航天器表面电荷激发空间静电场规律研究

从带电表面微元出发，通过求解泊松方程，得到带电介质平板表面邻近空间静电势的解析表达式，建立介质表面电位-介电常数模型，求得了带电介质平板表面电位、表面带电量和介质介电常数三者之间的关系式。结合典型的航天器表面介质材料带电案例，对此类圆盘结构介质平板带电问题进行了仿真分析，结果表明，在介质材料表面电位一定的情况下，表面电荷激发的空间静电势值随距离的增大而减小，并且距离介质表面越近，电势的空间变化率越大；在介质材料带电量相等的情况下，介质表面电位随着介质介电常数的增大而减小，并逐渐趋于一个稳定值，所以在一定范围内选择介电常数较大的介质材料可以降低介质的表面电位，减小介质间发生静电放电的几率。     

Hydrodynamic Approach to Modeling the Thermal Plasma Distribution around a Moving Charged Satellite

The electric field distribution around a charged satellite in a rarefied magnetospheric plasma influences greatly the densities and trajectories of particles measured by onboard instruments. The simulation of macroparameters of thermal plasma near the moving charged satellite, which is necessary for correction of experimental measurements, encounters considerable computational difficulties. In this work, two three-dimensional models of the electric field distribution around the satellite are considered under the conditions when the Debye length is comparable to the geometrical size of the spacecraft. In the first model a system of hydrodynamic equations of continuity and motion was used, which was solved jointly with the Poisson equation. In the second model the hydrodynamic equation of motion was used for analyzing the motion of large particles by means of the method of particles in a cell. The numerical algorithms and the results of calculations of the potential near the satellite, as well as the distributions of densities of electrons and ions and of volume charge, are considered. The results of test calculations for some situations in the ambient plasma are presented, and the influence of the spatial electric field distribution on the thermal plasma measurements is considered.     

Compact high-voltage accelerators of charged particles in space experiments

Some general problems of design and application of compact devices for the generation of pulse electric fields at a megavolt range in space experiments are discussed. The prospect of various applications of powerful electron beams for active diagnostics of upper layers of atmosphere, radiation belts and the earth's magnetic field is also reviewed. The proposed development of powerful impulsive devices is dictated by limitations of energy resources in spacecraft together with a need to get a good signal-to-noise ratio for reliable data recording. Compact devices which directly transform electric energy of a low-voltage source (solar batteries, chemical elements, nuclear reactor, etc.), into the energy of a megavolt charge particle beam of high impulsive power appear as reliable means for satisfying these requirements. In this paper, the basic practical schemes of energy transformation procedures are considered and the optimal operation parameters of high-voltage storage and transformer systems are discussed. Proper application of combined high-voltage insulation techniques result in the development of experimental models of heavy-current electron beam accelerators capable of generating beams of 300–500 kV, 3–5 kA, with a pulse duration of 15 × 10⁻⁹ sec at a frequency of 10 Hz. Typical applications of electron beam accelerators including the generator of electron-beam-controlled discharge laser beams are also described.     

Mechanisms of generation and dynamics of HF and LF emissions in the experiments with electron beams injected into the earth’s ionosphere

Mechanisms of generation and dynamics of HF and LF emissions related to an electron beam injection from a spacecraft into the ionosphere are studied. The choice of the source and region of emission is substantiated. The plasma current neutralizing the spacecraft charge and the region of spatial charge in the vicinity of the spacecraft are chosen. Mechanisms of the generation of HF and LF emissions are proposed and their characteristics are determined. For the considered ranges of emission, the explanation of the facts related to the difficulties in interpretation of the amplitude value observed experimentally and the behavior of its envelope are presented. It is shown that the results obtained in this work agree well with the data of the conducted experiments.     

Critical conditions of condensation of metal working medium of electric propulsion on spacecraft surfaces

An experimental method for determination of critical conditions of condensation of metal propellants of electric jet engines (EJEs) on the surfaces of materials of spacecraft thermoregulating covers is presented. When the critical conditions are reached, the irreversible process of condensation and formation of thin metal films begins on spacecraft surfaces. A rather high accuracy and universality of the method for metal working media and for various surface materials are based on measurements of the intensity of a light beam generated by a stabilized source and reflected from the surface. The working capacity of the method is demonstrated for measurements carried out for four different materials of the surfaces of thermoregulating covers and cesium vapors.     

