共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Joris A. D. L. Blommaert Jan Cami Ryszard Szczerba Michael J. Barlow 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):215-243
A large fraction of ISO observing time was used to study the late stages of stellar evolution. Many molecular and solid state
features, including crystalline silicates and the rotational lines of water vapour, were detected for the first time in the
spectra of (post-)Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars. Their analysis has greatly improved our knowledge of stellar atmospheres
and circumstellar environments. A surprising number of objects, particularly young planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet (WR)
central stars, were found to exhibit emission features in their ISO spectra that are characteristic of both oxygen-rich and
carbon-rich dust species, while far-IR observations of the PDR around NGC 7027 led to the first detections of the rotational
line spectra of CH and CH+.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
2.
David Elbaz 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):93-119
We present the results obtained through the various ISO extragalactic deep surveys. Although IRAS revealed the existence of
galaxies forming stars at a rate of a few tens (LIRGs) or even hundreds (ULIRGs) solar masses in the local universe, ISO not
only discovered that these galaxies were already in place at redshift one, but also that they are not the extreme objects
that we once believed them to be. Instead they appear to play a dominant role in shaping present-day galaxies as reflected
by their role in the cosmic history of star formation and in producing the cosmic infrared background detected by the COBE
satellite in the far infrared to sub-millimeter range.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
3.
Emilie Habart Malcolm Walmsley Laurent Verstraete Stephanie Cazaux Roberto Maiolino Pierre Cox Francois Boulanger Guillaume Pineau Des Forêts 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):71-91
Observations of H2 line emission in galactic and extragalactic environments obtained with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) are reviewed.
The diagnostic capability of H2 observations is illustrated. We discuss what one has learned about such diverse astrophysical sources as photon-dominated
regions, shocks, young stellar objects, planetary nebulae and starburst galaxies from ISO observations of H2 emission. In this context, we emphasise use of measured H2 line intensities to infer important physical quantities such as the gas temperature, gas density and radiation field and
we discuss the different possible excitation mechanisms of H2. We also briefly consider future prospects for observation of H2 from space and from the ground.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
4.
The European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS) was the largest Open Time survey on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). It was
designed to explore obscured galaxies and hence quantify the recent star-formation history of the Universe. The final reanalysis
of the data has been completed and a band-merged catalogue with associations across many wavelengths compiled and released
the data to the global astronomical community (http://astro.imperial.ac.uk/Elais/). This paper summarises some of the key
results.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
5.
Brunella Nisini Anlaug Amanda Kaas Ewine F. Van Dishoeck Derek Ward-Thompson 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):159-179
We summarize the observations of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) concerning the earliest stages of the stellar formation.
The observations of samples of sources in different evolutionary stages are reviewed, addressing in particular how the physical
and chemical properties of the protostellar environments change from the pre-stellar cores to the protostars at the end of
their accretion phase. In addition, the mid-IR surveys in nearby star-forming regions are discussed, showing their implications
for the understanding of the stellar initial mass function.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
6.
Marie Jourdain De Muizon 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):201-214
Debris discs around stars were first discovered by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) in 1983. For the first time
material orbiting another star than the Sun, but distinct from a circumstellar envelope, was observed through its far infrared
emission. This major discovery motivated astronomers to investigate those discs by further analyzing the IRAS data, using
ground-based telescopes for the hunting of exoplanets, developing several projects using the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO),
and now exploiting the ISO Data Archive (IDA). This review presents the main ISO results, statistical as well as individual,
on debris discs in orbit around pre-main-sequence and main-sequence stars.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
7.
Infrared spectroscopic observations of planets and Saturn's satellite Titan with the Infrared Space Observatory led to many
significant discoveries that improved our understanding on the formation, physics and chemistry of these objects. The prime
results achieved by ISO are: (1) a new and consistent determination of the D/H ratios on the giant planets and Titan; (2)
the first precise measurement of the 15N/14N ratio in Jupiter, a valuable indicator of the protosolar nitrogen isotopic ratio; (3) the first detection of an external
oxygen flux for all giant planets and Titan; (4) the first detection of some stratospheric hydrocarbons (CH3, C2H4, CH3C2H, C4H2, C6H6); (5) the first detection of tropospheric water in Saturn; (6) the tentative detection of carbonate minerals on Mars; (7)
the first thermal lightcurve of Pluto.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
8.
