高超声速进气道等直隔离段的反压特性研究

为了研究高超声速进气道等直隔离段的反压特性,对均匀来流和有斜波入射(非均匀)情况下的等直隔离段内流场进行了数值分析。研究了不同来流马赫数下等直隔离段在不同反压作用下的流动特征,分析了激波串的变化规律以及激波串长度与反压的关系,明确了激波串名义长度与激波串长度的概念。结果表明,随着反压的增加,激波串起始位置前移、名义长度增加,计算值与Waltrup-Billig经验式吻合很好;激波串长度逐渐减小,并给出了激波串长度与反压比的拟合关系。当接近最大承受反压时,激波串由斜激波串逐渐变为正激波串,其对气流的压缩作用接近于正激波的压缩效果。当来流非均匀时,隔离段内形成不对称的单边激波串结构,且最大承受反压下无正激波串出现。     

中心线偏置对隔离段性能的影响研究

在隔离段入口马赫数2.0条件下对二维中心线偏置隔离段流场进行了数值计算,并与直隔离段结果进行对比,分析了两种偏置方式对隔离段流场结构及性能特征的影响,重点研究了隔离段的总压恢复性能和抗反压性能,并考察了管道扩张角对结果的影响.结果表明,出口反压较低时,直隔离段总压恢复性能优于折线隔离段;反压较高时,两者总压恢复性能大致相当.S弯隔离段总压恢复性能介于两者之间.对相同扩张比隔离段而言,直隔离段抗反压性能最强,折线隔离段次之,S弯隔离段最差.扩张隔离段的抗反压性能增强,但在同-反压条件下的总压恢复性能下降.     

隔离段对二维混压式进气道出口参数的影响

利用Fluent仿真软件,对二维混压式高超音速前体/进气道在设计状态和非设计状态下的性能和流场进行了计算。分析表明,进气道在设计状态下的性能得到了明显的提高。同时,有无隔离段以及隔离段长度对进气道出口参数的影响,文中进行了初步的分析,结果表明:有无隔离段以及隔离段长度对进气道出口总温没有太大的影响;隔离段较短时,进气道出口总压比无隔离段小,但当隔离段长度增大到一定值后,进气道出口总压比无隔离段大;隔离段较短时,进气道出口马赫数比无隔离段大,但当隔离段长度增大到一定值后,进气道出口马赫数比无隔离段小。     

超燃冲压发动机S弯隔离段激波串数值研究

S弯隔离段可以解决进气道出口和燃烧室入口处在不同水平高度的飞行器在结构设计上的困难.为考察来流马赫数为2.0时S弯构型对隔离段流场结构和性能参数的影响,在不同边界条件下对3种不同转弯方式的S弯隔离段和等直隔离段进行数值模拟.结果表明,在流场结构方面,S弯隔离段入口拐角处出现斜激波/膨胀波的相交与反射,上、下壁面分离区交替扩大、缩小.在抗反压性能方面,中心对称型和后部转弯较急型隔离段性能稍逊于等直隔离段,前部转弯较急型隔离段性能与等直隔离段相当.在总压恢复性能方面,高反压时前部转弯较急型隔离段性能最好,但在低反压时流场存在剧烈振荡,总压恢复性能最差.因此工作在高反压条件下的隔离段推荐采用前部转弯较急型,而低反压条件下则采用另外两种比较合适.入口边界层厚度对S弯隔离段流场结构和性能的影响有限.     

隔离段尺度效应初探

随着超燃冲压发动机规模不断扩大,隔离段尺度效应非常突出,利用准一维隔离段分析模型,对3种截面积的矩形截面和圆形截面隔离段的尺度效应进行计算分析。初步结果表明:隔离段入口边界层发展情况是影响压力分布及隔离段长度的重要因素;在给定的压升条件下,相同尺度的圆形截面隔离段比矩形截面隔离段长;隔离段长度不与入口水力直径呈线性关系,即隔离段长度不能几何缩比;隔离段尺度越大,尺度影响越显著。     

斜激波串与上游激波干扰特性试验研究

为研究斜激波串在背压条件下前移与上游激波相互干扰的流场结构和运动规律，在来流为马赫数 2.7 的直管道内设计一种等宽度斜楔，采用动态压力测量、高速纹影和粒子图像测速(PIV)技术等手段进行了试验。研究结果表明：内置斜楔在管道内产生入射激波、分离激波、膨胀波、再附激波和激波诱导分离等复杂上游激波流场，在分离区附近形成有顺压梯度和逆压梯度的区域。当增大下游压比时，斜激波串逐渐向上游激波流场移动；经过斜楔产生的分离区时，斜激波串的移动速度急剧提升，同时出现非对称分离偏转方向的切换。对比了三种长度尺寸的等楔角斜楔所产生的上游激波流场的差异性，发现在相同的斜楔前缘起始点和楔角时，随着斜楔长度的增加，上游激波流场中激波诱导的分离尺度逐渐变大。     

