高超声速进气道等直隔离段的反压特性研究

为了研究高超声速进气道等直隔离段的反压特性,对均匀来流和有斜波入射(非均匀)情况下的等直隔离段内流场进行了数值分析。研究了不同来流马赫数下等直隔离段在不同反压作用下的流动特征,分析了激波串的变化规律以及激波串长度与反压的关系,明确了激波串名义长度与激波串长度的概念。结果表明,随着反压的增加,激波串起始位置前移、名义长度增加,计算值与Waltrup-Billig经验式吻合很好;激波串长度逐渐减小,并给出了激波串长度与反压比的拟合关系。当接近最大承受反压时,激波串由斜激波串逐渐变为正激波串,其对气流的压缩作用接近于正激波的压缩效果。当来流非均匀时,隔离段内形成不对称的单边激波串结构,且最大承受反压下无正激波串出现。     

超燃冲压发动机S弯隔离段激波串数值研究

S弯隔离段可以解决进气道出口和燃烧室入口处在不同水平高度的飞行器在结构设计上的困难.为考察来流马赫数为2.0时S弯构型对隔离段流场结构和性能参数的影响,在不同边界条件下对3种不同转弯方式的S弯隔离段和等直隔离段进行数值模拟.结果表明,在流场结构方面,S弯隔离段入口拐角处出现斜激波/膨胀波的相交与反射,上、下壁面分离区交替扩大、缩小.在抗反压性能方面,中心对称型和后部转弯较急型隔离段性能稍逊于等直隔离段,前部转弯较急型隔离段性能与等直隔离段相当.在总压恢复性能方面,高反压时前部转弯较急型隔离段性能最好,但在低反压时流场存在剧烈振荡,总压恢复性能最差.因此工作在高反压条件下的隔离段推荐采用前部转弯较急型,而低反压条件下则采用另外两种比较合适.入口边界层厚度对S弯隔离段流场结构和性能的影响有限.     

一种进气道内激波/边界层干扰控制的新方法及其流动机理

针对高超声速进气道内经常存在的激波/边界层干扰现象,提出了一种基于可变形壁面鼓包的激波/边界层干扰控制概念,并对相关流动机理及参数影响规律进行了细致研究,结果表明：可变形鼓包通过其迎风侧的预增压作用,外凸段膨胀波束对反射激波的削弱作用,以及膨胀波束对边界层气流的加速作用来对激波/边界层干扰现象进行抑制;当激波入射点位于鼓包背风侧膨胀波区时,鼓包对边界层分离的抑制效果明显,并且适当增加鼓包高度可增加其抑制效果;对于鼓包迎风侧型线,在设计时应尽量采用较小的内凹段曲率,同时在外凸段上其最大曲率点应尽量与激波入射点靠拢,而对于背风侧型线的设计则应选择相近的外凸段和内凹段曲率较为合适。     

收敛-扩张喷管中运用次流推力矢量控制技术的计算研究

采用二阶1TVD格式的有限体积法耦合RNGκ-ε湍流模型和非平衡壁面函数求解二维守恒型雷诺平均N-S方程,数值模拟了运用次流椎力矢量控制技术的二维收敛-扩张喷管中的流动现象。计算结果表明,随着喷管压比的增加,次流喷射所产生的激波向扩张段下游移动,且喷管矢量角不断减小到一固定值;次流压比的增加将导致激波向扩张段上游移动,且喷管矢量角不断增加;次流压比对激波和矢量角的影响比喷管压比更强。     

中心线偏置对隔离段性能的影响研究

在隔离段入口马赫数2.0条件下对二维中心线偏置隔离段流场进行了数值计算,并与直隔离段结果进行对比,分析了两种偏置方式对隔离段流场结构及性能特征的影响,重点研究了隔离段的总压恢复性能和抗反压性能,并考察了管道扩张角对结果的影响.结果表明,出口反压较低时,直隔离段总压恢复性能优于折线隔离段;反压较高时,两者总压恢复性能大致相当.S弯隔离段总压恢复性能介于两者之间.对相同扩张比隔离段而言,直隔离段抗反压性能最强,折线隔离段次之,S弯隔离段最差.扩张隔离段的抗反压性能增强,但在同-反压条件下的总压恢复性能下降.     