Els Peeters Nieves Leticia Martín-HernáNdez Nemesio J. RodríGuez-FernáNdez Xander Tielens 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):273-292
An overview is given of ISO results on regions of high excitation ISM and gas, i.e. HII regions, the Galactic Centre and Supernova Remnants. IR emission due to fine-structure lines, molecular hydrogen, silicates,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dust are summarised, their diagnostic capabilities illustrated and their implications
highlighted.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
9.
Starting with nearby galaxy clusters like Virgo and Coma, and continuing out to the furthest galaxy clusters for which ISO
results have yet been published (z = 0.56), we discuss the development of knowledge of the infrared and associated physical properties of galaxy clusters from
early IRAS observations, through the “ISO-era” to the present, in order to explore the status of ISO's contribution to this
field. Relevant IRAS and ISO programmes are reviewed, addressing both the cluster galaxies and the still-very-limited evidence
for an infrared-emitting intra-cluster medium.
ISO made important advances in knowledge of both nearby and distant galaxy clusters, such as the discovery of a major cold
dust component in Virgo and Coma cluster galaxies, the elaboration of the correlation between dust emission and Hubble-type,
and the detection of numerous Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs) in several distant clusters. These and consequent achievements
are underlined and described.
We recall that, due to observing time constraints, ISO's coverage of higher-redshift galaxy clusters to the depths required
to detect and study statistically significant samples of cluster galaxies over a range of morphological types could not be
comprehensive and systematic, and such systematic coverage of distant clusters will be an important achievement of the Spitzer
Observatory.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
10.
T. S. Bastian 《Space Science Reviews》1994,68(1-4):261-274
Radio and X-ray observations of stellar flares provide the most direct probes of energy relaase particle acceleration, and energy transport on stars other than the Sun. In this review, the observational basis for our understanding of the flare phenomenon on other stars is briefly described and outstanding interpretive and theoretical issues are discussed. I shall confine my attention to objects which are solar-like, to the extent that they possess deep convective envelopes and display activity which is presumed to be magnetic in origin. These include pre-main sequence objects, classical flare stars, and close binaries. Future directions are briefly discussed. 相似文献
11.
Emmanuel Dartois 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):293-310
The instruments on board the Infrared Space Observatory have for the first time allowed a complete low (PHOT, CVF) to medium
resolution (SWS) spectroscopic harvest, from 2.5 to 45 μm, of interstellar dust. Amongst the detected solids present in starless
molecular clouds surrounding recently born stellar and still embedded objects or products of the chemistry in some mass loss
envelopes, the so-called “ice mantles” are of specific interest. They represent an interface between the very refractory carbonaceous
and silicates materials that built the first grains with the rich chemistry taking place in the gas phase. Molecules condense,
react on ices, are subjected to UV and cosmic ray irradiation at low temperatures, participating efficiently to the evolution
toward more complex molecules, being in constant interaction in an ice layer. They also play an important role in the radiative
transfer of molecular clouds and strongly affect the gas phase chemistry. ISO results shed light on many other species than
H2O ice. The detection of these van der Waal's solids is mainly performed in absorption. Each ice feature observed by ISO spectrometer
is an important species, with abundance in the 10−4–10−7 range with respect to H2. Such high abundances represent a substantial reservoir of matter that, once released later on, replenishes the gas phase
and feeds the ladder of molecular complexity. Medium resolution spectroscopy also offers the opportunity to look at individual
line profiles of the ice features, and therefore to progressively reveal the interactions taking place in the mantles.
This article will give a view on selected results to avoid to overlap with the numerous reviews the reader is invited to consult
(e.g. van Dishoeck, in press; Gibb et al., 2004.).
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
12.
