Matched-Filter Response to a Linear FM Signal Transmitted Through a Phased Array

The response of a linear phased array with a matched filter connected at its output is investigated when a linear FM signal is incident on the array at an arbitrary angle. The filter is assumed to be matched to the linear FM signal. The dispersion produced by the array results in a mismatch at the receiver which depends on the scan angle and on the type of feed system used with the array. The distortion of the compressed pulse is studied for the series end-fed arrays, the series     

Dispersion Effects in a Circular Phased Array

The dispersion effects that are produced when wideband linear frequency modulation (FM) signals are transmitted through a circular phased array are considered for both one-way and two-way transmissions through the array. The distortions resulting at the output of a matched fi'lter which is matched to the undistorted linear FM signal are studied. These distortions are 1) loss in peak pulse amplitude, 2) widening of the pulse, and 3) reduction in sidelobe level.     

相控阵天线方向图仿真与分析

相控阵天线目前广泛应用于雷达中,促进了多目标、多任务雷达的发展。但随着电扫描角度的变化,其诸多指标也随之变化,对雷达的性能产生直接影响,因而对相控阵天线方向图进行实时定量分析具有重要意义。文章基于相控阵天线的基本原理,利用LabVIEW语言开发了相控阵天线方向图仿真软件。软件设置了相控阵天线各影响参数的输入控件,通过图形和数值2种方式进行仿真结果的显示,并以表格文件存储。通过不同条件下的仿真结果对比分析,软件可合理有效地对相控阵天线方向图进行实时定量的仿真分析,可应用于相控阵雷达的性能分析和评估中。     

System aspects and transmission impairments of active phased arrays for satellite communications

The communications link and system aspects of active phased arrays that are used in multiple-beam satellite systems are assessed through measurements and analysis. Three link parameters are investigated and their effects on the overall carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) are quantified. The first parameter is the intermodulation components that are generated at the nonlinear amplifier outputs and contribute to well-formed interference in the far-field radiation of the array. The second is the bit-error ratio (BER) degradation due to the multi-carrier operation of the active array. Measurement results are shown to demonstrate this effect. The third link parameter is the cochannel interference caused by frequency reuse in multiple-beam systems. The paper starts by reviewing early developments of phased arrays for multiple-beam satellite communications applications. A key component in these developments is the modular monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) beam-forming matrices that generate a number of simultaneous and independently digitally controlled beams     

Distortion Reduction in Phase Modulation

When a phase-modulated carrier of the form sin (wt+?) is multiplied by cos (wt), the recovered phase modulation is sin (?), which is a distorted version of . For small ?, the error is small, but is appreciable as A approaches unity or more. When ? is complicated (several subcarriers for example), the intermodulation can seriously degrade the system. This paper discusses distortion reduction by means of predistortion and postdistortion.     

一种宽带阵列幅相与互耦误差联合校正算法

宽带数字阵列雷达接收通道中存在随频率变化的幅相误差和互耦误差,会严重影响雷达性能。针对这一问题,提出了一种宽带数字阵列幅相与互耦误差联合校正算法。首先选取通带内多个离散频点,对于每个频点,将幅相误差和互耦误差作为一个整体,采用基于子空间原理的窄带校正算法估计其阵列失真参数,并计算校正矩阵;然后将其组合起来,构成频域离散校正矩阵;最后基于最小二乘准则,设计了宽带有限长脉冲响应(FIR)校正滤波器矩阵。利用该矩阵,可实现通带范围内任意带宽入射信号的校正。计算机仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性。对实测数据的处理结果表明该算法在宽带数字阵列雷达系统中具有实用价值。     

相阵列技术在民机机体气动噪声研究中的应用

麦克风相阵列测量技术是进行民机机体气动噪声研究的主要手段。针对民机机体气动噪声,开展了闭口风洞麦克风相阵列测量技术研究。提出了一种适用于闭口风洞气动噪声测量的阵列优化设计方法,分别设计了适用于民机增升装置、起落架气动噪声测量的阵列。将麦克风相阵列技术应用于某飞机增升装置缩比模型、起落架缩比模型气动噪声闭口风洞试验。研究结果显示：利用侧壁阵列清晰地识别出了增升装置主要气动噪声源,并显示出降噪措施的降噪效果;利用组合阵列,实现了较宽频率范围内起落架气动噪声源探测,识别出了起落架主要气动噪声源。     

