Backstepping sliding-mode control of stratospheric airships using disturbance-observer

In the presence of unknown disturbances and model parameter uncertainties, this paper develop a nonlinear backstepping sliding-mode controller (BSMC) for trajectory tracking control of a stratospheric airship using a disturbance-observer (DO). Compared with the conventional sliding mode surface (SMS) constructed by a linear combination of the errors, the new SMS manifold is selected as the last back-step error to improve independence of the adjustment of the controller gains. Furthermore, a nonlinear disturbance-observer is designed to process unknown disturbance inputs and improve the BSMC performances. The closed-loop system of trajectory tracking control plant is proved to be globally asymptotically stable by using Lyapunov theory. By comparing with traditional backstepping control and SMC design, the results obtained demonstrate the capacity of the airship to execute a realistic trajectory tracking mission, even in the presence of unknown disturbances, and aerodynamic coefficient uncertainties.     

Matching trajectory optimization and nonlinear tracking control for HALE

This paper concerns optimal trajectory generation and nonlinear tracking control for stratospheric airship platform of VIA-200. To compensate for the mismatch between the point-mass model of optimal trajectory and the 6-DOF model of the nonlinear tracking problem, a new matching trajectory optimization approach is proposed. The proposed idea reduces the dissimilarity of both problems and reduces the uncertainties in the nonlinear equations of motion for stratospheric airship. In addition, its refined optimal trajectories yield better results under jet stream conditions during flight. The resultant optimal trajectories of VIA-200 are full three-dimensional ascent flight trajectories reflecting the realistic constraints of flight conditions and airship performance with and without a jet stream. Finally, 6-DOF nonlinear equations of motion are derived, including a moving wind field, and the vectorial backstepping approach is applied. The desirable tracking performance is demonstrated that application of the proposed matching optimization method enables the smooth linkage of trajectory optimization to tracking control problems.     

Robust three-dimensional path-following control for an under-actuated stratospheric airship

This paper proposes a robust three-dimensional (3-D) path-following controller for an under-actuated stratospheric airship in the presence of uncertainties. The resultant control system exhibits an inner-outer loop control structure. In the outer control loop, the path-following error dynamics is constructed in a moving Serret-Frenet frame and a new guidance law with the sideslip and attack angle compensation is designed, which decreases the path-following steady-state error. In the inner control loop, a disturbance observer based backstepping control law is proposed to achieve the desired dynamic behavior on the path. Furthermore, a new velocity tracking control strategy is developed which aligns the resultant velocity tangent to the path. Finally, numerical simulation results are shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.     

平流层飞艇巡航姿态自适应神经网络补偿控制

 研究了一种基于自适应神经网络补偿的平流层飞艇前向速度与姿态控制系统设计方法。针对近似模型进行常规线性动态补偿器设计,并引入自适应径向基函数(Radial Basis Function, RBF)神经网络对模型误差进行补偿。根据Lyapunov方法得到神经网络权值自适应律,保证了闭环系统误差信号一致最终有界。该控制器设计对模型参数信息仅有较少的要求。仿真结果表明对于两类不同的飞艇模型,所设计的控制器在响应性及对未知环境风速作用的鲁棒性方面均具有良好的效果。     

Ascent trajectory optimization for stratospheric airship with thermal effects

Ascent trajectory optimization with thermal effects is addressed for a stratospheric airship. Basic thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship are introduced. Besides, the airship’s equations of motion are constructed by including the factors about aerodynamic force, added mass and wind profiles which are developed based on horizontal-wind model. For both minimum-time and minimum-energy flights during ascent, the trajectory optimization problem is described with the path and terminal constraints in different scenarios and then, is converted into a parameter optimization problem by a direct collocation method. Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer(SNOPT) is employed as a nonlinear programming solver and two scenarios are adopted. The solutions obtained illustrate that the trajectories are greatly affected by the thermal behaviors which prolong the daytime minimum-time flights of about 20.8% compared with that of nighttime in scenario 1 and of about 10.5% in scenario 2. And there is the same trend for minimum-energy flights. For the energy consumption of minimum-time flights, 6% decrease is abstained in scenario 1 and 5% decrease in scenario 2. However, a few energy consumption reduction is achieved for minimum-energy flights. Solar radiation is the principal component and the natural wind also affects the thermal behaviors of stratospheric airship during ascent. The relationship between take-off time and performance of airship during ascent is discussed. it is found that the take-off time at dusk is best choice for stratospheric airship. And in addition, for saving energy, airship prefers to fly downwind.     

