高超声速1 MHz 高频脉动压力测试技术及其应用

为了研究高超声速边界层内的高频脉动结构,特别是第二模态不稳定波,在 FD-07风洞中搭建了一套1MHz 量级高频脉动压力采集系统。风洞背景噪声和电磁噪声是影响高频脉动结构测量的主要原因。在风洞流场品质无法改变的前提下,对高频脉动压力采集系统的信号传输进行了改进,包括工频电源隔离、传输电缆屏蔽和采集设备接地等。通过改进措施,采集系统的抗电磁干扰和信号衰减的能力得到改善,其信噪比得以显著提升。结果表明,改进前后各频段噪声的能谱密度大幅降低(在频率400 kHz 以下,噪声能谱密度降低了一个量级以上)。最后,利用该测试技术成功地在 FD-07高超声速风洞中进行了边界层稳定性实验,捕捉到了第二模态不稳定波,其主导频率范围与线性稳定性理论预测结果吻合。     

防滑刹车控制盒的电磁兼容性设计

介绍了防滑刹车控制盒在设计中既要考虑可靠性的需求,同时也要满足电磁兼容性的指标,从电磁场与传输线,电涌冲击,屏蔽、滤波和接地,印刷电路板中的电磁兼容性等方面进行了深入的探讨,解决了相关问题.     

极化角对跟踪接收机相位影响分析

根据卫星通信中遇到的极化问题及其对移动地面站的影响,针对不同极化卫星间的差异,从电磁场理论中极化的定义和分类出发,给出不同极化电磁波电场信号表示方法,以某型移动卫通站天线馈源结构为例,介绍了不同状态下极化工作方式和线极化方式中线极化面调整的机理,然后结合单通道单脉冲跟踪接收机工作原理,对天线跟踪水平极化信标时线极化角与跟踪接收机相位间的关系进行了详细分析,为解决实际应用中遇到的跟踪接收机相位漂移问题提供了技术依据。     

高温环境对振动测试信号传输参数的影响

为了研究发动机试车运行时高温环境对振动特性测试信号传输参数的影响, 利用电磁场-热耦合理论, 探讨了温度场对电磁场各场量的影响.结合实际测试传输网络, 提出了一种能有效提取多导体传输参数的传输电路法.该方法用经典的能量法进行了验证, 取得了很好的一致性.电阻和电感参数均随环境温度的升高而增加, 且电阻受温度影响的变化幅度尤为明显.多输出响应时多导体的邻近耦合响应随温度升高而加剧, 互电参数受温度和导体间距的影响明显.      

支撑随机刚度参数模拟试验装置的设计

利用电磁力随电磁场强度变化而改变的原理,设计电磁支撑与机械支撑并联的试验装置,实现机械系统支撑刚度参数随电磁场强度的变化.通过对试验装置数学模型的研究和线性化分析,给出了通过控制电流的随机改变实现机械系统支撑刚度参数随机变化的四个设计准则.线性化准则可保证机械系统支撑刚度的线性特性;线性随机准则能确保支撑刚度参数与随机控制电流间的线性关系;随机分量显著准则使得支撑刚度具有明显的随机特征,便于试验研究;综合刚度为正的设计准则,能够保证试验系统的稳定性.根据这些设计准则,制成了具有随机刚度支撑参数的模拟试验装置.试验表明,使用该试验装置可以较好地实现支撑刚度参数的随机模拟.      

Application of a simplified theory of ELF propagation to a simplified worldwide model of the ionosphere

The approximate theory of ELF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere transmission line described by Booker (1980) is applied to a simplified worldwide model of the D and E regions, and of the Earth's magnetic field. At 1000 Hz by day, reflection is primarily from the gradient on the underside of the D region. At 300 Hz by day, reflection is primarily from the D region at low latitudes, but it is from the E region at high latitudes. Below 100 Hz by day, reflection is primarily from the gradient on the underside of the E region at all latitudes. By night, reflection from the gradient on the topside of the E region is important. There is then a resonant frequency (～ 300 Hz) at which the optical thickness of the E region for the whistler mode is half a wavelength. At the Schumann resonant frequency in the Earth-ionosphere cavity (～ 8 Hz) the nocturnal E region is almost completely transparent for the whistler mode and is semi-transparent for the Alfvén mode. Reflection then takes place from the F region. ELF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere transmission line by night is quite dependent on the magnitude of the drop in ionization density between the E and F regions. Nocturnal propagation at ELF therefore depends significantly on an ionospheric feature whose magnitude and variability are not well understood. A comparison is made with results based on the computer program of the United States Naval Ocean Systems Center.     