主字母体制调制系数的选择

针对靶场安全控制系统主字母体制中主字母信号的调制系数选取范围问题,对主字母信号经FM (Fre-quency Modulation,调频)调制后的功率进行理论分析,选取一组频率组成主字母信号调制到中频.通过仿真得到数据曲线.同时将仿真参数移植到与工程设备相似的实验设备上,使用频谱仪进行实际测试,以测试数据拟合出曲线,该曲线符合理论分析及仿真曲线,即理论分析、仿真与设备测试结果一致.可以得出结论,在主字母体制信号可解调的条件下,调制系数与主字母信号经FM调制后的功率的关系函数为对数函数,从而可为工程参数的选择提供参考范围,有利于工程应用.     

一种基于最小流形长度的高精度线阵设计

 传统上以阵列孔径来比较各种线阵的测向性能,但这一指标没有考虑到阵元数目及阵列几何布局对阵列性能的影响。因子空间类算法需搜索阵列流形来进行测向,所以阵列流形对阵列性能有重要影响。阵列流形又是阵元数、阵列几何布局的函数,可通过阵列流形来研究阵元数、阵列几何布局与阵列测向性能的关系。在分析了线阵流形与线阵测向精度的关系的基础上,提出了一个基于线阵最小流形长度的指标来比较不同线阵的性能,该指标综合考虑了阵元数、阵列几何布局对阵列测向精度的影响。通过对此指标的讨论,给出了提高线阵测向精度的设计思路。对几个不同线阵的仿真证实了该指标的有效性,也验证了该设计思路的可行性。     

Hard Limiting in Synthetic Aperture Signal Processing

In synthetic aperture radar a large linear phased array is formed from the rapid movement of a single element through each position in the array. Storage and coherent combining of the successive radar echoes are central to the array-forming process. Optical processing is the most common technique because of the efficiency with which Fourier transformation may be accomplished with simple optics. Real-time operation, however, requires all-electronic processing, which is difficult to accomplish because of the huge quantity of data to be manipulated. Dynamic range compression by hard limiting may ease the problem by reducing the number of bits per frame. The effects of hard limiting are analyzed in this paper. It is shown that large targets simultaneously illuminated by the radar antenna will produce image targets or ghosts displaced in angle. Statistically homogeneous clutter will "linearize" the hard-limited receiver and suppress the ghosts without loss in contrast, as does thermal noise if it is larger than the target echoes. Pulse compression reduces the probability of images from prominent targets. Judicious choice of the pulse-compression waveform is a powerful tool for destroying coherent buildup of images from all large targets not in the same range resolution cell. Linear FM, the most common choice, unfortunately does not exhibit this desirable property.     

Power Inversion Array in a Rotating Source Environment

The steady state performance of the Frost power inversion array is evaluated, assuming constant rotational velocity of the external noise environment in the sin ? domain. The weight vector is solved implicitly in terms of a linear matrix equation. Approximate criteria are derived for weight vector and output power deviation from optimal values, which are then applied to determine the maximum scan rate of a radar sidelobe canceler.     

Correspondence

Extraction of elevation information with phased array search radar in the presence of specular reflection from sea surface is presented. Specular reflection from sea causes large peak errors in the measurement of low elevation angle. An algorithm based on complex indicated angle is derived to reduce specular reflection component. From the complex indicated angle and the exactly known or approximately known data, the authors can generate a specular reflection error finding function (SREFF). SREFF clearly indicates where the measurements are much affected by the specular reflection in the complex indicated angle data     

