载人航天器气动泄压阀可靠性设计与验证

气动泄压阀是载人航天器气闸舱泄压、生活舱换气的关键单机之一,其可靠性直接关系到航天员出舱活动、在轨生活保障的成败。本文对载人航天器气动泄压阀的可靠性设计、可靠性预计、可靠性试验以及可靠性评估技术进行了介绍,通过一系列可靠性保障措施,使气动泄压阀可靠性得到增长,在载人航天器飞行试验中得到了有效验证。     

神舟七号飞船气闸舱热试验方法

简要介绍了神舟七号出舱活动飞船气闸舱单舱热试验(包括热平衡试验和泄复压热试验)情况,分别给出了试验技术状态、试验工况、试验过程及典型的试验结果等,重点论述了舱段级热试验所采取的通风对流换热模拟、流体回路换热模拟、固体传热边界模拟的关键技术。将试验结果与飞行遥测数据进行了比对分析,两者一致性很好,表明所采取的热边界模拟方法合理正确,舱段级热试验获得了成功,达到了缩短研制周期、节约研制经费的预期目的。
     

大型空间站气闸舱气体复用技术研究

气体复用技术回收利用了气闸舱出舱活动泄压的大部分气体,对空间站的长期经济运行具有重要意义。文章调研了"国际空间站"气体复用技术,包括美国联合气闸舱及日本实验舱气闸室。重点介绍联合气闸舱气体复用系统组成、硬件设计及性能,并阐述了泄压方式的冗余设计。初探了我国空间站气闸舱气体复用技术,经论证,我国空间站气闸舱气体复用技术拟采用转移抽送的技术原理,与"国际空间站"气闸舱气体复用技术方案有不同特点。探讨了气体复用技术的地面试验方法,对试验条件的影响性进行简要分析总结。文章的技术方案简便可行,可应用于我国空间站的建设。     

第一次太空行走遇险记

1965年3月18日,前苏联上升2号飞船载着宇航员别利亚耶夫和列昂诺夫升空飞行。当列昂诺夫走出飞船的气闸舱,飘入茫茫太空进行人类首次太空行走,世界欢声雀跃,盛赞这一航天奇迹。但谁都不知道,在这次开天辟地的太空行走中却发生了一幕惊心动魄的险情。 仓促的地面试验 前苏联科学家在设计第二代飞船时,增加了一座可以伸缩的气闸舱,供宇航员出舱活动。宇航员先从主舱进入气闸舱,关上主舱的舱门,然后将气闸舱的气压降至舱外太空的水平,再将气闸舱的舱门打开,便可飘向太空了。气闸舱是筒状,用特殊材料制成,可以像手风琴那样折叠起来,     

载人飞船泄复压过程中轨道舱的噪声环境试验研究

为了考察航天员对载人飞船泄复压过程中轨道舱内噪声环境的适应性,在KM6水平舱进行了相应的模拟试验,对轨道舱中的噪声环境进行了试验测量与研究.试验结果及航天员的实际感受表明,泄复压过程中轨道舱内的噪声环境满足要求,产生的噪声对航天员不会造成伤害.     

载人航天器泄复压地面模拟试验方法

为获得泄复压时间曲线,验证载人航天器泄复压系统功能,须进行泄复压地面模拟试验。文章介绍了应用于载人航天器的泄复压试验方法,通过理论计算和试验结果对比,表明了试验方法的正确性和有效性,可为载人航天器后续型号整舱泄复压地面试验提供参考。     

电子仪器泄复压试验与设备研制

文章提出了载人飞船内电子仪器用泄复压试验设备设计方案,并完成了真空机组的选型和联调工作。通过多项试验证明,该设备满足相关设计要求,可以确保电子设备泄复压试验的顺利开展。     

载人航天器出舱活动氧气分压控制研究

载人航天器出舱活动期间氧气分压控制是保证航天员安全和完成出舱任务的重要因素.文章通过对出舱过程中引起氧气分压变化的因素分析,进行了出舱活动低压情况下的氧气分压安全限的试验验证研究,建立了出舱活动氧气分压变化趋势仿真模型,并在此基础上确定了出舱活动阶段舱压和氧气分压的调控方案     

航天短讯

正神舟十二号载人飞船返回舱开舱仪式在京举行2021年9月27日,由中国载人航天工程办公室和中国航天科技集团有限公司主办,中国空间技术研究院承办的神舟十二号载人飞船返回舱开舱仪式隆重举行。外交部亚洲司、非洲司代表,中国载人航天工程办公室代表,中国卫星发射测控系统部代表,中国航天科技集团有限公司代表,巴基斯坦、纳米比亚驻华使馆代表,相关物品搭载单位代表和媒体记者共约100人参加了开舱仪式活动,共同见证搭载物品出舱。     