RBCC发动机不同构型隔离段流场仿真

为探究椭圆微扩和异形变截面这两种结构隔离段对RBCC发动机推力性能的影响,以某构型RBCC发动机试验件为研究对象,对比了地面试验与数值模拟发动机下壁面中心线上的静压分布,验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。在来流马赫数为3、余气系数为1.5的工况下,通过数值模拟对两种隔离段构型下RBCC发动机燃烧室内的流动燃烧过程及发动机的推力性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:异形变截面隔离段的抗反压性能明显低于椭圆微扩隔离段;当燃料释热较为集中,燃烧室内压升比相对较大时,异形变截面隔离段的下壁面处会产生较大的流动分离区,且一直向下游延伸,进入燃烧室,使得燃烧室入口的流场均匀性较差,从而降低发动机的推力性能。     

弹用二元超声速进气道侧滑敏感性数值分析

为评价二元超声速进气道在侧滑飞行条件下的适用性,基于Fluent软件,运用CFD数值模拟技术,开展了某实例二元超声速进气道内外流三维流场数值仿真计算,分析了有侧滑时进气道内部的流动性态,揭示出侧滑导致进气道迎风内侧壁附面层增厚,从而强化附面层对超声速扩压段斜激波和喉道段流动的干扰作用,使进气道捕获流量特性和总压恢复性能同步下降,侧滑角越大,进气道总体性能损失幅度越大。总体上,在0°~6°的小侧滑角范围内,因侧滑导致溢流造成进气道捕获流量的相对损失幅度低于3%,总压损失幅度不超过1.29%,表明在此条件下进气道总体性能对侧滑敏感性弱,仍可恰当适用。     

燃气推力矢量控制发动机内流场数值模拟

采用基于Favre平均的三维N-S方程,对燃气推力矢量控制发动机全内流场进行了数值仿真,研究了燃气引流、燃气二次喷射及与发动机内主流相互作用等复杂流动。研究结果表明,流场内包含复杂的涡系结构和波系结构,还存在着边界层与激波的相互干扰、自由剪切层、激波、膨胀波和大尺寸分离。通过数值模拟,对试验中的异常现象进行了定性分析,得出了与试验一致的结论。     

高超声速混合流动的粒子模拟耦合算法

通过采用基于三维非结构网格的子网格技术,对适用于高超声速混合流动的自适应时间步长粒子模拟耦合算法(Improved Hybrid Particle Simulation Method,IHPSM)进行了改进,在保证算法计算效率的同时降低数值误差。通过对三维双曲钝锥外形的数值仿真及与DSMC(Direct Simulation Monte Carlo)计算结果的对比分析,证明改进的IHPSM算法具有较高的计算精度,且能较大幅度提高计算效率。基于改进的IHPSM算法,文中针对双曲钝锥外形进行了稀薄气体效应和飞行马赫数对高超声速流动影响规律的研究。结果表明,气体稀薄程度的增加会减缓双曲钝锥前端流场宏观物理量的变化梯度,使流场激波结构变厚;来流马赫数的增大会使激波明显增强,但对激波厚度与结构的影响较小。     

采用新型基准流场的高超声速内收缩进气道性能分析

通过改变中心体形状,设计了新型轴对称基准流场,可显著降低反射激波强度,明显提高压缩效率。基于该基准流场和传统基准流场,分别设计了两个圆形出口内收缩进气道,并对二者的流场及总体性能进行了数值研究。结果表明,新的进气道设计点和接力点肩点附近激波附面层相互作用减弱,流场结构优于传统进气道,压缩效率明显提高,同时进气道起动性能得到改善。     