Magnetic field reconnection theory and the solar wind — Magnetosphere interaction: A review

This review considers the theory of the magnetic field line reconnection and its application to the problem of the interaction between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere. In particular, we discuss the reconnection models by Sonnerup and by Petschek (for both incompressible and compressible plasmas, for the asymmetric and nonsteady-state cases), the magnetic field annihilation model by Parker; Syrovatsky's model of the current sheet; and Birn's and Schindler's solution for the plasma sheet structure. A review of laboratory and numerical modelling experiments is given.Results concerning the field line reconnection, combined with the peculiarities of the MHD flow, were used in investigating the solar wind flow around the magnetosphere. We found that in the presence of a frozen-in magnetic field, the flow differs significantly from that in a pure gas dynamic case; in particular, at the subsolar. part of the magnetopause a stagnation line appears (i.e., a line along which the stream lines are branching) instead of a stagnation point. The length and location of the stagnation line determine the character of the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere. We have developed the theory of that interaction for a steady-state case, and compare the results of the calculations with the experimental data.In the last section of the review, we propose a qualitative model of the solar wind — the Earth's magnetosphere interaction in the nonsteady-state case on the basis of the solution of the problem of the spontaneous magnetic field line reconnection.     

A simplified theory of ELF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere transmission line

An approximate theory of ELF propagation in the Earth-ionosphere transmission line is developed by combining the reflection theory of Booker and Lefeuvre (1977) with Greifinger and Greiferinger's (1978, 1979) treatment of the effect of ionization below the level of reflection. The theory allows for the influence of the Earth's magnetic field, for reflection from the gradient on the underside of the D region (or, at night, of a ledge below the E region), for reflection from the gradient on the underside of the E region, and for reflection from the gradient on the topside of the E region. The procedure is to compare local vertical gradient with local wavelength, thereby classifying altitude into intervals where the gradient is high and ones where it is low. Where the gradient is low, the phase-integral treatment is adequate. An interval where the gradient is high may, to a first approximation, be replaced by a discontinuity. The amount of the discontinuity is the difference between the refractive indices at the top and bottom of the interval of high gradient, judged in relation to local wavelength. It is then a matter of combining reflections from the several discontinuities. This requires calculation of the complex phase-changes between the discontinuities. But these are the intervals where the phase-integral treatment is available. To a beter approximation, there is a non-zero phase-change associated with an interval of high gradient. The method for incorporating this is described.     

泡沫型干扰幕对电磁波传播的能量耗散机理研究

在研究特种泡沫新型长效无污染、多波段干扰技术的过程中,通过泡沫型干扰幕的多界面特征、特种组份微粒的散射作用、气泡的湮灭效应以及媒质的能量吸收作用等方面的实验,总结出了电磁波通过泡沫型干扰幕时的能量耗散机理,为泡沫型干扰幕的实用性研究提供了理论依据。     

Now we can explore the Universe

It is suggested that the old scientific myth: “Nothing can go faster than light!” should be changed to: “Nothing electromagnetic can go faster than light!” Now that it is known that infinite velocity of propagation (VOP) is possible, there is another communications media whose VOP may be infinite. An experiment is under construction to compare electric field and electromagnetic transmission VOP. Since magnetic fields in electric field transmission will be parallel to the direction of transmission rather than at right angles, there is reason to expect that electric field transmissions will have infinite VOP     