空域滤波器组对雷达阵列合成距离像的影响分析

为了简化雷达系统硬件设计和降低成本,可以使用多个窄带成分来合成宽带信号,从而获得满足实际需要的合成距离像。针对合成宽带信号和雷达阵列的特点,详细分析了结合合成宽带信号及传统空域滤波器组情况下所合成距离像的失真原因,指出合成距离像的失真由形状变形和位置平移两部分组成,且这两种失真分别由各个空域滤波器输出幅度和相位的波动所引起。同时,推导出计算对应相位和幅度失真度的理论公式,并由此给出了当合成距离像存在可接受失真时阵列的临界条件。计算机数值仿真结果验证了以上结论。     

Eigenstructure-based algorithms for direction finding withtime-varying arrays

This paper considers the problem of finding the directions of narrowband signals using a time-varying array whose elements move during the observation interval in an arbitrary but known way. We derive two eigenstructure-based algorithms for this problem, which are modifications of techniques developed originally for time-invariant arrays. The first uses array interpolation, and the second uses focusing matrices. Like other eigenstructure-based methods, these algorithms require a modest amount of computations in comparison with the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator. The performance of the algorithms is evaluated by Monte-Carlo simulations, and is compared with the Cramer Rao Bound (CRB). Although both techniques were successful for wideband array processing with time-invariant arrays, we found that only the interpolated array algorithm is useful for direction finding (DF) with time-varying arrays     

Two low-cost phased arrays

In a phased array antenna, the phase shifters (or T/R modules in an active aperture phased array) with their beam-steering control circuitry along with the feed network account for the major hardware cost. This paper presents two antenna array configurations that use simpler feed, simpler phase-shifting and simpler beam-steering control circuitry for realizing low-cost phased arrays. Both are lens configurations. The first one uses a Radant lens, which provides a medium that is loaded with diodes and provides the needed phase shift by switching the diodes on and off. The other configuration employs a ferroelectric dielectric material whose dielectric constant can be varied with an applied DC bias voltage. It is shown that the ferroelectric lens may have further advantages of smaller thickness, simpler beam-steering controls and lower cost     

Effects of Modulation Nonlinearity on the Range Response of FM Radars

The effect of modulation nonlinearity on the range response of FM radars with harmonic processing and ?triangle? modulation is derived. The nonlinearity may be desirable or undesirable; that is, the sidelobe level of the range response may be decreased or increased depending on the shape and amount of nonlinearity. The results of this paper may be used to predict the actual range laws of existing ?linear? FM radars; or, alternately, to specify the desired amount of modulation nonlinearity for new FM radars so that superior sidelobe suppression can be realized.     

Adaptive Array Behavior with Periodic Phase Modulated Interference

We consider a least mean square (LMS) adaptive array [1] receiving a phase modulated interference signal. The phase modulation is assumed to be periodic and to have finite bandwidth. Under these assumptions, we determine the time-varying array weights, the modulation on the array output desired signal, and the time-varying output interference-to-noise ratio (INR) and SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio). We present numerical results describing the behavior of a 2-element adaptive array that receives an interference signal with sinusoidal phase modulation. We show how each signal parameter (arrival angle, power, modulation index, and modulation frequency) affects the performance of the array.     

Performance of Digital FM Systems in a Fading Environment

This paper investigates the effects of fading and predetection diversity on the error-rate performance of digital FM discriminator systems. Results are presented in graphs showing the relative improvement of the error rate for several types of diversity, and are compared with the well-known FSK systems. It is also shown that an optimum modulation index giving the minimum attainable probability of error for narrowband digital FM is not affected by the effect of fading, carrier-to-noise ratio, or the types and order of diversity.     

调频调相应答机距离零值测量新方法

叙述了分频调制度变换器的工作原理和时延测量。提出了根据测量FM信号源大频偏调制与小频偏调制的时延差来挑选出恒时延FM信号源,采用恒时延FM调制器构成FM—PM应答机（或FM—PM测距地面站）距离零值测量方法和设备,这是FM—PM体制侧音测距系统的一种距离零值测量新方法;提出了采用分频调制度变换器和非恒时延FM信号源构成FM—PM应答机（或FM-PM测距地面站）距离零值测量方法及设备。