Station-keeping control for a stratospheric airship platform via fuzzy adaptive backstepping approach

This paper presents a novel approach for station-keeping control of a stratospheric airship platform in the presence of parametric uncertainty and external disturbance. First, conceptual design of the stratospheric airship platform is introduced, including the target mission, configuration, energy sources, propeller and payload. Second, the dynamics model of the airship platform is presented, and the mathematical model of its horizontal motion is derived. Third, a fuzzy adaptive backstepping control approach is proposed to develop the station-keeping control system for the simplified horizontal motion. The backstepping controller is designed assuming that the airship model is accurately known, and a fuzzy adaptive algorithm is used to approximate the uncertainty of the airship model. The stability of the closed-loop control system is proven via the Lyapunov theorem. Finally, simulation results illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control approach.     

卫星姿态大角度机动的轨迹规划和模型预测与反演控制

空间科学观测、态势感知、对地遥感、操控服务等应用对卫星提出了高精度、高稳定度、平稳柔顺大角度姿态机动的需求。采用欧拉角形式,对时变、非线性卫星姿态动力学系统进行了分析与建模,将每一个测控周期视为一个姿态机动过程。基于动力学系统受控运动的规律,在每一个姿态跟踪机动过程中,预测姿态偏差,通过卫星姿态演化的反演得到控制指令。以三角函数为基础,设计了一种卫星姿态大角度机动的运动轨迹规划方法。本文所述的轨迹规划及控制方法具有轨迹跟踪精度高、稳定性好,跟踪和机动过程平稳柔顺的特点。数学仿真验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。 关键词：轨迹规划; 模型预测与反演控制; 卫星姿态; 大角度机动     

一种翻滚非合作航天器抵近绕飞避障轨迹规划和跟踪控制方法

针对空间无人在轨服务任务中翻滚非合作航天器抵近、绕飞和避障问题,在目标特征部位本体坐标系,建立了轨道和姿态相对运动模型.设计了抵近和绕飞策略,以抵近轨迹的燃料和时间最优为目标函数,考虑规避障碍物情况,结合动力学和路径等约束条件进行轨迹规划,最后采用高斯伪谱法对连续最优控制问题进行离散转化,对转化后的非线性规划问题进行求解,得出最优路径.同时基于轨道和姿态协同的六自由度轨迹跟踪误差模型,设计了全状态反馈轨迹跟踪控制律,在相对运动姿态和轨道模型的基础上,对控制过程进行了闭环仿真验证,结果表明了姿轨耦合轨迹跟踪控制律的有效性和稳定性.     

刚体航天器大角度姿态机动控制算法

针对刚体航天器在参数不确定及环境扰动情况下的大角度姿态机动问题,提出一种自适应离散变结构姿态控制算法.建立包含航天器姿态运动学及动力学的仿射模型,并精确反馈线性化解耦;对得到的各线性动态方程离散化处理,由离散指数趋近律推导了参数化的离散变结构姿态控制律.最后基于Lyapunov稳定性理论设计了控制参数的自适应更新律,有效克服了模型中的各时变项及干扰项影响.仿真结果表明,该算法可有效减小干扰引起的姿态指令角跟踪偏差,确保了大角度姿态机动控制的精确性与鲁棒性,并且消除了常规变结构控制的抖振现象.     

对失效卫星特征点的自适应位姿跟踪控制

为满足对失效卫星上某个特征点位置悬停的同时使追踪星上敏感器指向该特征点,展开了对失效卫星特征点与追踪星间相对动力学建模与控制的研究。在追踪星本体坐标系下建立了六自由度相对位姿动力学模型,并结合失效卫星上特征点的运动规律,给出追踪星的期望跟踪位置和期望跟踪姿态。考虑到追踪星质量、转动惯量、系统所受扰动力、扰动力矩及失效卫星转动惯量的不确定性,设计了复合自适应位姿跟踪控制律,并通过Lyapunov法证明了闭环系统稳定性。对输出受限情况,采取设计控制参数调节过程及输出限幅措施。在仿真条件下,系统在自适应控制律下能够以位置误差约1cm、姿态误差约0.01°完成位姿跟踪任务;增大不确定参数偏差后,位置跟踪误差增至约7cm,姿态误差增至约0.1°;对控制参数进行调节后,可在不影响跟踪精度的条件下在指定范围内限制输出幅值,将幅值限制在指定范围内,并减小控制所需冲量的9%和冲量矩的30%。     