Physics of Substorm Growth Phase,Onset, and Dipolarization

A new scenario of substorm growth phase, onset and dipolarization during expansion phase and the corresponding physical processes are presented. During the growth phase, as a result of enhanced plasma convection, the plasma pressure and its gradient continue to be enhanced over the quiet-time values in the plasma sheet. Toward the late growth phase, a strong cross-tail current sheet is formed in the near-Earth plasma sheet region, where a local magnetic well is formed. The equatorial plasma beta (β _eq ) can reach a local maximum with value larger than 50 and the cross-tail current density can be enhanced to over 10nA/m² as obtained from 3D quasi-static magnetospheric equilibrium solutions for the growth phase. The most unstable kinetic ballooning instabilities (KBI) are expected to be located in the tailward side of the strong cross-tail current sheet region. The field lines in the most unstable KBI region map to the transition region between the region-l and region-2 currents in the ionosphere, which is consistent with the observed initial brightening location of the breakup arc in the intense proton precipitation region. The KBI explains the AMPTE/CCE observations that a low frequency instability with a wave period of 50–75 seconds is excited about 2–3 min prior to substorm onset and grows exponentially to a large amplitude at the onset of current disruption (or current reduction). At the onset of current disruption higher frequency instabilities are excited so that the plasma and electromagnetic field fluctuations form a strong turbulent state. Plasma transport takes place due to the strong turbulence to relax the ambient plasma pressure profile so that the plasma pressure and current density are reduced and the ambient magnetic field intensity increases by more than a factor of 2–3 in the high-β _eq region and the field line geometry recovers from tail-like to dipole-like – dipolarization.     

电弧喷射推力器电磁场模拟

为了揭示电弧喷射推力器内部电磁场特征及其与高温电离气体间的相互作用机理,建立了比较完善的电磁场模型,详细讨论了电磁场数值模拟方法及其计算效果.模型同时考虑了电场力、洛仑兹力和电子压强梯度对传导电流的贡献,由电子动力学方程和粒子微观碰撞理论推导出电流方程,由麦克斯韦方程组推导出电磁场控制方程,采用包括强隐过程(SIP)迭代法在内的十种迭代方法求解离散的电磁场方程.研究表明,SIP迭代法是适用于电弧喷射推力器电磁场模拟的快速有效的方法,模型能够准确地反映推力器内部电磁场与高温电离气体间的相互作用机理.     

Power line transmission and radiation

A power line system consisting of multi-conductors above the ground is decomposed into a metal return (or balanced) and a ground return (unbalanced) circuit in terms of propagation modes. Power line radiation above the ground is sorted into two classes, transition radiation from discontinuities which takes place from a line of finite length and ?erenkov-like radiation from a ground return or unbalanced circuit due to the Earth's finite conductivity and dielectric properties. ?erenkov-like radiation is thought to be predominant and to be a main source origin of power line radiation and, therefore, is specifically discussed in this paper. The problem is reduced simply to wave propagation along an infinite wire above the ground, without taking into account line discontinuities and ionospheric effects. It is shown that a TEM-type wave of a ground return circuit at low frequencies virtually transfers to the principal TM wave of a surface waveguide at high frequencies, via a hybrid EH-type wave in an intermediate range of frequencies, i.e., ‘transition region’ with increasing frequency. Consequently, the attenuation characteristics of wave propagation, which should include radiation losses as well as ohmic losses in the wire and in the ground, possess a maximum and minimum at certain frequencies in the transition region. This is due to two reasons: one is that the Earth transfers to a dielectric from a conductor and the other is that the field concentrates more densely around the wire with increasing frequency. Experimental evidence of this phenomenon is also given.     

矩形波导远区散射场的光学分析

将高频光学法与广义散射矩阵技术相结合,分析计算了矩形波导在终端短路和终端介质材料两种状态下的远区电磁散射,计算与实测结果吻合较好,且优于维特的计算结果。本方法可用于飞行器进气道和尾喷管电磁散射特性的分析。     

Schumann Resonances as a Means of Investigating the Electromagnetic Environment in the Solar System

