多目标单元平均CFAR处理机的M次扫描检测分析

本文分析了在用于估算杂波加噪声电平的一组单元中出现一个或多个干扰目标回波的情况下，一般单元平均（ＣＡ）、最大（ＧＯ）及最小（ＳＯ）恒虚警率（ＣＦＡＲ）检测器的各种性能。推导出了对Ｘ平方目标起估模型采用非相参积累时，这些检测器检测概率的精确表达式。描述了Ｓｗｅｒｌｉｎｇ Ｉ目标模型的结果。随着Ｍ的增大，对于均匀和非均匀两种背景模型，无论使用ＣＡ、ＧＯ还是ＳＯ检测器都将获得较好的性能。在参数相同的情况     

多项式逼近在介质柱宽角ＲＣＳ快速计算中的应用

基于多项式函数逼近（ＰＡＯＦ）技术和矩量法（ＭＯＭ），快速预测任意形状非均匀介质柱体的单站转达散射截面（ＲＣＳ）方向图。首先采用ＭＯＭ求解介质柱的电场积分方程及其有关角度导数方程，得到介质柱在某一给定方向入射波照射下的极化电流及其有关角度导数的极化电流，然后利用ＰＡＯＦ技术，将任一角度入射波照射下的极化电流表示为纱数待定的多项式幂级数形式，并根据函数的泰勒展开确定级数的等定系数，由此可获得介质柱在任一角度入射波照射下的极化电流，进而计算出ＲＣＳ方向图。计算结果表明，ＰＡＯＦ完全能逼近ＭＯＭ精确计算的曲线。     

英国的导弹研制计划吸引众多投标者

英国的导弹研制计划吸引众多投标者ＣＡＳＯＭ计划英国的常规防区外发射导弹（ＣＡＳＯＭ）计划旨在研制一种能够精确打击战略战术目标的远程武器，预计耗资约１０亿美元。ＣＡＳＯＭ将在本世纪末服役，用来装备英国皇家空军的狂风、鹤式和欧洲战斗机２０００等飞机。英国...     

抑制CMOS集成电路可控硅效应的措施

ＣＭＯＳ集成电路以其功耗低、温度特性好、抗干扰能力强、成本低等优点在空间电子设备和军用电子产品中被广泛应用，特别适用于航天设备、人造地球卫星和核试验条件下工作的装置。但ＣＭＯＳ集成电路有一个致命的弱点，即可能产生锁定效应（也称作可控硅效应），它是ＣＭＯＳ集成电路所特有的失效模式。目前，国内外生产厂家都尚未找到抑制ＣＭＯＳ集成电路定效应的有效办法。因此，只有在电路设计时采取必要的措施以防止锁定效应的     

对分析和设计空—时处理结构及算法的多通道机载雷达测量的评估

系统设计研究和详细的雷达模拟已经证实了空－时自适应处理（ＳＴＡＰ）在目标多普勒信号淹没在旁瓣杂波和干扰的情况下实现目标检测的效用。最近美国空军利用在ＳＴＡＰ方面的投资，借助罗马实验室的多通道机载雷达测量（ＭＣＡＲＭ）计划，建立了多通道雷达数据的数据库，以进一步开发适合于实战环境的ＳＴＡＰ结构和算法。一般来说，起初数据不能与模拟数据吻合的一个方面是实际杂波和干扰的非均匀特征。本文研究了非均匀数据对Ｓ     

英国宇航公司与马可尼公司联手研制CASOM

英国宇航公司与马可尼公司联手研制ＣＡＳＯＭ据《国际飞行杂志》报道，英国宇航公司与ＧＥＣ－马可尼公司将联合提出用后者的系列精制导武器哈基姆（ＡｌＨａｋｉｍ）的一种改型来投标英国皇家空军的常规防区外发射导弹（ＣＡＳＯＭ）。这项投标将由英国宇航公司牵头，但...     

复杂目标的MISD算法

介绍的ＭＩＳＤ（Ｍｅｔｈｏｄ ｏｆ Ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄ Ｓｕｂｏｂｊｅｃｔ Ｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ）算法是用图形软件建立目标的几何模型，提取其相关几何及拓扑信息后，进行自动遮挡处理，然后运用物理光学（ＰＯ），物理绕射理论（ＰＴＤ），以及射线追踪技术，对复杂目标的ＲＣＳ进行预估。     

应用面向对象技术和SOCKTETS实现异种机网络实时通信

介绍了应用面向对象（ｏｂｊｅｔ－ｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄ）技术和ＴＣＰ／ＩＰ协议编程接口ｓｏｃｋｅｔｓ（套接字）进行网络实时通信的原理和方法，讨论了异种机之间实现网络实时通信的途径，并给出了基于ＰＣ机的ＷＩＮＤＯＷＳＮＴ操作系统环境与基于ＤＥＣＡＬＰＨＡ工作站的ＯｐｅｎＶＭＳ操作系统环境之间利用Ｓｏｃｋｅｔｓ（套接字）进行网络害时通信的工程开发实例。     

马特拉公司想挤进英国武器研制市场

马特拉公司想挤进英国武器研制市场法国马特拉公司正考虑用改进型强盗巡航导弹参加投标，研制英国皇家海军所需的面面制导武器（ＳＳＧＷ）。此前该公司已就英国皇家空军常规防区外发射的导弹（ＣＡＳＯＭ）投了标。马特拉公司准备用一种增程型强盗导弹来满足ＣＡＳＯＭ的...     