基于微分器的轨迹线性化控制方法及其应用

针对当前轨迹线性化控制(TLC)方法对系统中的不确定性存在鲁棒性不足的问题,受非线性跟踪微分器设计思路的启发,提出了一种基于微分器设计原则的轨迹线性化控制方法.首先,引入二阶线性微分器(SOLD)的概念,通过理论分析指出了当前轨迹线性化控制方法中采用一阶惯性+伪微分器求取标称指令的微分信号时,会存在与二阶线性微分器类似的峰值现象,随后利用韩式跟踪微分器(TD)求取标称指令及其微分信号,避免了该现象的同时又赋予了系统在控制量的约束范围内调节响应快慢的能力;其次,通过构造期望的闭环系统,跟踪误差动态,直接获取线性时变(LTV)系统的控制量, 使得参数整定不再依赖于并行微分(PD)谱理论,在此基础上,将混合微分器(HD)的非摄动形式等价为期望的闭环系统跟踪误差动态,以提升轨迹线性化控制方法的鲁棒性,同时借助Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了受扰系统的跟踪误差最终一致有界;最后,利用所提出的轨迹线性化控制方法设计了高超声速飞行器的姿控系统并进行了相应的仿真.结果表明:存在大范围气动参数摄动的情况下,本方法仍具有较好的控制性能及抗干扰能力,能够满足高超声速飞行器快时变、高精度以及强鲁棒的控制需求.      

航天器相对姿态跟踪的非线性前馈控制

针对航天器相对姿态跟踪过程中严重的非线性及控制器设计的复杂性,建立了基于修正罗德里格斯参数的航天器相对姿态运动学和动力学方程并根据Lyapunov直接法设计了非线性前馈控制律.设计的控制律不仅保证闭环系统稳定,还使得航天器相对姿态跟踪误差快速收敛到零点邻域内.通过在Matlab/Simulink环境下对航天器相对姿态跟踪进行数值仿真,验证了建立模型和设计控制律的有效性.     

Adaptive fuzzy neural network control for a space manipulator in the presence of output constraints and input nonlinearities

Space manipulator is considered as one of the most promising technologies for future space activities owing to its important role in various on-orbit serving missions. In this paper, a novel adaptive fuzzy neural network (FNN) control scheme is proposed for the trajectory tracking control of an attitude-controlled free-flying space manipulator in the presence of output constraints and input nonlinearities. The parametric uncertainties and external disturbances are also taken into the consideration. First, a model-based controller is designed by using the barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) to prevent the position tracking errors from violating the predefined output constraints. Then, an adaptive FNN controller is designed by using two FNNs to compensate for the lumped uncertainties and input nonlinearities, respectively. Rigorous theoretical analysis for the semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness of the whole closed-loop system is provided. The proposed adaptive FNN controller can guarantee the position and velocity tracking errors converge to the small neighborhoods about zero, while ensuring the position tracking errors within the output constraints even in the presence of input nonlinearities. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are relatively few existing controllers can achieve such excellent control performance in the same conditions. Numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme.     

基于微小卫星合作博弈的失效航天器姿态接管控制

针对多颗微小卫星接管控制失效航天器姿态运动的问题,提出了一种基于多颗微小卫星合作博弈实现对失效航天器姿态接管控制的方法。首先,面向失效航天器姿态接管控制任务需求,设计了各颗微小卫星的局部目标函数,并在考虑多颗微小卫星与失效航天器所形成组合体的动力学约束、微小卫星控制约束的情况下,建立了多颗微小卫星的合作博弈模型。其次,为实现失效航天器对时变期望姿态轨迹的跟踪,在合理设计期望姿态轨迹的基础上,通过构建组合体增广姿态运动方程,将跟踪期望姿态轨迹的要求描述为微小卫星合作博弈控制问题中的一组约束,并建立了多颗微小卫星控制失效航天器跟踪时变轨迹的合作博弈帕累托最优策略的求解框架。最后,对微小卫星合作博弈控制方法的有效性进行仿真验证,结果表明：该方法能够在不需要进行微小卫星控制分配的情况下,通过多颗微小卫星的合作博弈实现对失效航天器的姿态接管控制。与传统方法相比,这种控制方法可避免进行微小卫星之间的控制分配,能够实现微小卫星能量消耗的全局最优且设计简单便于考虑微小卫星的控制约束。     

