现全球不同纬度、全时段100%的覆盖率,但中国区域星链覆盖率均优于美国区域。星链和铱星的混合星座使全球覆盖重数优于10,不同纬度、不同时间覆盖率达到100%,显著优于单星座。     

卫星星座的相对几何和区域覆盖重复周期

研究了在设计δ星座或者由几个δ星座的某些卫星构成的星座时经常需要考虑的三个问题：任意两颗卫星是否在同一条星下点轨迹上，同一条星下点轨迹上的卫星通过某一区域的相对顺序和星座对某特定区域或地点覆盖重复周期的计算。首先对δ星座中卫星之间的相对几何关系做了详细的分析，给出了第一个问题的判断准则，并进一步导出了位于同一条星下点轨迹上的卫星通过某一指定地区的相对顺序以及相应的时间间隔的计算方法。在解决前两个问题的基础上，针对由一个或几个δ星座(或子星座)构成的设计星座，给出了计算其区域覆盖重复周期的方法。     

一种提高导航卫星星座自主定轨精度的方法研究

针对近地导航卫星仅利用星间测距进行自主定轨时,因无法消除星座整体旋转误差而导致长期自主定轨精度不高的问题,提出了利用拉格朗日导航卫星星座与近地导航卫星星座联合仅利用星间测距进行自主定轨的方法。建立了拉格朗日轨道导航卫星星座和近地导航卫星星座联合仅利用星间测距进行自主定轨的动力学模型和观测模型。利用扩展Kalman滤波（EKF）算法和星间测距信息实现了拉格朗日轨道导航星座与近地导航星座的长期自主定轨。以4颗拉格朗日卫星组成的导航星座与12颗GPS卫星组成的近地导航星座作为仿真对象进行了仿真分析,仿真结果表明本文仅利用星间测距的联合自主定轨方法可以有效提高导航卫星星座的长期自主定轨精度。
     

商业航天背景下卫星星座运营思考（英文）

With the advances of small satellite technology in commercial space sector, using small satellite networks to form a satellite constellation and conduct commercial operational services has entered into a vigorous phase of development. As small satellite technology develops, problems in the operations of small satellite constellations are also gradually emerging. These include ground measurement and operational control systems for small satellite constellations, the commercial operational mode, support and the guarantee of laws and regulations related to small satellites. This report discusses the development of commercial space small satellite operation industrialization, explores the small satellite operational modes and technological innovation, proposes the commercial space industry chain to build the industry ecology. At the same time, it looks forward to the integration of space and terrestrial communication. It also calls on relevant organizations of China to speed up the process of space legislation, formulate the relevant policies to encourage the operations of small satellites in commercial space sector, and push China's commercial space to a new level.