返回式卫星的最新发展

返回式卫星是在50年代末为军事照相侦察卫星而发展起来的。自70年代后期,返回式卫星在空间微重力试验以及为将来空间站的货物运输方面有着新的广泛的用途。西欧和日本自80年代后半期开始开展返回式卫星的研制,近些年来,获得了一些进展。本文介绍了近十年来,世界各国在研制返回式卫星方面取得的进展。     

Four Decades' Development of China's Recoverable Satellites

This paper reviews the recoverable satellites China has developed over the past forty years.The main missions,technical specifications,scientific and technical experiments of these satellites,including the SJ-10 scientific experiment satellite launched on April 6,2016 are introduced.Recommendations for future technical upgrades for recoverable satellites are also proposed in the paper.     

“资源三号”卫星在轨几何定标及精度评估

＂资源三号＂卫星是中国第一颗民用三线阵立体测图卫星,实现了中国民用高分辨率测绘卫星领域零的突破,对中国测绘事业的发展具有革命性意义,是中国卫星测绘发展史上一座新的里程碑。在轨几何定标是测绘卫星应用的一个重要环节,文章利用武汉大学在河南嵩山地区建设的几何定标场等基础设施实现了＂资源三号＂卫星的在轨几何定标,并对定标结果进行了试验验证。试验结果表明：基于高精度几何定标场几何定标后,＂资源三号＂卫星可以获得很好的无地面控制精度以及少量控制下的平面和高程精度,完全可以满足1︰50 000测图精度要求。     

Ground based ISS payload microgravity disturbance assessments

In order to verify that the International Space Station (ISS) payload facility racks do not disturb the microgravity environment of neighboring facility racks and that the facility science operations are not compromised, a testing and analytical verification process must be followed. Currently no facility racks have taken this process from start to finish. The authors are participants in implementing this process for the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF). To address the testing part of the verification process, the Microgravity Emissions Laboratory (MEL) was developed at GRC. The MEL is a 6 degree of freedom inertial measurement system capable of characterizing inertial response forces (emissions) of components, sub-rack payloads, or rack-level payloads down to 10(-7) g's. The inertial force output data, generated from the steady state or transient operations of the test articles, are utilized in analytical simulations to predict the on-orbit vibratory environment at specific science or rack interface locations. Once the facility payload rack and disturbers are properly modeled an assessment can be made as to whether required microgravity levels are achieved. The modeling is utilized to develop microgravity predictions which lead to the development of microgravity sensitive ISS experiment operations once on-orbit. The on-orbit measurements will be verified by use of the NASA GRC Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS). The major topics to be addressed in this paper are: (1) Microgravity Requirements, (2) Microgravity Disturbers, (3) MEL Testing, (4) Disturbance Control, (5) Microgravity Control Process, and (6) On-Orbit Predictions and Verification.     

Microgravity research results and experiences from the NASA/MIR space station program

The Microgravity Research Program (MRP) participated aggressively in Phase 1 of the International Space Station Program using the Russian Mir Space Station. The Mir Station offered an otherwise unavailable opportunity to explore the advantages and challenges of long duration microgravity space research. Payloads with both National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and commercial backing were included as well as cooperative research with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). From this experience, much was learned about long-duration on-orbit science utilization and developing new working relationships with our Russian partner to promote efficient planning, operations, and integration to solve complexities associated with a multiple partner program.

This paper focuses on the microgravity research conducted onboard the Mir space station. It includes the Program preparation and planning necessary to support this type of cross increment research experience; the payloads which were flown; and summaries of significant microgravity science findings.     

载人航天器密封舱微生物防控技术体系框架研究概述

载人航天器密封舱内环境适宜航天员工作和生活,同时也给空间微生物提供了生长繁殖的有利条件。而空间微重力和电磁辐射等环境会加大空间微生物对材料的腐蚀能力。因此,必须对空间微生物防控技术进行体系化研究。文章从空间微生物菌种的采集和鉴定、空间环境下微生物对航天材料的腐蚀机理、载人航天材料抗菌涂层选择以及微生物控制技术等方面对微生物防控体系进行阐述,可以作为开展载人航天器空间微生物防控技术研究的参考。     