Numerical investigation on the shock wave transition in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator

The scramjet isolator, which is used to prevent the hypersonic inlet from disturbances that arise from the pressure rise in the scramjet combustor due to the intense turbulent combustion, is one of the most critical components in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems. Any engineering error that is possible in the design and manufacturing procedure of the experimental model, and the intense heat release in the scramjet combustor, may cause the performance of the isolator to decrease, leading to its lack of capability in supporting the back pressure. The coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation standard k?ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow fields in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator. The effects of the divergent angle and the back pressure on the shock wave transition and the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train have been estimated and discussed. The obtained results show that the present numerical results are in very good agreement with the available experimental shadow-pictures, and the numerical method is more suitable for capturing the shock wave train and predicting the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train in the scramjet isolator than the present two-dimensional numerical methods. This is due to the small width-to-height ratio of the isolator and the intense three-dimensional flow structures. On increasing the divergent angle of the scramjet isolator, the static pressure along the central symmetrical line of the isolator decreases sharply. This is due to the strong expansion wave generated at the entrance of the isolator, and when the divergent angle of the isolator is sufficiently large, namely 1.5°, a zone of negative pressure is formed just ahead of the leading edge of the shock wave train. At the same time, the shock wave train varies from being oblique to being normal, and then back to oblique. With an increase in the prescribed back pressure at the exit of the scramjet isolator, the leading edge of the shock wave train moves forward towards the entrance of the isolator, and when the back pressure is sufficiently large, unstart conditions in the hypersonic inlet can take place if the shock train reaches the inlet.     

Numerical investigation of the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics

Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the impact of asymmetric fuel injection on shock train characteristics using the commercial-code FLUENT. The asymmetry of fuel injection is examined by changing the fuel flow rates of the upper and lower wall fuel injectors. The numerical approach solves the two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, supplemented with a k-ω model of turbulence. As a result, different ways of fuel injections will always lead to shock train transitions, with the variations of shock train structure, strength and leading edge position. For symmetric fuel injection, the flowfield of the isolator is quite asymmetric with the boundary layer of the upper wall side developing much stronger than that of the lower wall, which is due to the heterogeneity of the incoming flow. Regarding to asymmetric fuel injection with more of lower wall side, though the pressures in the combustor are nearly the same, the first shock of the shock train converts between ‘Distinct symmetric X type shock’ and ‘Obscure and weaker asymmetric shock’ and the shock train leading edge moves upstream with the increase of the asymmetry level. With regard to asymmetric fuel injection with more of upper wall side, ‘incomplete asymmetric X type shock’ occurs and the shock train structures keep nearly the same with low level of fuel injection asymmetry. Unexpected results like unstart will happen when increasing the level of fuel injection asymmetry. And the isolator will come back to normal state by decreasing the differential of upper and lower wall sides fuel injections.     

激波干扰对发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究

基于宏观表征体元(REV)的数值模拟方法开展了激波干扰对异质发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究，获得了外部激波干扰与引射气体边界层耦合相互作用流场特征。研究结果表明，不同冷却介质对于冷却效率有显著的影响，冷却介质比热容越大，相同注入率条件下的冷却效果更好；入射激波干扰会显著影响多孔材料表面的压力分布，使得多孔材料内部冷却介质会发生显著的横向流动，流动的重新分配使得处于高压区的干扰位置处的冷却效果降低；激波干扰引起的局部压力梯度还会使得高温主流与冷却介质掺混加剧，同时壁面的恢复温度也随之升高，显著影响激波干扰局部位置处的冷却效果。     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.     

来流马赫数对射流矢量喷管内流场影响的动态模拟

以二维拉瓦尔喷管为对象,利用非定常雷诺平均N—S方程和RNGκ-ε两方程湍流模型对激波控制的射流推力矢量喷管非定常流场进行研究,分析了来流马赫数连续变化对喷管流场的影响,得出喷管推力性能的变化规律。结果表明：在亚声速来流中,轴向力随飞行马赫数增加而小幅上升,侧向力变化不大;在跨声速来流中,轴向推力和侧向推力都急剧下降;...     

