航天器柔性主动展开技术与应用进展

针对柔性主动展开技术在航天领域应用过程中的关键问题,调研了航天器柔性主动展开技术的应用现状,并从功能特性和展开形式对航天器柔性主动展开装置进行了分类。通过对航天器柔性主动展开装置工作过程中关键环节的剖析,明确了航天器柔性主动展开技术的技术内涵,归纳形成了折叠包装技术、柔性结构展开过程动力学分析、刚-柔耦合系统动力学分析等技术难点与关键技术。之后,对柔性主动展开技术在基础技术理论方面的关键技术进行了分析总结,梳理了柔性主动展开技术在相关领域广泛工程应用还需攻克的关键技术难题,并对相关研究方向的发展提出了建议,以期能牵引相关技术方向的发展。文章最后,对柔性主动展开技术在各应用领域的应用前景和技术发展进行了展望。     

模块化构架式空间可展开天线支撑机构设计

针对空间可展开天线大口径发展趋势的需求,提出一种模块化构架式可展开天线支撑机构。首先,基于机构学基本理论,对机构的结构组成、展开原理及锁紧方案等开展了总体结构方案设计;其次,从肋单元尺寸确定、运动学仿真分析、结构实体设计、缓释装置设计等4个方面开展了支撑机构结构设计与分析;最后,研制了一套模块化构架式可展开天线支撑机构原理样机,并在微重力装置上开展了展开功能试验。试验结果表明:依据设计方案研制的支撑机构,其展开过程平缓、顺畅,展开到位后能够顺利实现锁紧,验证了设计的正确性与可行性。所提出的可展开天线支撑机构及其设计与分析方法可为其它类型可展开天线的设计及研究提供参考。     

一种形状记忆合金压紧释放装置设计与试验

研制了一种压紧释放装置,利用分组滚棒减小释放阻力,采用微小间隙(≤0.05mm)主动控制压紧面横向位移,由形状记忆合金(SMA)丝作为装置驱动源。文章提出了求解释放阻力与SMA回复力的设计方法,并对部件关键参数进行了设计与分析。经过试验验证,在预紧载荷12 000N、供电电流2A、-15℃真空环境下,释放时间为7.6s。与测量结果相比,释放时间与回复位移计算误差小于5%。此SMA压紧释放装置结构简单、功耗低、压紧面滑动微小,适用于精密展开部件的压紧与释放。     

某卫星大型天线真空低温展开试验

文章采用试验件主动控温的方法,完成了某卫星大型天线常压低温展开试验,对天线进行了展开控制和结构应变及展开阻力矩的测试,试验结果验证了天线在空间复杂温度环境中成功解锁、展开和锁定的能力,为大型空间展开机构的地面试验积累了经验。     

空间模拟碎片释放装置技术方案

为配合空间碎片主动清除技术的演示验证试验,提出了一种空间模拟碎片释放装置的技术方案:由模拟碎片及分离解锁装置组成。模拟碎片不具备任何合作特征,最初通过压紧杆与分离解锁装置相连,释放时由火工切割器切断压紧杆,模拟碎片在压缩弹簧的驱动下与分离解锁装置分离。最后,通过静载、模态、运动特性分析及分离解锁试验验证了该释放装置设计的正确性。     

用于卫星展开式平面天线的新型铰链研究

为保证卫星平面天线展开后工作面"无突出物和零板间缝隙",提出一种新型铰链设计。采用该铰链的天线展开后,铰链不会突出在天线上表面,不会对天线波束的发射带来干扰。基于ADAMS软件,建立了装有新型铰链的平面天线展开动力学模型;通过动力学分析和计算,确定了铰链设计的相关参数。根据设计参数和平面天线的安装要求,研制了3套铰链样机,并进行了多次展开试验验证。试验结果表明:装有该新型铰链的天线展开动作平稳,同步性好,联动装置中的绳索在天线展开过程中未出现松弛现象,因此新型铰链满足平面天线的使用要求,具有工程应用价值。     

空间对接试验台转动模拟装置的试验研究

针对空间对接试验台中二维转动实现的设计难点问题,提出了非常规应用的新型抗弯件及十字轴机械结构方案。使整个系统在大负载和高撞击力的特殊情况下,结构具有高可靠性;大大降低了转动摩擦力矩,使转动模拟装置具有良好的随动运动特性;结构尺寸紧凑,减小了与结构尺寸关系密切的航天器惯量模拟误差;质量轻,使试验台其余子系统的设计有一定余量。采用缩比方法研制了试验装置。试验结果表明,主动转动模拟装置的最大静摩擦力矩仅为8.8445Nm,远小于80 Nm的指标要求。所设计的转动模拟装置能够满足对接试验台总体和其它分系统的要求。     