一种用于空间机械臂的 微重力模拟悬吊配重试验系统

空间机械臂工作在空间微重力环境中,广泛用于太空中的舱段对接、在轨维修等操作,因此需要在地面模拟微重力环境以满足空间机械臂研制试验要求。文章基于国内外模拟微重力环境领域技术现状,依据型号研制试验要求,提出了一种用于大型空间机械臂性能和可靠性验证的微重力环境模拟悬吊配重试验系统,并给出了悬挂机构子系统、二维随动子系统、恒拉力子系统、位姿测定子系统的设计思路和具体方案。     

基于高分卫星姿态监测的姿态参数算法优化

目前航天测绘相机几何参数的在轨标定通常经由地面检校场数据处理完成。然而,由于一次摄影中难以保证获取的地面检校场影像完整,使得在轨标定周期较长,进而导致实时监测与标定非常困难。“高分十四号”卫星搭载了一种新的姿态测定系统,利用高精度的相机光轴监测实现对相机几何参数的在轨实时标定。文章在此基础上对高分卫星星地相机间夹角在轨解算方案进行了优化,并基于数值仿真和在轨实测数据进行了分析,结果显示优化算法可以进一步提高影像内定向稳定度和最终的定位精度,未来有望在高精度立体测绘应用中发挥重要作用。     

低温推进剂在轨加注技术与方案研究综述

为了探究适用于低温推进剂在轨加注的相关技术与方案,通过文献调研与对比分析,介绍国内外在轨加注技术的研究现状,梳理低温推进剂在轨加注的关键技术,研究现有加注技术与方案对低温推进剂的适用性,并提出我国开展相关研究的思路与方向。研究表明：1）气液分离、蒸发量控制、质量测量和流体驱动循环等技术是直接影响推进剂在轨加注系统结构与加注性能的关键技术;2）低温推进剂具有沸点低、表面张力小等特殊性,对气液分离、系统热防护等技术的性能要求更高;3）表面张力式气液分离、纤维镜或射频质量检测、多层隔热材料、热力学排气系统（TVS）以及无排气加注等先进技术方案对低温流体和微重力环境均具有更好的适用性,将成为实现低温推进剂在轨加注的关键突破口。     

航天器微振动力学参数测量单元设计与验证

针对某新型气象卫星的在轨微振动测量需求,分析微振动对于卫星及其精密载荷的影响,提出一种具有可切换量程和较高故障容错能力的卫星微振动测量单元设计方案.通过地面试验数据与在轨数据的对比,证明该系统能够准确辨识整星及高精度载荷在不同工况下的微振动力学数据.该系统功能的成功实现为进一步优化星体结构、改善高精度载荷工作环境提拱了...     

卫星快速绕飞轨迹设计与制导

快速绕飞在航天器近距离观测、空间目标识别与侦察、在轨服务与应急情况处理活动中具有重要应用。首先建立了适用于目标航天器运行在圆轨道或椭圆轨道的相对运动状态转移矩阵;然后,推导了采用多脉冲控制方法实现与目标航天器共面和异面快速绕飞、进入绕飞和退出绕飞的轨迹设计与制导的模型和算法;最后,分析了绕飞过程速度脉冲需求与绕飞参数的关系。仿真计算结果表明所提出的快速绕飞轨迹设计模型和制导算法可以用于对圆轨道或椭圆轨道目标航天器的共面或异面快速绕飞。     

Recent NASA research accomplishments aboard the ISS

The activation of the US Laboratory Module "Destiny" on the International Space Station (ISS) in February 2001 launched a new era in microgravity research. Destiny provides the environment to conduct long-term microgravity research utilizing human intervention to assess, report, and modify experiments real time. As the only available pressurized space platform, ISS maximizes today's scientific resources and substantially increases the opportunity to obtain much longed-for answers on the effects of microgravity and long-term exposure to space. In addition, it evokes unexpected questions and results while experiments are still being conducted, affording time for changes and further investigation. While building and outfitting the ISS is the main priority during the current ISS assembly phase, seven different space station crews have already spent more than 2000 crew hours on approximately 80 scientific investigations, technology development activities, and educational demonstrations.     