The propagation of extremely low frequency (ELF, 3 Hz to 3 kHz) radio waves and resonant phenomena in the spherical Earth-ionosphere cavity has been studied for almost fifty years. When such a cavity is excited by naturally occurring broadband electromagnetic radiation, resonances can develop if the equatorial circumference is approximately equal to an integral number of wavelengths of the propagating electromagnetic waves; these are termed Schumann resonances. They provide information not only about thunderstorm and lightning activity on the Earth, and their relation to climate, but also on the properties of the low ionosphere. Similar investigations can be performed for any other planet or satellite, provided that it has an ionosphere. There are important differences between the Earth and other celestial bodies regarding, for example, the surface conductivity, the atmospheric conductivity profile, the geometry of the ionospheric cavity, and the sources of excitation. To a first approximation, the size of the cavity defines the fundamental resonant frequency, the atmospheric electron density profile controls the wave attenuation, the nature of the sources influences the electromagnetic field distribution in the cavity, and the body surface conductivity indicates to what extent the subsurface can be explored. The frequencies and attenuation rates of the principal eigenmodes depend upon the electrical properties of the cavity. Instruments that monitor the electromagnetic environment in the ELF range on the surface, on balloons, or on descent probes provide unique information on the cavity. In this paper, we present Schumann resonance models for selected inner planets, some gaseous giant planets and a few of their satellites. We review the crucial parameters of ELF electromagnetic waves in their atmospheric cavities, namely the electric and magnetic field spectra, their eigenfrequencies, and the associated Q-factors (damping factors). Then we present important information on theoretical developments, on a general model that uses the finite element method and on the parameterization of the cavity. Next we show the distinctiveness of each planetary environment, and discuss how ELF radio wave propagation can contribute to an assessment of the major characteristics of those planetary environments.     

Aeronomical balloon experiments

Aeronomical balloon observations can be divided into two categories: in situ measurements of atmospheric constituents and other physical parameters, and measurements of the atmospheric transmission characteristics of the layers above the balloon. The optical experiments, in the infrared, the visible, the ultraviolet and the X-ray parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are discussed in detail whereas a brief review is given of in situ measurements of atmospheric composition, of the electric field and of cosmic dust.     

CFAR integration processors in randomly arriving impulseinterference

Time diversity transmission is often used to circumvent the high probability of a deep fade on a single transmission which may result in loss of the signal. One way to combat deep fades is to postdetection integrate the received observations from each range resolution cell. The false alarm rate of the postdetection integrator (PI) is extremely sensitive to randomly arriving impulse interference. Such interfering pulses may be unintentionally generated by nearby radars or intentionally generated by pulse jammers seeking to destroy the visibility of the radar. The binary integrator (PI) which uses an M-out-of-L decision rule is insensitive to at most M-1 interfering pulses. We consider the adaptive implementation of the PI and BI detectors for constant false alarm rate (CFAR) operation. We show that the CFAR BI detector when the “AND” (L-out-of-L) decision rule is used exhibits more robust false alarm control properties in the presence of impulse interference at the expense of severe detection loss when no interference is present. The CFAR adaptive PI (API) detector is proposed to alleviate this problem. The CFAR API detector implements an adaptive censoring algorithm which determines and censors with high probability the interference samples thereby achieving robust false alarm control in the presence of interference and optimum detection performance in the absence of interference     

Analysis of Surface Micro Machined RF MEMS Phase Shifters

Development of low loss radio frequency micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) phase shifters for radar and telecommunication applications is presented. Numerical simulation results using electromagnetic simulator tools (CST - Germany) along with fabricated wafer level measurement results of two distributed MEMS phase shifters are presented herein for upstate capacitive bridge position. The distributed MEMS phase shifter consists of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line and several MEMS bridges loading capacitively on transmission lines to create a slow wave structure. Two configurations of phase shifters are presented. 1) Conventional distributed MEMS transmission line (DMTL) 2) coplanar waveguide - microstrip - coplanar waveguide (CPW-MS-CPW), with microstrip as the transmission line and CPW as input and output line. The electromagnetic simulation results of gap height variation to change the phase velocity and, in turn, phase shift is presented. Work is underway to vary the gap height between transmission line and the bridge, applying the actuation voltage to bridge capacitors, which, in turn, will vary the bridge capacitance, changing the phase velocity on fabricated phase shifters. The match between simulated results and wafer level measurements are encouraging and will be presented in the full paper. Work is also underway to validate wafer level measurements along with numerical simulation using circuit models using circuit simulator. The custom model libraries for phase shifters are being developed. The results are encouraging.