典型杆状构架式展开机构

阐述了空间杆状构架展开机构中盘压杆和铰接杆两种类型装置的构成和工作原理。介绍了盘杆机构中盘压杆、支撑盘、贮存筒、锁定释放装置、展开控制、套筒展开装置、铰链、对角件和驱动装置等主要构件。讨论了杆状展开机构的主要参数确定原则和关键设计技术。最后给出了国外的部分应用实例。     

二维展开太阳翼地面展开试验装置设计与验证

针对二维展开太阳翼地面展开过程中重力卸载较困难的情况,设计了适用于二维展开太阳翼的地面展开重力卸载装置,建立了某二维太阳翼在此地面展开试验装置上的动力学模型并进行了动力学仿真分析,分析结果表明太阳翼能够正常展开并锁定,除了太阳翼一次和二次锁定前后瞬间,其余展开过程中吊挂绳索张力最大变化量仅为7％,展开后最大变化不超过2％;该试验装置在某太阳翼上的应用结果表明太阳翼展开前后吊挂绳索吊挂力变化不超过1 N.此试验装置可为其他空间二维展开机构的地面展开试验提供参考.     

空间站复合材料收紧装置刚度及静力试验分析

针对空间站柔性翼在展开及收拢状态，通过地面结构试验，对复合材料收紧装置试验件刚度及强度进行试验摸底。对试验项目进行设计，分别对面外刚度、面内刚度、0°工况强度、90°工况强度6个工况条件进行测试，获取了复合材料收紧装置试验件的刚度、强度数据。通过强度试验可知，Y向位移最大，X方向位移最小，且理论与实际偏差小于12%，证明复合材料收紧装置理论预测方法有效，可以为后续复合材料收紧装置结构优化及工艺制造提供有效理论支撑。     

Experiments and numerical simulations of an electrodynamic tether deployment from a spool-type reel using thrusters

The amount of space debris is ever increasing, and pollution of the space environment has become a serious problem that can no longer be ignored. Consequently, the active removal of large space debris from crowded economically useful orbits should begin as soon as possible. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has been investigating an active debris removal system that employs highly efficient electrodynamic tether (EDT) technology for orbital transfer. This study investigates the tether deployment from a spool-type reel using thrusters by means of numerical simulations of an EDT system. The thrusters are used in order to ensure the deployment of a tether with the length of several kilometers. In the simulations using a multiple mass tether model, the key parameters are estimated from various on-ground experiments. By means of the numerical simulations, the dynamics of tether deployment is studied and requirements of thruster needed for the deployment, such as the thrust forces and the periods of thruster activation, are clarified.     

舷外雷达有源诱饵在舰艇反导中的运用研究

阐述了舷外雷达有源诱饵的干扰机理,并对影响干扰效果的诱饵有效雷达截面积理论计算公式进行了推导,从中找出了影响诱饵有效雷达截面积大小的因素,通过对其中诱饵有效辐射功率和诱饵距反舰导弹距离因素的分析,提出了舰艇使用舷外雷达有源诱饵防御反舰导弹时,在发射时机、布放位置和干扰方位上应采取的措施。     

Structural design and static analysis of a double-ring deployable truss for mesh antennas

This paper addresses the structural design, the deployment control design, the static analysis and the model testing of a new double-ring deployable truss that is intended for large mesh antennas. This deployable truss is a multi-DOF (degree-of-freedom), over-constrained mechanism. Two kinds of deployable basic elements were introduced, as well as a process to synthesise the structure of the deployable truss. The geometric equations were formulated to determine the length of each strut, including the effects of the joint size. A DOF evaluation showed that the mechanism requires two active cables and requires deployment control. An open-loop control system was designed to control the rotational velocities of two motors. The structural stiffness of the truss was assessed by static analysis that considered the effects of the constraint condition and the pre-stress of the passive cables. A 4.2-metre demonstration model of an antenna was designed and fabricated. The geometry and the deployment behaviour of the double-ring truss were validated by the experiments using this model.     

