运载火箭贮箱增压控制技术发展综述

随着运载火箭低成本、高可靠性的发展趋势,对贮箱增压的控制技术提出了更高的要求。在研究国内外火箭的增压控制技术现状的基础上,总结提炼出增压控制技术的发展趋势,为后续新型火箭的研制提供参考。     

Technology and Market Prospect Analysis of Low Cost Small-lift Launch Vehicles for Small Satellites

The technological development status of new generation low cost small-lift launch vehicles applied to small satellite launch is investigated in this paper. The development trends are summarized, including low cost and rapid response capability, utilization of mature rocket and missile technology, the development of mobile launch technology adopting air-based platforms and use of innovative technology. Moreover, the external power and internal demand of the small-lift launch vehicle are analyzed and the market prospect is forecasted. Finally, proposals for the development of small-lift launch vehicles are put forward, including exploration of the potential of existing rocket and missile technology, development of multi-platform mobile launch technology and further application of innovative technology and ideas.     

The impact of launch vehicle type and size on development cost

The technical development trend of future launch vehicle systems is towards fully reusable systems, in order to reduce space transportation cost. However, different types of launch vehicles are feasible, as there are

• —winged two-stage systems (WTS)

• —ballistic single-stage vehicles (BSS)

• —ballistic two-stage vehicles (BTS)

The performance of those systems is compared according to the present state of the art as well as the development cost, based on the “TRANSCOST-Model”. The development costs are shown versus launch mass (GLOW) and pay-load for the three types of reusable systems mentioned above.It is shown that performance optimization and cost minimization lead to different results. It is more economic to increase the vehicle size for achieving higher performance, instead of increasing technical complexity.Finally it is described that due to the essentially lower launch cost of reusable vehicles it will be feasible to recover the development cost by an amortization charge on the launch cost. This possibility, however, would allow commercial funding of future launch vehicle developments.     

固体运载火箭的技术特点与研制规律分析（英文）

Solid-propellant and liquid-propellant launch vehicles have their own characteristics, both playing an important role in space transportation systems of space powers. This paper reviews and summarizes the development history of solid-propellant launch vehicles, and analyzes their technical characteristics including multiple stages, large payloads, complex separation, diverse operation modes, fast response, and mission adaptability as well as unique advantages in launch activities. This paper analyzes and proposes four development laws for solid-propellant launch vehicles, including improving comprehensive performance, infusing heritage with innovation, unitization and seriation, and optimizing power systems. Finally, this paper proposes the opportunities and challenges faced by solid-propellant launch vehicles based on market demands.     

长征三号甲系列运载火箭高适应性发展——从总体与导航制导控制的视角

从总体与导航制导控制的视角,对长征三号甲系列运载火箭发展与成就进行了分析和小结。长征三号甲系列运载火箭,在长征三号运载火箭解决我国发射高轨道卫星有无问题的基础上,历经基本能力、适应能力、高适应能力的发展,具备了高轨道大型卫星运载能力,突破了从单一轨道面到三维空间各种轨道发射、从高轨卫星转移轨道到工作轨道发射、从地球轨道到地月轨道发射以及从航天技术试验到高可靠工程应用发射等关键技术,使我国运载火箭整体能力取得了地球全轨道发射、星际轨道发射等跨越发展。航天重大工程和国际商业发射表明,该系列运载火箭已进入世界高轨道航天器发射的运载火箭前列,并奠定了进一步开拓发展的基础。     

The Development Characteristics and Trends of Heavy Launch Vehicles

Heavy launch vehicles represent the ability of a country to enter space and utilize space resources. In re-cent years, with the growth in human space exploration, the major aerospace powers and companies in the world areplanning to develop heavy launch vehicles. This study analyzes the development of heavy launch vehicles in the world,reviews the characteristics of China's heavy launch vehicle serial configuration, and then proposes common points anddevelopment trends of future heavy launch vehicles in the world.     

Cost Engineering – The new paradigm for space launch vehicle design

The paper describes the basic definition and application of 'Cost Engineering' which means to design a vehicle system for minimum development cost and/or for minimum operations cost. This is important now and for the future since space transportation has become primarily a commercial business in contrast to the past where it has been mainly a subject of military power and national prestige. Several examples are presented for minimum-cost space launch vehicle configurations, such as increasing vehicle size and/or the use of less efficient rocket engines in order to reduce development and operations cost. Further a cost comparison is presented on single-stage (SSTO)-vehicles vs. two-stage launchers which shows that SSTOs have lower development and operations cost although they are larger, respectively have a higher lift-off mass than two-stage vehicles with the same performance. The design of a space tourism-dedicated launch vehicle is an extreme challenge for a cost-engineered vehicle design in order to achieve cost per seat not higher than $50,000. Finally an outlook is presented on the different options for manned Earth-to-Moon transportation modes and vehicles – another most important application of 'cost engineering', taking into account the large cost of such a future venture.     