“人字形小肋”对激波/边界层干扰的影响研究

在曼彻斯特大学跨声速风洞开展激波/边界层干扰及“人字形小肋”对其影响的实验研究。在马赫数1.85流场条件下，应用高速纹影、油流、皮托压力测量和基于压敏漆的壁面压力测量技术，研究“人字形小肋”流动控制方法对激波/边界层干扰的流动分离结构与尺寸、压力分布特性与波系特征等影响。结果显示激波/边界层干扰诱发流动分离，分离区呈现三维特征，在“人字形小肋”的作用下，分离线呈现“波浪”形且整体向上游移动，干扰区流向尺寸增大，分离区高度减小且长度略增大，再附区的压力极值降低，这些特征与叶片、尖楔等微涡发生器的影响趋势相反。下一步工作中，拟针对“人字形小肋”开展参数优化研究，“人字形小肋”可能成为降低激波/边界层干扰诱发的高热流载荷的有效方法。     

流体式高超声速可调进气道流动机理及工作特性分析

针对基于二次流控制的定几何高超声速可调进气道设计概念,给出了其具体的流道实现方案,而后通过全流道仿真分析,检验了该可调进气道在马赫数4~6范围内的可实现性,获得了其工作特性,并对弯曲激波后的总压损失特性、二次流的能量获取及消耗机制等流动机理进行了专门分析。结果表明：该流体式可调进气道能够依靠自身高压驱动二次流来实现对口部波系的调节,使进气道在低马赫数下的流量系数相对于常规定几何高超声速进气道提高24%以上,总压恢复提高7%左右,且最大二次流消耗量只占了进气道捕获流量的1.6%左右。另外,虽然弯曲激波的波后总压和马赫数分布表现出了一定的不均匀性,但是其平均总压恢复系数与相同倾角平面激波相比下降不大。二次流循环流动所消耗的机械能由外部外流剪切力做功补充,而二次流注入会使当地边界层的速度型变得瘦弱,形状因子增大。     

非对称来流下带后掠斜楔的短隔离段实验研究

为了提高超燃冲压发动机隔离段耐反压能力以及缩短其长度,在前期后掠斜楔数值研究基础上,设计了一种带后掠斜楔的隔离段,斜楔放置在隔离段进口的下壁面上,距隔离段进口长度约15%处,在非对称的隔离段进口来流速度为1.98马赫数的条件下完成吹风实验.实验结果表明,隔离段添加后掠斜楔后的最大承受反压从来流静压的3.55倍上升到3.90倍,提高了9.89%.相同反压下,带后掠斜楔的短隔离段长度缩短了15%.相同长度的带后掠斜楔的隔离段出口平均总压恢复系数由基准隔离段的0.694上升到0.710,提高了2.3%.     

真实气体效应对高超声速轨道器气动特性的影响

基于一个7组元6反应动力学模型，采用NND差分格式求解化学反应Navier-Stokes方程，数值研究高超声速轨道器的绕流特性。重点讨论了轨道器气动特性在真实气体效应作用下对不同来流状态和不同舵偏角的敏感性。研究表明：真实气体效应主要发生在物面附近很薄的激波层内，缩短了激波的脱体距离，使激波层变薄，流动变量的梯度变大；空气的离解和电离导致轨道器的阻力系数比完全气体计算值低，压心位置前移。小攻角下，升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的真实气体计算值高于完全气体计算值，大攻角情形则相反。此外，小攻角时真实气体效应产生小低头力矩，而大攻角时产生小抬头力矩。单就舵面而言，真实气体效应使其阻力系数增大，使其升力系数和俯仰力矩系数在小攻角且非负舵偏角时变小，在大攻角且负舵偏角时变大。特别地，真实气体效应仅在零攻角且零舵偏角时对舵面的压心位置产生较大影响。