使用数字电视通道的多媒体信息广播

本文概述了数字电视通道内广播多媒体信息的一种新的系统结构。所提出的方案是建立在ＤＳＭ－ＣＣ（数字存贮媒体指令和控制）功能的基础上，并使用了一种最近拟定的，能有效传送多媒体信息的协议。上述的信息与在ＷＷＷ环境中使用的ＨＴＭＬ文件的特性相同，因此，它可以包含本文、图像声音，和按照超本文编制的动画。     

The merger of two global commons: The need for new governance

The RUSI ‘Space and UK National Security’ conference was held in London on 2 October 2012 and, with the ‘Cyber Alliances: Strategy Partnerships in Cyber Space’ conference’ of 14–15 November 2012, brought together space and cyberspace specialists from more than 15 countries, across four continents. Alixe Buckerfield de la Roche reports on key points discussed across both conferences: (1) space as a shared domain, and building resilience; (2) governance; (3) national responses to space security; (4) partnerships and alliances, space situational awareness, space debris, and new initiatives; (5) the space–cyberspace merger; and (6) commercial and military sectors. Consensus on critical areas for further action emerged, and for that reason the conjunction of the two conferences was significant.     

Ten decisions that could shake the world

Contact with extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) will force policy makers to make some decisions, and will present opportunities for them to influence events by making others. The choices they make could have a profound impact on the human future. This paper describes 10 categories of decisions and briefly discusses their implications. The 10 categories are: (1) calling attention to ourselves; (2) information release and access to the signal; (3) managing political reactions; (4) who speaks for the Earth; (5) what we should say; (6) who decides; (7) how we conduct relations; (8) intensifying the search; (9) expanding human presence and capabilities; (10) adopting an extraterrestrial strategy for the human species.     

Changes of human serum proteome profile during 7-day “dry” immersion

The aim of this study was to characterize changes of serum proteome profile during 7-day “dry” immersion (DI). The experiment with DI consisted of three series: control group without countermeasures (10 men), with using mechanical stimulation (6 men) and low-frequency myostimulation (5 men) as preventive means. Serum samples were fractionated using ClinProt robot (Bruker Daltonics) on magnetic beads (weak cation exchange magnetic beads—MB WCX) prior to mass-spectral profiling. It was obtained 170 peaks after fractionation of serum samples in each group. On 7th immersion day peak areas of fibrinopeptide A (m/z=1206; 1464), angiotensin II (m/z=1051), high molecular mass kininogen fragment (m/z=2133 Da) and C3-fragment of the complement system (m/z=1350 Da) were significantly decreased comparing with pre-experimental values of all experimental series. Peak areas of apolipoprotein C III (m/z=9419) and C4a fragment of the complement system (m/z=3206 Da) were increased. On 7th day of the recovery peak areas of all changed peaks were not close to pre-experimental values. This fact provided evidence of incomplete recovery of an organism after DI. The depth of the alterations had considerable individual variability. Thereby the detected changes of serum proteome profile in the experiment. They indicated a reorganization of the hormonal, immune systems and lipid metabolism. The use of myostimulation and mechanical stimulation as countermeasures partly compensated adverse effects of 7-day dry immersion on the parameters of coagulation system (fibrinopeptide A) and lipid metabolism (apolipoprotein CIII).     

Does mental arithmetic before head up tilt have an effect on the orthostatic cardiovascular and hormonal responses?

Passive head up tilt (HUT) and mental arithmetic (MA) are commonly used for providing mental and orthostatic challenges, respectively. In animal experiments, even a single exposure to a stressor has been shown to modify the response to subsequent stress stimulus. We investigated whether MA applied before HUT elicits synergistic responses in orthostatic heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), heart rate variability and arterial blood pressure. The 15 healthy young males were subjected to two randomized protocols: (a) HUT and (b) HUT preceded by MA, with sessions randomized and ≥2 weeks apart. Beat to beat continuous hemodynamic variables were measured and saliva samples taken for hormonal assay. HUT alone increased HR from 59±7 (baseline) to 80±10 bpm (mean±SD) and mean blood pressure (MBP) from 88±10 to 91±14 mmHg. HUT results after MA were not different from those with HUT alone. The activity of alpha amylase showed differences during the experiments irrespective of the protocols. We conclude that mental challenge does not affect orthostatic cardiovascular responses when applied before; the timing of mental loading seems to be critical if it is intended to alter cardiovascular responses to upright standing.     