出舱活动试验系统间舱压数据接口设计

以出舱活动某试验中,航天员系统与飞船系统间舱压数据接口通信的设计和实现为例,探讨了通用数据通信机制在载人航天信息监测和通信中的应用。该接口模块基于动态数据交换（DDE）设计,实现1帧/s采样,正式试验连续运行超过6h,数据量累计691200byte,通畅无阻塞,顺利地完成了舱压数据的采集通信任务。实践证明,基于DDE通信的接口设计,可以扩展到载人航天任务其它软件产品间的数据交互应用中。     

多舱段载人航天器空气环境控制系统性能分析

建立了一种多舱段载人航天器空气环境控制系统性能集成仿真分析模型,包括舱体模块、乘员模块、舱压控制模块、温湿度控制模块和CO2净化模块,并对两舱段载人航天器空气环境控制系统性能进行了计算分析。结果表明,舱间通风传热能力较差,造成组合体温湿度水平超出指标范围,而舱间通风传质能力较强,可实现氧分压水平和CO2分压水平的集中控制。提出了一种控制系统改进方案,在非主控舱段增设控温系统改善组合体空气温度水平,仿真结果表明,控制系统改进后组合体各空气环境参数均满足设计要求。该工作有助于加快载人航天器空气环境控制系统的设计和改进流程。     

空间站热收集方式的气压适应性研究

热管理系统是保障空间站正常运行的关键系统,其热量收集通常涉及多种传热方式。 空间站舱内气压下降将削弱空气的对流换热能力,从而造成热收集方式的气压适应性差异。 分析了这种差异及其对空间站热管理的影响。设计了两种针对密封舱的热量收集方式,第 一种单纯用空气强制对流,第二种通过在密封舱内加装冷板,同时采用强制对流、导热和辐 射进行热量收集。首先利用简化的密封舱换热模型给出了描述两种热量收集方式气压适应性 的分析解,然后利用集成全局热数学模型分析给出了热管理系统采用这两种热量收集方式时 压力下降对空间站温度控制的影响。结果表明,当热管理系统以空气对流为主进行热 量收集时,气压下降可能导致舱内温度大幅升高;当同时采用导热、辐射及对流等多种途径 收集热量时,热管理系统的气压适应性较强,有利于空间站的稳定运行。
     

载人试验气闸舱内气流组织方式模拟分析

文章对低气压条件下气闸舱内换热过程的特点进行了理论分析,认为必须采取有效措施以解决气闸舱空气调节问题。并采用CFD软件对两种舱内气流组织方式——置换送风方式和双侧上送下回方式,进行对比,对舱内的空气调节效果进行详细计算,得出了舱内温度及气流流场的分布情况。结果表明:低气压条件下舱内更加容易发生热量积累和热量扩散;选用双侧上送下回气流组织方式能有效排除舱内热负荷。文中所得结果可为实际设计工作提供参考。     

As assessment of habitat pressure, oxygen fraction, and EVA suit design for space operations

At high cabin pressure [e.g. 1013 hPa (14.7 psi) 21% O2] there are serious issues relative to specification of suit pressure and the need for prebreathing. A high pressure suit will be costly but use of the existing, flexible suit requires up to 6 h of prebreathing. Or one could use a cabin pressure of 700 hPa (10.2 psi) prior to extravehicular activity (EVA) in order to use the existing suit with only 1 h of prebreathing. If these normal cabin pressures and O2 levels are utilized, existing physiological and medical databases apply, providing a known basis for evaluating effects of long duration space missions. If a 345 hPa (5 psi), 70-100% O2 atmosphere is adopted the existing suit can be used with no prebreathing required. However, there is no reference database on physiological effects under the conditions of lower pressure and higher O2 concentration. This paper considers the major issues involved in defining habitat pressure, O2 fraction, and EVA suit design for operations in space. A preliminary model for evaluating habitat/suit pressure and O2% strategies is presented.     

A simulation model for the analysis of Space Station gas-phase trace contaminants.

A simulation model for the analysis of gas-phase trace contaminants in the cabin air of the NASA Space Station Reference Configuration was developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. The model predicts changes in trace contaminant concentrations from both physical and chemical sources an sinks as a function of time. Simulations were performed in which values for relative humidity, temperature radiation intensity, pressure, and initial species concentrations were constrained to values for the parameters measured and modeled in the continental tropics at the Earth's surface. Species concentrations simulated using the model compared favorable with concentrations in the continental tropics which demonstrated that the chemical mechanism in the trace contaminant model approximates changes atmospheric species concentrations. The sensitivity of initial species concentrations to producing change in additional species concentrations was also assessed. Results from the model indicated that chemical reactions will be important in determining the composition of cabin air in the Space Station. It is anticipated that the trace contaminant model will be useful in assessing the impact of experiments a commercial operations on the composition of the cabin air in the Space Station.     

