直升机机动飞行的逆模拟

本文给出了一种直升机机动飞行的逆模拟方法以计算跟随预定飞行轨迹的驾驶员操纵,根据这一方法可以确定为完成直升机机动飞行所需的驾驶员操纵输入及直长机的飞行速度、角速度和的变化历程。直同飞行动力学模型没有作任何线化假设,其中考虑了旋翼入流的时滞效应、前行桨叶的压缩性物后行桨叶的失速特性及旋翼桨叶的非定常挥舞运动,引入了旋翼尾迹对直升机机身、尾翼和尾桨的气动干扰。最后以黑鹰直升机为例计算了鱼跃越障机动飞行     

Augmented flight dynamics model for pilot workload evaluation in tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure

An augmented flight dynamics model is developed to extend the existing flight dynamics model of tilt-rotor aircraft for optimal landing procedure analysis in the event of one engine failure.Compared with the existing flight dynamics model, the augmented model involves with more pilot control information in cockpit and is validated against the flight test data. Based on the augmented flight dynamics model, the optimal landing procedure of XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft after one engine failure is formulated into a Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem(NOCP), solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. The time histories of pilot controls in cockpit during the optimal landing procedure are obtained for the evaluation of pilot workload. An evaluation method which can synthetically quantify the pilot workload in time and frequency domains is proposed with metrics of aggressiveness and cutoff frequencies of pilot controls. The scale of the pilot workload is compared with those of the shipboard landing procedures, bob-up/bob-down and dash/quickstop maneuvers of UH-60 helicopter. The results show that the aggressiveness of pilot collective and longitudinal controls for the tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure are higher than those for UH-60 helicopter shipboard landing procedures up to the condition of sea state 4, while the pilot cutoff frequency of collective control is lower than that of the bob-up/bob-down maneuver but the pilot cutoff frequency of longitudinal control is higher than that of the dash/quick-stop maneuver. The evaluated pilot workload level is between Cooper–Harper HQR Level 2 and Level 3.     

基于直升机舰面起降动态仿真的风限图计算

建立了基于直升机舰面起降动态仿真的风限图（WOD）计算方法,综合计入舰船尾流、直升机运动和驾驶员操控等多因素的作用提升风限图计算的准确度。基于耦合舰船非定常尾流的飞行动力学模型,发展了适于直升机多轴协同操控的驾驶员模型,建立了舰面起降轨迹的数学描述和生成方法,形成计入舰船尾流、直升机运动和驾驶员操控等多因素综合作用的直升机舰面起降动态仿真方法。在此基础上,总结风限图计算判据,建立风限图计算方法。计算结果表明,某些风况下直升机在舰面起飞和降落过程中受到舰船尾流的干扰远大于在甲板上方悬停时受到的作用。本文方法能够捕捉到不同起降点和起降方式导致舰船尾流时空变化的干扰,与传统计算方法相比,显著提升了风限图计算的准确度。     

直升机飞行动力学逆问题研究综述

直升飞机动力学逆问题是已知运动的控制规律,对直升机机动飞行和现代飞行控制律设计有重要意义。根据直升机飞行动力学逆问题研究的现状,概述现代飞行动力学逆问题的研究内容及进展,重点分析直升机逆仿真技术的特点,讨论直升机最佳机动控制与非线性控制律设计的途径与方法,展示直升机逆问题研究的前景以及存在的问题,供直升机设计和飞行动力学研究人员参考。     

Inverse simulation as a tool for flight dynamics research—Principles and applications

The technique of inverse simulation is finding application in many and varied fields. As the name implies this technique is used to calculate the control action required to achieve a specified system response. The field of aircraft flight dynamics is particularly suited to this form of simulation as the question of what control actions must the pilot (or automatic flight control system) take for the aircraft to fly along a particular trajectory (a landing approach, for example) is often asked. This paper looks specifically at the application of inverse simulation in flight dynamics. The aim is not only to give an overview of the various techniques and applications but also to provide guidance to potential users of the technique on several of the physical and numerical features often observed in the results. An extensive review of the methodologies used within the family of inverse simulations is presented followed by a formal treatment of the theoretical development of inverse simulation as an established technique. A case study involving the inverse simulation of a helicopter flying a slalom manoeuvre is presented to demonstrate the application of inverse simulation in a flight dynamics analysis. An important feature of the use of inverse simulation is that it is necessary to define the output response required—in the case of flight dynamics the required flight path has to be modelled. Some of the methods used are documented, and their validity discussed. The paper also gives an insight into the types of problem which can be addressed by inverse simulation by detailing some of the many applications to which it has been put in the past. These include studies of rotorcraft handling qualities, performance and design, and pilot modelling as well as model validation. An important element of this paper is the formal, theoretical analysis of some of the numerical and physical features exhibited by inverse simulation which should aid potential users to interpret their results. The work presented in this paper shows a clear evolution of inverse simulation from its initial days when the mathematical models used were relatively simple into a mature analytical technique able to incorporate state of the art mathematical models and be applied to real flight dynamics problems.     

Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

飞行仿真中的机动生成器

讨论了作为数字飞行仿真计算中的关键环节的轨迹跟踪和指不乔量两种机动生成器的原理与应用，并根据常赠模型他机动生成器设计参数的选取问题，机动生成器由于采用统一的比例－积分－微分（ＰＩＤ）反馈形式，简化并改进了以往数字飞行仿真中有关环节的处理，在使用中具有良好的效果。     

直升机机动飞行逆仿真技术研究进展

回顾了直升机机动飞行逆仿真技术国内外发展概况，借鉴国内外的研究成果，针对逆仿真核心技术的发展现状进行了分析和讨论，在此基础上，对直升机机动飞行逆仿真技术的进一步发展趋势进行了分析。     

直升机飞行动力学数学建模问题

直升机飞行动力学数学模型是飞行控制系统设计的基础,也是直升机飞行品质设计和评估的主要手段。直升机是一个多体系统,在直升机飞行动力学建模过程中,必须考虑旋翼、机体与升力面等的运动耦合、惯性耦合、结构耦合和气动耦合以及非定常、非线性特性,给出各个运动部件的物理模型及其数学表达形式,是对不同假设、子模型进行分析和综合的一个复杂的过程。鉴于此,简要回顾了单旋翼带尾桨直升机飞行动力学数学模型的研究现状,着重描述了直升机飞行动力学数学建模中的旋翼气动力建模、直升机气动干扰建模、旋翼/发动机建模以及直升机飞行动力学模型的集成与综合的研究现状与研究进展。最后,针对直升机飞行动力学的数学建模提出了今后的研究重点。     

旋翼桨叶非定常挥舞运动的分析计算方法

从旋翼桨叶的实际气动环境出发导出了桨叶的非定常挥舞运动方程，其中考虑了影响旋翼桨叶非定常挥舞运动的各种因素，包括旋翼入流的时滞效应及前行桨叶的压缩性和后行桨叶的失速特性。给出了计算桨叶非定常挥舞运动的递推公式，并进而描述了旋的整体挥舞运动。最后以某型直升机为例，计算了直升机悬停及前飞中旋加变距操纵后旋翼桨叶挥舞运动响应的过渡过程，结果表明：用本文所述方法能合理地计算旋翼桨叶挥舞运动的非定常过渡过程     

直升机飞行品质评估数学模型研究

针对飞行品质评估需要，结合建模工作中的经验，讨论了模型复杂度和真实度之间的关系，分析了不同阶次的入流模型和非定常气动模型对结果的影响，考虑了旋翼尾迹对机身的气动干扰作用，并对涡轮轴发动机和飞行控制系统模型在飞行力学模型中的重要作用做了阐述。还地逆仿真方法在飞行品质研究中的应用提出了一些见解。     

直升机机动飞行旋翼的气动力模拟

探讨了预测机动飞行旋翼气动力的细节问题。在考察非均匀诱速分布、入流动力学和非定常翼型性能的基础上,建立了一种模拟非定常旋翼气动力的新方法。对某一特定机动科目,首先由逆解技术得到操纵输入和飞行姿态;然后综合应用涡流理论、动力入流理论和非定常翼型气动模型来数值模拟非定常的旋翼气动力。通过样例分析给出了紧急转弯和平飞跃升的计算结果。     

直升机急拉杆机动飞行仿真建模与验证

 针对直升机大机动飞行仿真,建立了一个非线性的飞行动力学模型,考虑了翼型非定常/动态失速、机动飞行引起的动态尾迹畸变、桨叶弹性变形效应和发动机动态特性。采用基于有限元分析的挥舞-摆振-扭转耦合的弹性桨叶模型,并利用一种新的数值方法将旋翼/机体耦合运动方程表示为显式形式,整个飞行动力学模型表示为状态空间格式。以UH-60A直升机在高速飞行条件下的急拉杆机动飞行为例进行仿真计算,并与飞行试验数据进行对比验证。分析表明,仿真结果与试验结果吻合,高速飞行条件下机体抬头过程中前行桨叶非定常气动载荷的计算误差是引起旋翼和机体运动仿真误差的主要原因。     

直升机近地飞行时的配平和机动操纵分析

在单旋翼带涵道尾桨直升机的非线性全量飞行动力学模型的基础上,提出了求解配平和机动操纵问题的一种混合算法,研究了地面效应对配平和机动操纵的影响.以某直升机为算例,在近地飞行和考虑不同速度与高度时,分别进行了直升机稳定飞行时的配平计算,然后以侧向紧急转弯机动为例,对机动操纵规律的问题进行了计算分析,计算结果与地面效应的理论相符合,机动过载和操纵变化规律可以为飞行试验提供借鉴.所建立的理论方法可以为直升机近地飞行时的动力学和控制分析提供参考.      