RBCC发动机不同构型隔离段流场仿真

为探究椭圆微扩和异形变截面这两种结构隔离段对RBCC发动机推力性能的影响,以某构型RBCC发动机试验件为研究对象,对比了地面试验与数值模拟发动机下壁面中心线上的静压分布,验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。在来流马赫数为3、余气系数为1.5的工况下,通过数值模拟对两种隔离段构型下RBCC发动机燃烧室内的流动燃烧过程及发动机的推力性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:异形变截面隔离段的抗反压性能明显低于椭圆微扩隔离段;当燃料释热较为集中,燃烧室内压升比相对较大时,异形变截面隔离段的下壁面处会产生较大的流动分离区,且一直向下游延伸,进入燃烧室,使得燃烧室入口的流场均匀性较差,从而降低发动机的推力性能。     

RBCC火箭对直扩通道抗反压能力的影响研究

提高直扩通道抗反压能力,改善进气道/燃烧室匹配特性,是RBCC研究的重要方向。本文研究了在隔离段出口位置布置火箭对直扩通道的抗反压能力的影响,并对比了火箭中心和侧壁布置方式下的数值仿真结果。研究表明:火箭射流可以提高直扩通道的抗反压能力,且抗反压上限和火箭室压呈现出较好的线性关系;火箭侧壁布置较中心布置抗反压能力稍强;火箭侧壁布置,火箭高室压和高反压条件下,背压激波以正激波形态存在。     

弹用双进气道耦合特性（英文）

针对某弹用双进气道系统之间的耦合特性进行数值模拟和风洞试验研究。结果表明,双侧进气道均不起动后,减小反压至16.9倍来流静压时,迎风侧进气道先起动,而背风侧进气道需要大幅降低反压至8.9倍来流静压才能实现再起动;有弹体侧滑角状态下,双进气道的背风侧进气道处于临界时,性能达到最大。     

二维超声速进气道扩张段性能计算

研究了一种二维超声速进气道扩张段型面的中心线变化规律、扩张比及中心线偏距对设计状态下进气道的气动性能及流场的影响。结果表明:采用前缓后急中心线变化规律的进气道出口总压恢复系数最高,而采用前急后缓中心线变化规律的进气道总压恢复系数最低;随着扩张比从1.40增大到1.80,进气道总压恢复系数和抗反压能力均下降,出口马赫数上升,扩张比与长度对进气道出口参数的影响存在较强的耦合关系;随着偏距比的增加,进气道总压恢复系数起初有一定的升高,但偏距比增大到0.80之后,总压恢复系数降低,出口马赫数增大,总体上偏距比变化对进气道抗反压能力影响不大。     

Numerical investigation on the shock wave transition in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator

The scramjet isolator, which is used to prevent the hypersonic inlet from disturbances that arise from the pressure rise in the scramjet combustor due to the intense turbulent combustion, is one of the most critical components in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems. Any engineering error that is possible in the design and manufacturing procedure of the experimental model, and the intense heat release in the scramjet combustor, may cause the performance of the isolator to decrease, leading to its lack of capability in supporting the back pressure. The coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation standard k?ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow fields in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator. The effects of the divergent angle and the back pressure on the shock wave transition and the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train have been estimated and discussed. The obtained results show that the present numerical results are in very good agreement with the available experimental shadow-pictures, and the numerical method is more suitable for capturing the shock wave train and predicting the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train in the scramjet isolator than the present two-dimensional numerical methods. This is due to the small width-to-height ratio of the isolator and the intense three-dimensional flow structures. On increasing the divergent angle of the scramjet isolator, the static pressure along the central symmetrical line of the isolator decreases sharply. This is due to the strong expansion wave generated at the entrance of the isolator, and when the divergent angle of the isolator is sufficiently large, namely 1.5°, a zone of negative pressure is formed just ahead of the leading edge of the shock wave train. At the same time, the shock wave train varies from being oblique to being normal, and then back to oblique. With an increase in the prescribed back pressure at the exit of the scramjet isolator, the leading edge of the shock wave train moves forward towards the entrance of the isolator, and when the back pressure is sufficiently large, unstart conditions in the hypersonic inlet can take place if the shock train reaches the inlet.     