The transcost-model for launch vehicle cost estimation and its application to future systems analysis

The first part of the paper describes the structure of the analytical cost estimation model (1982 edition) for launch vehicle development, fabrication and launch operations cost. Especially the new approach for a cost assessment of operations cost including refurbishment (in case of reusable vehicles), direct and indirect operations is presented for discussion and subsequent improvements by introduction of more reference values. The model uses the Man-Year (MY) as cost unit which is independent from inflation and currency exchange rate changes.

The second part of the paper deals with its application to future systems analysis and cost comparison with the example of a potential future European launcher (Post-Ariane-4) with 15 tons LEO payload capability: ten different two-stage launch vehicle concepts (expendable, semi-reusable and fully reusable) with storable and cryogenic propellants are analysed with respect to development cost and cost per launch.

The key problem for a future European launch vehicle is the optimum solution between the (limited) development effort and the desired minimum launch cost. More advanced (partially) reusable systems could provide an essential reduction in cost per launch, require, however, a higher development effort.

In such a case an analytical cost model based on realistic reference data can provide important data for the vehicle concept selection process.     

一种可兼容多型号运载火箭的可重构式活动发射平台（英文）

A launch pad is an important part of the launch vehicle system. It bears the weight of launch vehicles and payloads, and is burnt due to the high-temperature and high-pressure gas flow during launch. This study analyzes the development of launch pads in the world, reviews a reconfigurable mobile launch pad for multiple launchers, then proposes common points and development trends of future launch pads in the world.     

Economy of modular low-technology launch vehicles

The paper comprises an assessment of the design and the economics of so-called “low-cost” simple modular launch vehicles. It is shown that the performance is very marginal and that the cost per launch cannot compete with technically more advanced fully reusable vehicles. Especially a private-funded development cannot be amortized economically in case of an expendable launch vehicle.     

分布式协同箭载电气系统总体架构研究

新一代信息技术的高速发展引发了运载火箭电气系统技术的革新。回顾了箭载电气系统总体架构的发展历程,分析了推动运载火箭电气系统发展的主要因素和未来箭载电气系统总体架构的发展趋势,针对智慧火箭电气系统可重构的目标,提出了一种分布式协同的一体化电气系统总体架构,对关键技术进行了论证,并对分布式可重构的运行机制进行了研究,最后总结了该架构的技术特征,给出了发展建议。     

我国新一代中型高轨运载火箭发展研究

新一代火箭CZ-5、CZ-6和CZ-7陆续首飞成功,拉开了我国运载火箭更新换代的序幕。新一代中型运载火箭CZ-7于2016年6月和2017年4月圆满完成了两次飞行任务,为中型运载火箭的研制奠定了坚实的基础。在CZ-7火箭基础上,增加CZ-3A氢氧三子级,在海南文昌发射GTO轨道卫星,运载能力不低于7.0t,可快速形成更新换代能力,填补我国GTO轨道该吨位的运载能力的空白。为了进一步提升我国运载火箭的竞争力,对标国际先进水平,针对新一代中型高轨运载火箭开展构型优化研究,以提高火箭性能,降低火箭成本,提升火箭的使用维护性能,满足后续GTO发射任务需求。     

A space exploration strategy that promotes international and commercial participation

NASA has created a plan to implement the Flexible Path strategy, which utilizes a heavy lift launch vehicle to deliver crew and cargo to orbit. In this plan, NASA would develop much of the transportation architecture (launch vehicle, crew capsule, and in-space propulsion), leaving the other in-space elements open to commercial and international partnerships. This paper presents a space exploration strategy that reverses that philosophy, where commercial and international launch vehicles provide launch services. Utilizing a propellant depot to aggregate propellant on orbit, smaller launch vehicles are capable of delivering all of the mass necessary for space exploration. This strategy has benefits to the architecture in terms of cost, schedule, and reliability.     