直升机动态逆神经网络模型

以SH－2G直升机辨识模型为对象，采用天并作用函数的多层感知器网络，建立了直升机的动态逆神经网络模型，在直升机越障机动飞行仿真的同时，利用直升机操纵信号和对应的状态作为网络的训练样本，对直升机逆模型进行在线辨识，并给出了仿真结果及其分析。结果表明，该网络对直升机动力学逆模型具有良好的在线辨识效果。     

直升机垂直飞行鲁棒控制系统设计与仿真

应用基于Lyapunov直接法的非线性不确定系统鲁棒控制方法，为某型直升机垂直飞行模态设计了鲁棒控制律，该控制律能保证闭环系统具有全局稳定性。为验证所设计鲁棒控制律的有效性，对直机机垂直飞行的三 机动：设定点悬停、起飞着陆机和忽上忽下机动，分别进行了闭环系统仿真。仿真结果表明，所设计的控制律对系统参数的摄动具有很强的鲁棒性。     

三轴式无人旋翼飞行器及自适应飞行控制系统设计

设计了一种操控简便的三轴式无人旋翼飞行器,由三组共轴双旋翼组成,各旋翼由直流电机直接驱动,只需调节各电机转速就能控制旋翼飞行器运动姿态和轨迹。为使三轴式无人旋翼飞行器飞行控制系统设计得到有效验证,研究了旋翼飞行器的飞行动力学非线性建模,运用叶素动量理论建立了共轴双旋翼变转速旋翼载荷计算方法,分析了旋翼入流分布对共轴双旋翼气动载荷模型的影响,通过试验验证了共轴双旋翼气动载荷计算模型的正确性。由于旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型的非线性及未建模动力学的影响,难于建立非常精确的数学模型,给飞行控制系统设计带来了挑战。本文根据旋翼飞行器飞行动力学非线性模型推导出了旋转动力学模型逆和平移动力学模型逆控制器,利用神经网络在线自适应修正模型逆误差,采用线性PD或PI控制器调节指令跟踪误差,应用由向心回转和垂直上升组合的机动科目进行了仿真验证,给出了具有外界阵风干扰模拟的仿真结果,表明所设计的飞行控制系统具有自适应性和鲁棒性,能实现精确的轨迹跟踪控制。     

直升机飞行动力学数学模型研究特点分析

根据国内外直长机数学模型研究情况,从飞行动力学角分析直升机数学模型的特点。重点讨论了不同研究目的直或机飞行动力学模型的区别,即分别对以非实时数值仿真,实时数值仿真和控制律设计为目的的直升机模型进行分析,阐述其在模型的运动方程数学形式,子模型的复杂性和选取,模型精度以及模型的应用范围等方面的特点,并简要介绍了目前用于直升机飞行动力学特性研究的综合分析软件系统和试验相关性研究。     

直升机飞行仿真技术的应用

飞行仿真技术在近几年取得了突飞猛进的发展,直升机飞行品质模拟器主要用于研究直升机的飞行品质。满足飞行品质要求是直升机型号研制任务中主要的设计目标之一,直升机特有的近地和低速等飞行特征和独特的飞行方式给直升机飞行仿真技术研究带来了新的挑战。本文描述了国内第一台直升机工程模拟器系统特点及其在工程中的应用。     

一种适合于旋翼前飞非定常流场计算的新型运动嵌套网格方法

针对旋翼流场计算中关键的运动嵌套网格技术,提出了一个新的网格单元关系快速判断方法。该方法通过计算特殊网格点在背景网格上的位置来建立桨叶网格在背景网格中所占据范围的关系,并用于嵌套网格洞单元的识别,又进一步将该方法推广用于Inverse Map的建立,在此基础上,建立了一套用于前飞流场计算的运动嵌套方法。通过多种前飞旋翼测试算例,分别评估了背景网格、桨叶网格尺寸改变对计算时间的影响,同时验证了该方法的可靠性,结果表明构建网格嵌套关系所用时间随桨叶网格和背景网格尺寸的变化幅度较小,且具有良好的鲁棒性,能够满足旋翼前飞状态计算的需要。最后,在基于前飞非定常N-S/Euler流场求解器中,采用该方法模拟了UH-60A和7A旋翼悬停/前飞状态的气动特性,通过计算时间的对比体现出该方法的高效性,并且流场计算结果与试验数据对比表明该方法可以有效地用于旋翼前飞非定常流场的计算。