Performance evaluation and parametric analysis on cantilevered ramp injector in supersonic flows

The cantilevered ramp injector is one of the most promising candidates for the mixing enhancement between the fuel and the supersonic air, and its parametric analysis has drawn an increasing attention of researchers. The flow field characteristics and the drag force of the cantilevered ramp injector in the supersonic flow with the freestream Mach number 2.0 have been investigated numerically, and the predicted injectant mole fraction and static pressure profiles have been compared with the available experimental data in the open literature. At the same time, the grid independency analysis has been performed by using the coarse, the moderate and the refined grid scales, and the influence of the turbulence model on the flow field of the cantilevered ramp injector has been carried on as well. Further, the effects of the swept angle, the ramp angle and the length of the step on the performance of the cantilevered ramp injector have been discussed subsequently. The obtained results show that the grid scale has only a slight impact on the flow field of the cantilevered ramp injector except in the region near the fuel injector, and the predicted results show reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Additionally, the turbulence model makes a slight difference to the numerical results, and the results obtained by the RNG k−ε and SST k−ω turbulence models are almost the same. The swept angle and the ramp angle have the same impact on the performance of the cantilevered ramp injector, and the kidney-shaped plume is formed with shorter distance with the increase of the swept and ramp angles. At the same time, the shape of the injectant mole fraction contour at X/H=6 goes through a transition from a peach-shaped plume to a kidney-shaped plume, and the cantilevered ramp injector with larger swept and ramp angles has the higher mixing efficiency and the larger drag force. The length of the step has only a slight impact on the drag force performance of the cantilevered ramp injector. However, it makes a difference to the flow field in the vicinity of the fuel injector, and the subsonic region becomes narrower with the increase of the length of the step.     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.     

局部后掠型栅格舵的气动特性研究

针对栅格舵(翼)技术的主要缺点——跨声速壅塞和阻力高的问题。以简化栅格为研究对象,采用数值分析方法开展了P型和V型局部后掠对气动特性的影响研究,并开展了不同后掠角对气动特性的影响研究。研究发现,局部后掠方式能够弱化或消除亚声速背风区的分离问题,减小跨声速区激波与边界层干扰,解决栅格舵固有的跨声速壅塞和阻力大的问题。局部后掠对栅格减阻有显著效果,尤其是高超声速段,同时能够增加单位浸润面积的法向力,从而提高栅格舵的操纵效率。     

进气道堵盖打开过程数值模拟

为获得整体式固冲发动机转级过程中进气道堵盖(包括入口堵盖与出口堵盖)打开过程的流动形态,建立了进气道二维模型,利用Fluent动网格技术和UDF方法,开展了进气道堵盖打开过程非稳态流场研究。结果表明,在入口堵盖打开前,进气道前端形成强烈的弓形激波;在入口打开、出口未开的过程中,沿进气道轴向各监测点压强呈现周期性变化,振荡频率为100 Hz左右,出口堵盖位置压强振荡幅值为0.53 MPa;在出口打开后,补燃室残余热量形成的压强峰导致进气道在短时间内无法起动,随着背压降低至小于进气道再起动反压,进气道完全起动。     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段内附面层/激波串相互干扰研究

隔离段内激波串的产生和发展以及激波/附面层相互干扰现象是极为复杂的,有效地进行激波串的组织是研究隔离段的关键所在,而其性能的好坏直接影响着超燃冲压发动机的性能。采用数值模拟的方法对不同来流附面层厚度工况的二维轴对称隔离段内流场流动特性进行了数值计算,分析了附面层/激波相互作用机理和附面层对隔离段激波串及隔离段性能的影响。结构表明:压缩-膨胀-再压缩-再膨胀……的气流流动挤压过程导致激波串的形成,逆压梯度的存在构成了附面层分离;附面层厚度的增加影响着激波串起始位置和结构;随着附面层厚度的增加,出口总压恢复系数和质量平均马赫数降低,且随着反压增大,变化趋势趋于明显。     

Design exploration for a single expansion ramp nozzle (SERN) using data mining

The single expansion ramp nozzle is an essential component for hypersonic vehicles to improve their internal/external integral level and produce most of the thrust force. The two-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation RNG k–ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow field in a single expansion ramp nozzle, and the interactions between the parametric parameters and the objective functions, namely the thrust force and the lift force, have been investigated by using the data mining technique coupled with a design of the experiment. The obtained results show that the physical model has a good two-dimensional structure, and the numerical results show very good agreement with the available experimental data. At the same time, the grid scale has only a slight impact on the pressure distribution. The influences of the horizontal length of the inner nozzle, the external expansion ramp and the internal cowl expansion on the thrust force performance are substantial, as are the effects of the internal cowl expansion and the external expansion ramp on the lift force performance. Further, optimized configurations of the single expansion ramp nozzle are obtained by using single- and multi-objective design optimization methods coupled with the Kriging surrogate model, and the optimized performances show very good agreement with the numerical predictions. The discrepancies between the optimized performances and the numerical predictions are less than 0.05%, and the method proposed in this paper is efficient in designing and optimizing the nozzle configuration.     

超声速升力面线化非定常气动载荷计算

本文采用等压面元法计算了超声速升力面线化非定常气动载荷。算例给出了矩形翼、后掠翼、箭形翼以及前后翼的计算结果，与其他理论结果以及实验数据符合良好。方法具有使用方便，外形适应性强，适合于小攻角、减缩频率不高的情形。