电推进航天器的特殊环境及其影响

文章介绍了应用离子和霍耳电推进系统在航天器周围产生的等离子体和电磁场等特殊环境,讨论了这些特殊环境对航天器各分系统或部件产生的溅射腐蚀、沉积污染、充放电、等离子体干扰、碰撞动力学扰动等影响效应,探讨了研究电推进与航天器相互作用效应的地面试验技术、空间飞行试验技术和模型分析技术,介绍了离子电推进系统与航天器相容性分析评价的技术要点。     

航天器表面充电仿真计算和电位主动控制技术

文章运用等效电路理论推导出随时间变化充电问题的微分方程组,用FORTRAN语言开发了相应的计算机模拟程序,针对强地磁亚暴空间环境分析了地球同步轨道航天器在阴影区和光照区的充电水平。最后计算讨论了采用空心阴极等离子体接触器向航天器外发射电子束作为控制航天器充电水平手段的作用效果。     

空间材料深层充放电效应试验研究

利用电子枪发射的单能电子束、以及放射源发射的能谱结构接近空间电子环境的β射线电子,模拟试验了几种常用空间介质材料和某卫星部件的深层充电过程;结合对放电电流脉冲和电场脉冲的测量,观测了深层放电脉冲信号及其对试验电路的影响。试验结果表明,在类似实际空间强度的pA量级电子束辐照下,介质材料可以累积大量电荷,其表面电位可以达到近万V;随后发生的介质材料放电可产生高强度的放电电流脉冲和电场脉冲,放电脉冲对试验电路造成较强的干扰。     

离子推力器羽流特性及其污染分析

介绍了与电推进系统有关的空间环境效应的形成原因及其对航天器性能、寿命等的影响。阐述了离子火箭发动机羽流内束离子、中性推进剂原子、交换电荷（CEX）离子和电子等主要成分与航天器相互作用的过程及机理。分析表明，离子推力器出口处的中性推进剂原子与高速束离子流碰撞后产生的CEX离子Xe^＋，以及带电离子轰击推力器组件特别是加速极所产生的金属CEX离子，是造成离子火箭发动机羽流污染的主要成分。在此基础上提出了若干防污染措施。     

Effect of thin condensate films of a metal working fluid of an electric propulsion engine on the integral optical coefficients of a spacecraft’s thermal control coating

Materials on experimental studies to determine the effect of thin condensate films of cesium (used as a model working medium for electric propulsion engines and some spacecraft power sources) on integral optical coefficients of spacecraft thermal control coatings are presented. A technique modified by the author and employing the regular thermal regime of a thin metal plate is used. Measurement results demonstrate that films with thicknesses of 100–1000 Å can seriously degrade the integral optical coefficients of thermal control coatings and thus disturb the heat balance of some spacecraft systems.     

一类挠性航天器的变结构控制

本文研究在控制器能量受限条件下，一类挠性航天器的姿态控制问题。考虑刚性主体上带有挠性梁的航天器，并假定系统在一平面内作旋转运动。针对航天控制工程中执行机构的工作模式，基于系统的无穷维模型，本文设计了简单易行的变结构控制方案，并证明了相应的闭环系统的渐近稳定性。数值仿真和物理实验结果显示了所设计的控制算法的有效性。     

挠性航天器旋转机动的变结构控制

本文研究在控制器能量受限条件下，一类挠性航天器旋转机动的控制问题。考虑刚性主体上带有挠性粱的航天器，并假定它在一平面内作旋转运动。本文针对航天控制工程中执行机构的工作模式，基于系统的无穷维模型，设计了简单易行的变结构控制方案，并证明了相应的闭环系统的渐近稳定性。数值仿真和物理实验结果显示了所设计的控制算法的有效性。     

航天器介质充电效应模拟试验中的非接触式电位转接测量技术

航天器充放电效应地面模拟试验中需要测量的一个重要参数是介质的充电电位。文章基于介质充电电位的非接触式转接测量技术,分析了测量中引起误差的各个因素,讨论了减小测量误差和提高转接测量分辨率的方法,并进行试验验证。据此设计了一套介质电位非接触式转接测量系统,其测量分辨率达到10 V以下,且由电荷泄漏引起的测量误差1%,能够满足航天器介质充电电位的测量要求。     

支持航天器全时监控的中继卫星全景波束技术

针对中低轨航天器监控全时全域覆盖的特点，提出一种采用中继卫星多址返向全景波束联合相扫前向波束支持航天器在轨全时监控的模式。对该模式涉及的全景波束技术进行了仿真分析比较。结果表明，选用数字波束形成技术和1.5 dB交叠的波束构型形成全景波束，设计新的短报文和连续业务数据传输协议，分别用于航天器自身健康信息汇报和常规管控，链路预算余量高于3 dB，单颗中继卫星可服务不少于1000个短报文用户。为下一步全景波束演示验证试验和工程应用提供了参考依据。     