Metabolic assessments during extra-vehicular activity

Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) has a significant role during extended space flights. It demonstrates that humans can survive and perform useful work outside the Orbital Space Stations (OSS) while wearing protective space suits (SS). When the International Space Station 'Alpha' (ISSA) is fully operational, EVA assembly, installation, maintenance and repair operations will become an everyday repetitive work activity in space. It needs new ergonomic evaluation of the work/rest schedule for an increasing of the labor amount per EVA hour. The metabolism assessment is a helpful method to control the productivity of the EVA astronaut and to optimize the work/rest regime. Three following methods were used in Russia to estimate real-time metabolic rates during EVA: 1. Oxygen consumption, computed from the pressure drop in a high pressure bottle per unit time (with actual thermodynamic oxygen properties under high pressure and oxygen leakage taken into account). 2. Carbon dioxide production, computed from CO2 concentration at the contaminant control cartridge and gas flow rate in the life support subsystem closed loop (nominal mode) or gas leakage in the SS open loop (emergency mode). 3. Heat removal, computed from the difference between the temperatures of coolant water or gas and its flow rate in a unit of time (with assumed humidity and wet oxygen state taken into account). Comparison of heat removal values with metabolic rates enables us to determine the thermal balance during an operative medical control of EVA at "Salyut-6", "Salyut-7" and "Mir" OSS. Complex analysis of metabolism, body temperature and heat rate supports a differential diagnosis between emotional and thermal components of stress during EVA. It gives a prognosis of human homeostasis during EVA. Available information has been acquired into an EVA data base which is an effective tool for ergonomical optimization.     

舱外活动系统述评

舱外活动（EVA）系统可分为3部分：1）航天员装备系统,包括舱外航天服（EVA航天服）、安全系绳和机动装置;2）空间支持系统,包括气闸、约束装置、EVA工具、在轨训练设施、遥控自动操作装置,以及表面运输工具;3）地面试验、训练与保障系统,包括减重／失重设施、热／真空试验舱、虚拟现实模拟系统、星体表面模拟场地,以及任务保障设施。文章阐述EVA系统的组成与功能,评述EVA技术现状及发展趋势。     

飞船返回舱压力应急返回再入过程舱内大气参数分析

在引入五个假设条件的基础上，通过分析压力应急返回再入过程座舱复压的物理模型，建立了压力应急返回再入过程中座舱大气环境参数变化的亚临界流复压和超临界流复压数学模型。并利用某航天器的标准返回弹道参数，对该模型进行了验算。地面模拟试验数据与利用该模型进行的理论计算数据误差小于3％，满足工程精度要求。     

The feasibility of Doppler monitoring during EVA

During extravehicular activities (EVA) outside the spacecraft, astronauts have to work under reduced pressure in a space suit. This pressure reduction induces the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) by the formation of gas bubbles from excess nitrogen dissolved in the organism by breathing air at normal pressure. Under laboratory conditions the gas bubbles moving in the blood stream can be detected by the non-invasive ultrasonic Doppler method. By early detection of excessive bubble formation the development of DCS symptoms may be prevented by early application of preventative measures. The method could also be useful when applied in the space suit in order to compare the results of laboratory tests with operational results, because there is a discrepancy according to the DCS risk of laboratory experiments and actual EVA missions, where no symptoms have been reported yet. A prototype Doppler sensor has been developed and implemented in the Russian Orlan suit. To investigate the feasibility of this method under simulated space conditions, the equipment has been used in a series of 12 thermovacuum chamber tests with suited subjects, where intravenous bubble formation was compared to unsuited control experiments. In more than 50% of the suited tests good Doppler recordings could be achieved. In some cases with unsatisfying results the signal could be improved by breathholding. Although the results do not yet allow any conclusion about a possible difference between suited and unsuited subjects due to the small number of tests performed, the method proved its feasibility for use in EVA suits and should be further developed to enhance the safety of EVA procedures.     

供氧模式对载人航天器气压控制的影响分析

载人航天器气压控制系统主要负责控制密封舱内氧分压和总压满足指标要求,承担长期载人任务的载人航天器通常配备电解制氧系统用于维持密封舱内氧分压水平。文章建立了一种载人航天器密封舱气压控制系统仿真分析模型,利用该模型分析对比了氧气瓶供氧和电解制氧供氧2种模式对应的密封舱氧分压和总压变化规律。结果表明,驻留24 h内,氧气瓶供氧模式对应的氧分压单调下降;电解制氧供氧模式对应的氧分压并非单调下降,而是取决于供氧速率与乘员代谢耗氧间的关系,且氧分压变化范围要远小于氧气瓶供氧模式。驻留60 d内,电解制氧供氧模式对应的氧分压在上下限间的变化周期以及总压的变化周期要明显长于氧气瓶供氧模式。为避免空气温度的影响,氧分压和总压的控制范围应比允许范围窄。