航天器发展对控制理论的挑战

本文综述和分析了现代航天器的发展及其对控制理论提出的挑战。这些挑战包括:①挠性空间结构动力学和控制;②鲁棒性和自适应控制;③高精度多变量控制系统的设计方法和理论;④容错控制系统的设计和人工智能研究;⑤大系统控制理论。     

Acceleration and particle transport in collisionless plasma in the process of dipolarization and nonstationary turbulence

This work is devoted to studying the processes of the acceleration of plasma particles in thin current sheets that appear during magnetospheric substorms in the Earth’s magnetosphere tail. A numerical model of magnetic dipolarization accompanied by plasma turbulence has been constructed and studied. The model allows one to investigate the particle acceleration due to the action of three principal mechanisms: (1) plasma turbulence; (2) magnetic dipolarization; (3) their simultaneous action. For the given velocity kappa-distributions, we obtained energy spectra of three types of accelerated particles, i.e., protons p⁺, ions of oxygen O⁺, and electrons e^–. It has been shown that the combined mechanism of dipolarization with turbulence (3) makes the largest contribution to the increase in the energy of protons and heavy ions as compared with a separate action of each of mechanisms (1) and (2); in this case, electrons accelerate less. The consideration of the joint action of acceleration mechanisms (1) and (2) can explain the apparition of particles with energies on the order of magnitude equal to hundreds keV in the Earth’s magnetosphere tail.     

Interaction of mental and orthostatic stressors

We assessed hemodynamic responses induced by orthostatic and mental stressors, using passive head up tilt (HUT) and mental arithmetic (MA), respectively. The 15 healthy males underwent three protocols: (1) HUT alone, (2) MA in supine position and (3) MA+HUT, with sessions randomized and ≥2 weeks apart. In relation to baseline, HUT increased heart rate (HR) (+20.4±7.1 bpm; p<0.001), mean blood pressure (MBP) (+4.7±11.3 mmHg; p<0.05), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (+6.1±11.6 mmHg; p<0.05) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) (+155±232 dyne*s/cm⁵; p<0.001) but decreased stroke volume (SV) (?33.1±13.4 ml; p<0.001) and cardiac output (CO) (?0.6±1.0 l/min; p<0.01). MA increased HR (+8.0±6.0 bpm; p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (+9.0±7.7 mmHg; p<0.001), MBP (+10.0±6.5 mmHg; p<0.001), DBP (+9.5±7.2 mmHg; p<0.001) and CO (+0.6±0.8 l/min; p<0.01). MA+HUT increased HR (+28.8±8.4 bpm; p<0.001), SBP (+4.6±14.3 mmHg; p<0.05), MBP (+11.2±11.6 mmHg; p<0.001), DBP (+13.5±10.1 mmHg; p<0.001) and TPR (+160±199 dyne*s/cm⁵; p<0.001) but SV (?34.5±14.6 ml; p<0.001) decreased. Mental challenge during orthostatic challenge elicited greater increases in heart rate, despite similar reductions in stroke volume such as those during orthostatic stress alone. Overall, cardiac output decreases were less with combinations of mental and orthostatic challenges in comparison to orthostasis alone. This would suggest that carefully chosen mental stressors might affect orthostatic responses of people on standing up. Therefore, additional mental loading could be a useful countermeasure to alleviate the orthostatic responses of persons, particularly in those with histories of dizziness on standing up or on return to earth from the spaceflight environment of microgravity.     

Reactions to receipt of a message from extraterrestrial intelligence: a cross-cultural empirical study

If we ever receive a message from extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI), the societal impact may be significant. To date, several authors have speculated on factors that may predict people’s reactions, but there have been no systematic empirical studies on the range of responses. One obstacle to conducting such studies is that there has been no questionnaire to assess such reactions. In the current study we have designed a psychometrically sound set of scales to assess six beliefs: (1) that extraterrestrial life exists, (2) that ETI would be benevolent and that we should respond to a message, (3) that ETI would be malevolent, (4) that message receipt would be unsettling, (5) that message receipt would be religiously significant and (6) that experts should determine the content of a reply. We report on the construction and use of these new scales, drawing on data gathered from American and Chinese undergraduate students. Respondents also completed measures of alienation, optimism, anthropocentrism and religiosity. This allowed us to predict beliefs about ETI based on personal characteristics and beliefs of the respondents.     

Positive consequences of SETI before detection

Even before a signal is detected, six positive consequences will result from the scientific search for extraterrestrial intelligence, usually called SETI. (1) Humanity’s self-image: SETI has enlarged our view of ourselves and enhanced our sense of meaning. Increasingly, we feel a kinship with the civilizations whose signals we are trying to detect. (2) A fresh perspective: SETI forces us to think about how extraterrestrials might perceive us. This gives us a fresh perspective on our society’s values, priorities, laws and foibles. (3) Questions: SETI is stimulating thought and discussion about several fundamental questions. (4) Education: some broad-gage educational programs have already been centered around SETI. (5) Tangible spin-offs: in addition to providing jobs for some people, SETI provides various spin-offs, such as search methods, computer software, data, and international scientific cooperation. (6) Future scenarios: SETI will increasingly stimulate us to think carefully about possible detection scenarios and their consequences, about our reply, and generally about the role of extraterrestrial communication in our long-term future. Such thinking leads, in turn, to fresh perspectives on the SETI enterprise itself.