LEO太阳电池一次放电模型研究

空间等离子体作用下,太阳电池一次放电是诱发二次放电的主要原因。目前缺乏适合工程应用的一次放电快速评估模型。文章借鉴辉光放电理论,针对太阳电池三联点结构提出一次放电一维简化模型,用于评估太阳电池设计对放电脉冲强弱的影响。模型计算结果表明,增加玻璃盖片厚度和电池串联间隙有助于提高一次放电起始电压,一次放电频率随着太阳电池偏压和表面二次电子发射系数增加而增大,放电电流随着太阳电池偏压和电池阵电容增加而增强。该模型计算结果与试验测试结果基本一致,且比其他模型计算过程简单,可以为太阳电池设计中一次放电现象快速评估提供参考。     

原子氧与飞行器表面撞击的束流强度和能量

原子氧是低地球轨道飞行器经受的重要环境因素。作用到不同姿态表面的原子氧的束流强度和能量不同。文章采用热力学统计物理方法,考虑了飞行器的运动和原子氧的热运动速度,建立了原子氧与飞行器表面作用的模型;对不同攻角的原子氧束流强度和作用能量进行了分析、计算;并与美国长期空间暴露试验装置实测的结果进行了比较;分析了产生差异的原因。     

Optimal reconfigurations of two-craft Coulomb formations along manifolds

Coulomb formations refer to swarms of closely flying spacecraft, in which the net electric charge of each vehicle is controlled. Active charge control is central to this concept and enables a propulsion system with highly desirable characteristics, albeit with limited controllability. Numerous Coulomb formation equilibria have been derived, but to maintain and maneuver these configurations, some inertial thrust is required to supplement the nearly propellant-less charge control. In this work, invariant manifold theory is applied to two-craft Coulomb equilibria, which are admitted in a linearized two-body gravity model. The manifolds associated with these systems are analyzed for the first time, and are then utilized as part of a general procedure for formulating optimal reconfigurations. Specifically, uncontrolled flows along the manifolds are sought which provide near continuous transfers from one equilibrium to another. Control is then introduced to match continuity, while minimizing inertial thrusting. This methodology aims to exploit uncontrolled motions and charge control to realize the shape-changing ability of these formations, without large inertial control efforts. Some variations in formulating and parameterizing the optimal transfers are discussed, and analytical expressions are derived to aid in establishing control parameter limits, under certain assumptions. Numerical results are provided, as demonstrative examples of the optimization procedure, using relatively simple control approximations. Finally, Particle Swarm Optimization, a novel stochastic method, is used with considerable success to solve the numerically difficult parameter optimization problems.     

Novel mission concepts for polar coverage: An overview of recent developments and possible future applications

The paper provides a survey of novel mission concepts for continuous, hemispheric polar observation and direct-link polar telecommunications. It is well known that these services cannot be provided by traditional platforms: geostationary satellites do not cover high-latitude regions, while low- and medium-orbit Sun-synchronous spacecraft only cover a narrow swath of the Earth at each passage. Concepts that are proposed in the literature are described, including the pole-sitter concept (in which a spacecraft is stationary above the pole), spacecraft in artificial equilibrium points in the Sun–Earth system and non-Keplerian polar Molniya orbits. Additionally, novel displaced eight-shaped orbits at Lagrangian points are presented. For many of these concepts, a continuous acceleration is required and propulsion systems include solar electric propulsion, solar sail and a hybridisation of the two. Advantages and drawbacks of each mission concept are assessed, and a comparison in terms of high-latitude coverage and distance, spacecraft mass, payload and lifetime is presented. Finally, the paper will describe a number of potential applications enabled by these concepts, focusing on polar Earth observation and telecommunications.     

行星际空间质子引起介质深层充电的GEANT4模拟研究

高通量的空间质子是导致行星际航天器深层充电的主要原因,基于辐射诱导电导率模 型（RIC）和粒子输运模拟工具GEANT4对介质材料在质子辐照条件下的深层充电问题进行了 预估。利用GEANT4-RIC充电计算方法,首先计算出10MeV质子在Kapton和Teflon中的注量和 剂量沉积曲线,进而根据电流连续性方程、泊松方程和电荷俘获方程组成的辐射诱导电导率 模型（RIC）求解出介质内电荷和电场分布,与介质击穿电场阈值对比作为其是否发生放电 的依据。模拟结果证实了对10MeV质子,在质子注量为3×10 12 ／cm 2时Kapton会发 生放电,而Teflon则不会发生放电的一般性试验结论。验证了GEANT4-RIC方法用于行星际航 天器介质材料质子充放电评价的可行性,为此类问题的解决奠定了基础。
     

空间作战融合网电力量对航天器的功能需求

分析了空间作战融合网电作战力量的趋势,并结合空间作战的网电对抗对航天器网电攻防的功能需求,分析了可行的航天器系统实现网电对抗功能的技术途径,包含航天器融合网电作战力量的技术能力和可能系统组成。