国外固体运载火箭主动力系统发展研究

统计了近10年来欧洲、日本、美国的固体运载火箭发射情况,系统分析了这些火箭使用的固体发动机性能参数,梳理了其发展脉络。这些国家和地区固体运载火箭主动力系统低成本的技术思路、模块化的发展方向、自动化的生产条件、完备的寿命评估体系,能够为我国运载火箭固体动力系统现阶段的使用、改进,以及未来的发展、规划提供参考和借鉴。     

LM-11——The Main Force in China's Small Launch Vehicles for Commercial Launch

The Long March 11 launch vehicle(LM-11) is the only solid launch vehicle within China's new-generation launch vehicle series, enabling a full spectrum of Chinese launch vehicles. Compared with other China's LM series launch vehicles, it has the shortest launch preparation time. With the characteristics of appropriate launch capability, quick response, easy-to-use, flexible operation, universal interface and strong task adaptability, LM-11 can better meet the launch requirements for various small networking satellite, replacement and for emergency use. After four successful launches, LM-11 has become the main Chinese launch vehicle oriented to the international small satellite commercial launch market.     

Redefining safety in commercial space: Understanding debates over the safety of private human spaceflight initiatives in the United States

In 2009 President Obama proposed a budget for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that canceled the Constellation program and included the development of commercial crew transportation systems into low Earth orbit. This significant move to shift human spaceflight into the private sector sparked political debate, but much of the discourse has focused on impacts to “safety.” Although no one disputes the importance of keeping astronauts safe, strategies for defining safety reveal contrasting visions for the space program and opposing values regarding the privatization of U.S. space exploration. In other words, the debate over commercial control has largely become encoded in arguments over safety. Specifically, proponents of using commercial options for transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) argue that commercial vehicles would be safe for astronauts, while proponents of NASA control argue that commercial vehicles would be unsafe, or at least not as safe as NASA vehicles. The cost of the spaceflight program, the technical requirements for designing a vehicle, the track record of the launch vehicle, and the experience of the launch provider are all incorporated into what defines safety in human spaceflight. This paper analyzes these contested criteria through conceptual lenses provided by fields of science and technology policy (STP) and science, technology, and society (STS). We ultimately contend that these differences in definition result not merely from ambiguous understandings of safety, but from intentional and strategic choices guided by normative positions on the commercialization of human spaceflight. The debate over safety is better considered a proxy debate for the partisan preferences embedded within the dispute over public or private spaceflight.     

弹道学在运载火箭总体设计中的实践与展望

简要介绍了运载火箭弹道学的主要研究内容,从弹道设计的基本方法出发,着重分析了弹道设计对于运载火箭总体设计的重要影响。在回顾我国运载火箭弹道学发展历史的同时,对我国运载火箭弹道学的特点进行了系统总结。最后结合后续我国运载火箭发展的技术需求,对弹道学的未来发展进行展望,提出了若干重点研究方向。     

残骸落区对火箭构型影响论证

残骸落区的选择是在运载火箭构型设计时必须首要考虑的设计因素,其设计结果直接关系到落区内人民生命财产安全,因此残骸落区必须避开人口稠密、重要设施区域。然而运载火箭残骸的被动段轨迹与上升段轨道设计直接相关,过近或过远的落区都将影响火箭上升段轨道的设计结果,进而影响运载火箭的运载能力。本文以典型二级火箭论证为例,开展了基于落区约束火箭构型的总体方案优化,运载能力变化充分说明残骸落区对火箭构型论证的影响,为后续构型论证工作的高效开展夯实了基础。     

导弹/火箭制导、导航与控制技术发展与展望

本文对导弹/火箭制导、导航与控制(GNC)技术的发展进行了综述。总结归纳了不同阶段GNC关键技术的突破与跨越，重点对惯性导航、组合导航、摄动制导、闭路制导、迭代制导、频域设计、全数字设计、冗余控制、自适应控制等多项技术进行了总结和应用成果论述。〖JP2〗对未来GNC技术的发展进行了思考与展望，并提出了七项关键技术。针对更聪明、更自主的弹/箭控制技术发展需求，提出并分析了“会学习”弹/箭的制导、导航与控制技术。     

基于卡片模型的系统工程在捷龙一号的应用研究（英文）

Rapid development of Chinese commercial launch vehicles brings new challenges under the traditional systems engineering(TSE) working method. A new model-based systems engineering(MBSE) working method was proposed for Smart Dragon 1(SD-1), which is a low-cost commercial launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology(CALT). Based on the characteristics of a commercial launch vehicle, the system model based on information cards was established. Through a problem-oriented working method, risk identification and management, the process of Card-MBSE was utilized and verified by the success of the maiden flight of SD-1. This paper introduces a new method and reference for the development of low-cost and high-reliability launch vehicles.