星上遥感影像在轨处理进展研究

从星地数传、高时敏任务等对星上遥感影像在轨处理的需求出发,本文对美国、欧洲以及国内主要的星上遥感影像在轨处理进展进行了研究;以此为基础,结合星上遥感影像在轨处理框架与深度学习等智能处理技术,分析了高性能星上智能处理平台构建、基于深度学习的遥感影像在轨智能处理、多源遥感影像数据在轨融合处理、星地协同数据处理及在轨更新等星上遥感影像在轨处理关键技术;最后,对星上遥感影像在轨处理未来发展趋势进行了总结,为进一步提升遥感卫星在轨应用效能提供参考。     

Microgravity measurement assembly (MMA) for spacelab module missions

The microgravity measurement assembly (MMA) is a precision measurement facility for ground and on-orbit disturbance accelerations on board Spacelab, being currently under development by MBB/ERNO under DFVLR contract. MMA is using a new generation of micromechanical acceleration detectors developed by CSEM under ESTEC contract. Small dimensions of the triaxial sensor packages allow for installation very close to scientific experiments; mass is significantly reduced compared to conventional systems. Six or more of these mini-sensor packages are installed at the most g-sensitive experiments of Spacelab Module Missions. Acceleration and housekeeping data are processed in real time by a dedicated microcomputer and transmitted to the ground. Thus, for the first time, synchronized and comparable precision acceleration data are available in real time on ground for on-line judgement of the microgravity environment desired for experiment success, offering the possibility, for example of experiment repetition in case of excessive g-disturbances. Furthermore, MMA allows for immediate feedback to the crew concerning the microgravity effects of their dynamic behavior, with the aim of crew training towards lower disturbances. An additional mobile sensor package can be installed at vibration sources, e.g. pumps, centrifuges etc. or any arbitrary location inside the Spacelab Module. An impact hammer can be used together with MMA in order to measure in-flight structural transfer functions. The MMA on-board system and ground station and its planned utilization for the German Spacelab Mission D-2 is described.     

Ground and on-orbit command and data handling architectures for the Active Rack Isolation System microgravity flight experiment

The Active Rack Isolation System [ARIS] International Space Station [ISS] Characterization Experiment, or ARIS-ICE for short, is a long duration microgravity characterization experiment aboard the ISS. The objective of the experiment is to fully characterize active microgravity performance of the first ARIS rack deployed on the ISS. Efficient ground and on-orbit command and data handling [C&DH] segments are the crux in achieving the challenging objectives of the mission. The objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the C&DH architectures developed for ARIS-ICE, with the view that these architectures may serve as a model for future ISS microgravity payloads. Both ground and on-orbit segments, and their interaction with corresponding ISS C&DH systems are presented. The heart of the on-orbit segment is the ARIS-ICE Payload On-orbit Processor, ARIS-ICE POP for short. The POP manages communication with the ISS C&DH system and other ISS subsystems and payloads, enables automation of test/data collection sequences, and provides a wide range of utilities such as efficient file downlinks/uplinks, data post-processing, data compression and data storage. The hardware and software architecture of the POP is presented and it is shown that the built-in functionality helps to dramatically streamline the efficiency of on-orbit operations. The ground segment has at its heart special ARIS-ICE Ground Support Equipment [GSE] software developed for the experiment. The software enables efficient command and file uplinks, and reconstruction and display of science telemetry packets. The GSE software architecture is discussed along with its interactions with ISS ground C&DH elements. A test sequence example is used to demonstrate the interplay between the ground and on-orbit segments.     

Realization of modes of satellite attitude motion with a small level of microaccelerations using electromechanical executive devices

Quasi-static microaccelerations are estimated for a satellite specially designed to perform space experiments in the field of microgravity. Three modes of attitude motion of the spacecraft are considered: passive gravitational orientation, orbital orientation, and semi-passive gravitational orientation. In these modes the lengthwise axis of the satellite is directed along the local vertical, while solar arrays lie in the orbit plane. The second and third modes are maintained using electromechanical executive devices: flywheel engines or gyrodynes. Estimations of residual microaccelerations are performed with the help of mathematical modeling of satellite’s attitude motion under the action of gravitational and aerodynamic moments, as well as the moment produced by the gyro system. It is demonstrated that all modes ensure rather low level of quasi-static microaccelerations on the satellite and provide for a fairly narrow region of variation for the vector of residual microacceleration. The semi-passive gravitational orientation ensures also a limited proper angular momentum of the gyro system.     