Alain Abergel Laurent Verstraete Christine Joblin René Laureijs Marc-Antoine Miville-Deschênes 《Space Science Reviews》2005,119(1-4):247-271
Infrared spectroscopy and photometry with ISO covering most of the emission range of the interstellar medium has led to important
progress in the understanding of the physics and chemistry of the gas, the nature and evolution of the dust grains and also
the coupling between the gas and the grains. We review here the ISO results on the cool and low-excitation regions of the
interstellar medium, where T
gas≲ 500 K, n
H∼ 100–105 cm−3 and the electron density is a few 10−4.
JEL codes: D24, L60, 047
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
13.
Following on from IRAS, ISO has provided a huge advancement in our knowledge of the phenomenology of the infrared (IR) emission
of normal galaxies and the underlying physical processes. Highlights include the discovery of an extended cold dust emission
component, present in all types of gas-rich galaxies and carrying the bulk of the dust luminosity; the definitive characterisation
of the spectral energy distribution in the IR, revealing the channels through which stars power the IR light; the derivation
of realistic geometries for stars and dust from ISO imaging; the discovery of cold dust associated with H I extending beyond the optical body of galaxies; the remarkable similarity of the near-IR (NIR)/mid-IR (MIR) SEDs for spiral
galaxies, revealing the importance of the photo-dissociation regions in the energy budget for that wavelength range; the importance
of the emission from the central regions in shaping up the intensity and the colour of the global MIR luminosity; the discovery
of the “hot” NIR continuum emission component of interstellar dust; the predominance of the diffuse cold neutral medium as
the origin for the main interstellar cooling line, [C II] 158 μm, in normal galaxies.
Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries:
France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA. 相似文献
14.
A. Milillo P. Wurz S. Orsini D. Delcourt E. Kallio R. M. KILLEN H. Lammer S. Massetti A. Mura S. Barabash G. Cremonese I. A. Daglis E. De Angelis A. M. Di Lellis S. Livi V. Mangano K. Torkar 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(3-4):397-443
Mercury is a poorly known planet, since the only space-based information comes from the three fly-bys performed in 1974 by
the Mariner 10 spacecraft. Ground-based observations also provided some interesting results, but they are particularly difficult
to obtain due to the planet’s proximity to the Sun. Nevertheless, the fact that the planet’s orbit is so close to the Sun
makes Mercury a particularly interesting subject for extreme environmental conditions. Among a number of crucial scientific
topics to be addressed, Mercury’s exosphere, its interaction with the solar wind and its origin from the surface of the planet,
can provide important clues about planetary evolution. In fact, the Hermean exosphere is continuously eroded and refilled
by these interactions, so that it would be more proper to consider the Hermean environment as a single, unified system – surface-exosphere-magnetosphere.
These three parts are indeed strongly linked to each other. In recent years, the two missions scheduled to explore the iron
planet, the NASA MESSENGER mission (launched in March 2004) and the ESA cornerstone mission (jointly with JAXA) BepiColombo
(to be launched in 2012), have stimulated new interest in the many unresolved mysteries related to it. New ground-based observations,
made possible by new technologies, have been obtained, and new simulation studies have been performed. In this paper some
old as well as the very latest observations and studies related to the surface-exosphere-magnetosphere system are reviewed,
outlining the investigations achievable by the planned space-based observations. This review intends to support the studies,
in preparation of future data, and the definition of specific instrumentation. 相似文献
15.