三维充液航天器的位置和姿态联合控制

考虑充液月球着陆器悬停避障阶段的控制问题,采用三维球摆作为液体晃动部分的等效模型.针对球摆与刚体耦合的三维动力学模型,给出动力学模型的矢量方程及各矢量在本体系的投影坐标,设计位置和姿态联合控制器.所设计的控制器可以稳定航天器刚体的位置和姿态,且只依赖刚体的位置和姿态,不依赖晃动角或者动力学方程,利于工程应用.利用LaSalle不变原理分析闭环系统的稳定性,给出期望姿态为竖直时系统渐近稳定的控制器参数选择依据.最后数值仿真验证控制方法的有效性.     

基于逆动力学的机动轨迹跟踪器设计算法

针对机动轨迹动力学非线性非仿射特性,建立了基于质心逆动力学的开环指令和基于非线性动态逆原理进行反馈补偿的混合逆控制方法,设计了机动轨迹跟踪控制器;并以常规机动如"S"形转弯、过失速机动如Herbst转弯等多种战术动作为例进行仿真,结果表明机动轨迹跟踪器设计算法能够胜任常规和过失速机动跟踪的需要,实时性强,延迟合理,跟踪精度高.      

空间机器人的目标捕获自适应控制

首先推导了基座姿态受控空间机器人系统运动学关系,得到了广义雅可比矩阵。根据目标的运动来规划机械臂末端在惯性空间的期望轨迹。对机器人动力学和运动学关系式进行线性参数比,分别对动力学待估参数和运动学待估参数设计在线修正律,在关节空间采用自适应控制。对于存在动力学参数不确知的机器人系统,算法保证了系统的渐近稳定,在成目标捕获任务的同时,控制基座姿态保持在期望范围之内。以平面两关节空间机器人系统为对象进行了仿真,结果表明了算法的可行性和有效性。     

控制力矩陀螺驱动的空间机器人轨迹跟踪控制

提出一种新的空间机器人设计概念,并研究其轨迹跟踪控制问题.系统中的各机械臂以自由球铰连接,在机器人平台和每节机械臂上均安装有一组控制力矩陀螺（CMGs,Control Moment Gyroscopes）作为控制力矩执行机构.采用改进的罗格里得斯参数（MRPs,Modified Rodrigues Parameters）描述平台和各节机械臂的姿态,利用Kane方程建立了系统的动力学模型.在此基础上,用逆动力学方法设计了系统的轨迹跟踪控制律,用以实现卫星平台的位置/姿态和机械臂末端作用器位置的轨迹跟踪控制.采用带有零运动的CMGs操纵律以使CMGs准确输出力矩并回避构型奇异.基于两关节机械臂系统和金字塔构型CMGs的数值仿真结果验证了所设计的控制律和操纵律的有效性,以及自由球铰连接方式在提高末端作用器运动自由度和降低系统动力学耦合方面的优越性.      

面向重心变化的自适应飞行控制系统设计

重心的变化直接影响飞机本身的控制特性,使得控制系统设计更为复杂.针对已有方法模型依赖性强、鲁棒性差的局限性,提出了一种面向重心变化的非线性自适应飞行控制系统设计方法.该方法基于逆动力学理论和重心在线估计系统设计标称控制律,在此基础上引入自适应滑模控制单元来构建自适应补偿控制律,其中滑模控制用于保证控制的鲁棒性和稳定性,而自适应单元则通过对模型不确定性和重心估计误差的估计及补偿提高控制的适应性和控制性能.结合Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了闭环系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明:该方法能有效地实现对系统未知不确定因素的补偿,具有较强的鲁棒性.