航天器新型高密度排插型DC10电缆安装技术

以互联网卫星上首次使用的新型高密度排插型电缆组件为研究对象,介绍了集成式排插型电连接器的制造技术要求和工作原理,从电连接器结构分析出发,研究影响该类型电缆的安装因素。首次提出了新型高密度排插型电缆的安装方法,阐述了该类型电缆的弯曲半径要求、绑扎要求、紧固力矩值要求和使用专用工装的拆卸方法。经过分系统的实际在轨性能测试验证,该安装技术可以显著降低新型高密度排插型电缆组件在大通量、高饱和度信号传输状态下性能下降的现象,成功解决了该类型电缆在卫星狭小空间下的安装与拆卸难题,提高了该类型电缆在卫星狭小空间内的安装精度和分系统的在轨可靠性,为该新型高密度排插型电缆组件的安装在后续卫星批量应用提供了技术指导和工艺基础。     

SpaceMocap：在轨人体运动捕捉系统

SpaceMocap是一套基于多RGB-D相机的计算机视觉航天员运动捕捉系统。地面准备阶段，扫描航天员模型，并分别标定彩色相机的内参数。在轨采集阶段，3~4台相机布置在舱内角落，同步采集航天员任务视频。地面处理阶段，通过相机外参数标定和ICP方法实现点云融合，采用深度神经网络对人体关节点位置进行检测并初始化位姿参数，再用改进的ICP方法进行位姿求精，实现序列图像中关节角度跟踪。本系统搭载TG-2升空，对SZ-11航天员的任务视频进行了采集和处理，首次获取了在轨航天员的姿态(包括中性体位)、占位空间、运动参数等重要数据。结果表明，运动捕捉的模型与点云具有良好的重合度，关节点位置与关节角度具有较高的跟踪精度。SpaceMocap是我国首个在轨运动捕捉系统，它小型、轻质，具有计算机视觉特有的非接触测量、直观、高精度优势，无需在人体上粘贴任何标志，具有良好的抗遮挡能力，完全适用于微重力、狭小空间环境下的在轨应用 。     

“实践九号”A卫星图像的直接解调成像方法

“实践九号”（SJ-9）卫星是中国新技术试验卫星系列规划中的首发星,其中A星搭载的光学成像有效载荷技术试验项目为高分辨率多光谱相机,其图像数据将应用于国土资源调查与监测、农林业、环境保护、防灾减灾等领域,满足用户对高分辨率数据的需求。目前,遥感数据地面处理主要使用美国学者提出的调制传递函数补偿方法,而该文使用了中国科学家自主提出的直接解调成像方法处理“实践九号”A卫星全色谱段的遥感图像。通过分析处理前后的敦煌靶标和法国靶标的调制传递函数（Modulation Transfer Function,MTF）和点扩散函数,认为经直接解调成像方法处理后的图像清晰度和MTF有明显提高,达到了国际上同类遥感图像处理方法的先进水平。     

Initial characterization of the microgravity environment of the international space station: increments 2 through 4

The primary objective of the International Space Station (ISS) is to provide a long-term quiescent environment for the conduct of scientific research for a variety of microgravity science disciplines. This paper reports to the microgravity scientific community the results of an initial characterization of the microgravity environment on the International Space Station for increments 2 through 4. During that period almost 70,000 hours of station operations and scientific experiments were conducted. 720 hours of crew research time were logged aboard the orbiting laboratory and over half a terabyte of acceleration data were recorded and much of that was analyzed. The results discussed in this paper cover both the quasi-steady and vibratory acceleration environment of the station during its first year of scientific operation. For the quasi-steady environment, results are presented and discussed for the following: the space station attitudes Torque Equilibrium Attitude and the X-Axis Perpendicular to the Orbital Plane; station docking attitude maneuvers; Space Shuttle joint operation with the station; cabin de-pressurizations and the station water dumps. For the vibratory environment, results are presented for the following: crew exercise, docking events, and the activation/de-activation of both station life support system hardware and experiment hardware. Finally, a grand summary of all the data collected aboard the station during the 1-year period is presented showing where the overall quasi-steady and vibratory acceleration magnitude levels fall over that period of time using a 95th percentile benchmark.