空间绳网有控展开方法及优化

针对影响空间绳网展开性能的绳网回弹现象，提出了一种基于拖曳绳张力控制的绳网展开控制方法。首先，使用质心追逐描述绳网的回弹现象，并针对追逐过程提出了使用拖曳绳控制的绳网展开方法。其次，以有效展开位移为优化目标，提出了一种基于遗传算法的最佳控制力优化策略。最后，基于弹簧质点法建立了绳网的动力学模型，并通过数值仿真对比了无控、恒力和变力控制下绳网的展开性能。结果表明，控制力优化策略可以成功优化出所需控制力曲线，提出的有控展开方法可以大幅提高绳网的有效展开位移，提升绳网的展开性能。     

国外空间大型网状天线在轨展开故障与对策

空间大型网状天线在轨可靠展开是确保航天任务取得成功的关键。对国外自1974—2011年间发射的部分科学、商业和军用航天器携带的大型网状天线在轨展开故障情况进行了统计,介绍了各天线展开故障的机理,并对天线展开故障应急处理方法和设计改进措施进行了总结。根据空间大型天线展开的特点,提出了加强天线抗冲击能力、充分开展天线机构实验验证和展开故障应急处理预案研究等建议。     

Sensitivity studies of the deployment of a square inflatable solar sail with vanes

This paper summarizes the results of numerical experiments to determine the sensitivity of the final attitude of an inflatable solar sail with vanes after deployment to various parameters affecting the deployment process. These parameters are: in- and out-of-plane asymmetries during deployment, length inflation profile, and vane deployment failures. We show how robust the sail deployment is to geometric asymmetries before a 35° off-Sun angle is reached. Differential delays in the time to inflate the booms and a boom sweep-back angle affect the stability favorably. Adjacent vane failures to deploy affect the stability unfavorably, while the failure of opposing vanes is acceptable. Realistic boom length rate profiles obtained during ground tests are used in the simulation showing that failing adjacent vanes in conjunction with initial inflation delays in adjacent booms represent the worst case. We also demonstrate that by feeding back attitude and attitude rate measurements so that a corrective action is taken during the deployment, the final attitude can be maintained very close to the initial attitude, thus mitigating the attitude changes incurred during deployment.     

Analysis of dynamic behaviour of inflatable booms in zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns

The deployment behaviour of inflatable booms with zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns is experimentally and theoretically investigated in this paper with the aim to deploy the booms as the actuator for future deployable large-scale membrane structures. Regarding the experimental approach, the stable deployment of a modified zigzag folding pattern is demonstrated, and the relation between stable and unstable deployment behaviour is considered in relation to air pressure and flow rate. In terms of the theoretical approach, the folding process and deployment behaviour are simulated using commercially available software (PAM-CRACH and PAM-SAFE). To create folding lines from the zero stress condition in the case of analytical inflatable boom models, the stress distribution and the shapes of the folding lines are considered for the initial self-deployment behaviour and deployment behaviour using the uniform pressure method. From the folding experiments and the results of folding analyses and UPM, the deployment behaviour of inflatable boom models in zigzag and modified zigzag folding patterns is compared by using the finite point-set method. For the sequential deployment behaviour, which is difficult to replicate, the uniform pressure method is used for the calculations, and the relation between inlet air flow and stable deployment behaviour is discussed through comparison of the experimental and analytical results.     

环柱式天线展开过程耦合动力学分析

针对环柱式天线展开过程中斜拉绳索释放运动与桁架展开运动之间耦合动力学分析困难的问题,采用非线性欧拉梁单元对斜拉绳索建模,基于几何精确梁理论对环形桁架建模,提出了环柱式天线多体系统模型,实现了结构展开过程中绳索释放与桁架展开耦合动力学的精准仿真,揭示了绳索柔性等因素对桁架伸展起阻碍作用的机理。仿真结果表明,在环柱式天线展开过程中,减小绳索模量,降低绳索直径,采用单绳索分布设计,有利于提高桁架的展开稳定性。另外,绳索柔性对桁架展开中间阶段影响最为显著。该分析结果为环柱式天线在轨展开动力学预示和优化设计提供了指导作用。     

星载大型天线反射器桁架展开动力学建模仿真

以星载大型可展开天线为对象,研究了索网绷紧前天线反射器桁架在轨展开动力学过程。对大型天线展开机构特点和展开原理进行分析,建立了反射器桁架驱动和传动机构动力学模型。为避免初始时刻天线反射器切断铰约束方程雅克比矩阵奇异,以及小展开角情况下动力学方程左端系数矩阵数值性态差问题,提出了基于几何的替代约束求解方案。对星载大型天线在轨展开动力学过程进行了数值仿真,仿真结果表明,提出的方法能够有效解决初始时刻天线反射器切断铰约束方程雅克比矩阵奇异问题。