Henny J. G. L. M. Lamers 《Space Science Reviews》1999,89(3-4):692-692
The B[e] stars are early type stars with hydrogen emission lines, forbidden [FeII] and [OI] emission lines, and with an IR
excess due to circumstellar dust. These properties may occur in stars of quite different evolutionary stages. In fact, the
group of B[e] stars is very inhomogeneous, and contains pre-main sequence stars, supergiants with disks, compact planetary
nebulae, symbiotic stars, and a group of stars with unclear evolutionary phase. The book gives the proceedings of a workshop
in Paris in 1997 in which the properties and evolutionary phases of the B[e] stars are discussed. It contains chapters on:
(1) the definition of B[e] stars, (2) distances, kinematics and the distribution in our Galaxy, (3) spectroscopy, (4) infrared
properties, (5) photometry, polarimetry and variability, (6) models for winds and disks, (7) evolutionary stages, (8) revised
classification of B[e] stars. The book ends with an object list of all B[e] stars. The book is very useful for students and
researchers of hot star winds and gives nice overviews of the observations and theories and remaining puzzles of these strange
objects with winds and outflowing dust-forming disks.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Emmanuel Lellouch 《Space Science Reviews》1995,74(1-2):1-7
This paper aims at placing infrared (IR) and submillimeter (submm) observations of the Solar Sytem in the context of future space missions. First, the information that mm, submm and IR observations bring on planets, satellites and comets is reviewed. Then, some lines of future research in this field are explored, and a number of observations that could enhance our understanding of Solar System objects are suggested. Finally, the adequacy of future space missions in this respect is discussed. The specific cases of ISO, FIRST and the proposed Edison are considered. 相似文献
17.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) project at the NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for the development, launch, flight, and science operations for the telescope. The project is in phase B with its launch scheduled for no earlier than June 2013. The project is a partnership among NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The JWST mission team is fully in place, including major ESA and CSA subcontractors. This provides an overview of the planned JWST science, current architecture focusing on the instrumentation, and mission status, including technology developments, and risks. 相似文献
18.
回顾了极值搜索算法的发展历程,分析了单变量和多变量极值搜索算法、滑模极值搜索算法、斜率搜索算法等算法的优缺点,着重描述了变参数滑模极值搜索算法和退火回归神经网络极值搜索算法等,并且通过重构系统的损失函数方法将极值搜索算法的应用推广至一般系统,拓展了其应用范围。通过其应用实例说明,极值搜索算法能够解决航空控制、工业生产中的一些关键技术问题,因而有必要深入研究极值搜索算法。 相似文献
19.
Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) for the Advanced Composition Explorer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
McComas D.J. Bame S.J. Barker P. Feldman W.C. Phillips J.L. Riley P. Griffee J.W. 《Space Science Reviews》1998,86(1-4):563-612
The Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) experiment provides the bulk solar wind observations for the Advanced
Composition Explorer (ACE). These observations provide the context for elemental and isotopic composition measurements made
on ACE as well as allowing the direct examination of numerous solar wind phenomena such as coronal mass ejections, interplanetary
shocks, and solar wind fine structure, with advanced, 3-D plasma instrumentation. They also provide an ideal data set for
both heliospheric and magnetospheric multi-spacecraft studies where they can be used in conjunction with other, simultaneous
observations from spacecraft such as Ulysses. The SWEPAM observations are made simultaneously with independent electron and
ion instruments. In order to save costs for the ACE project, we recycled the flight spares from the joint NASA/ESA Ulysses
mission. Both instruments have undergone selective refurbishment as well as modernization and modifications required to meet
the ACE mission and spacecraft accommodation requirements. Both incorporate electrostatic analyzers whose fan-shaped fields
of view sweep out all pertinent look directions as the spacecraft spins. Enhancements in the SWEPAM instruments from their
original forms as Ulysses spare instruments include (1) a factor of 16 increase in the accumulation interval (and hence sensitivity)
for high energy, halo electrons; (2) halving of the effective ion-detecting CEM spacing from ∼5° on Ulysses to ∼2.5° for ACE;
and (3) the inclusion of a 20° conical swath of enhanced sensitivity coverage in order to measure suprathermal ions outside
of the solar wind beam. New control electronics and programming provide for 64-s resolution of the full electron and ion distribution
functions and cull out a subset of these observations for continuous real-time telemetry for space weather purposes.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Lee Hartmann 《Space Science Reviews》2000,92(1-2):55-68
Currently available observational constraints on transport mechanisms in pre-main sequence disks are reviewed. The main observable
quantity accessable by imaging the spatial structure of disks is the mass accretion rate, which constrains angular momentum
transport, and migration and diffusion of disk material.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献