旋转大气下火星探测器轨道捕获

针对大气辅助捕获下多次穿越的方式,分别建立探测器气动捕获段在静止大气和旋转大气模型下的轨道动力学方程并进行相应的动力学仿真,分析旋转大气对轨道捕获的影响.根据仿真结果,给出了在两种大气模型下完成目标捕获时,任务耗时以及探测器所受的热量、过载情况,通过给定不同目标轨道近火点高度,得出两种大气模型下卫星轨道的轨道参数变化形式.结论表明:当目标轨道近火点高度较低时,旋转大气对探测器轨道参数的变化形式影响较大,应该考虑旋转大气的影响.     

行星三体引力摄动对卫星探测器大气制动的影响

考虑行星引力在其卫星探测器大气制动过程中的显著摄动,建立了基于Milankovitch参数的平均轨道动力学模型并对土卫六探测器进行仿真。首先,将轨道参数转换为无奇异的Milankovitch参数,考虑探测卫星的大气阻力、扁率摄动以及行星引力摄动,建立了半解析轨道方程。其次,以土卫六探测器为对象,选择不同的土星初始方位角进行有大气和无大气情况下的数值仿真,并进行比较分析。结果表明,土星初始方位角的选择会引起土卫六大气制动轨道偏心率和近拱点高度在不同范围内震荡,极大地影响大气制动效果。      

火星探测器制动捕获策略研究

针对火星探测器制动捕获问题进行研究,通过对火星探测器捕获问题的动力学建模、典型工况数值仿真,对3种典型的直接捕获策略:定向捕获、匀速捕获、变速捕获进行比较、分析,系统地总结了3种捕获策略的优缺点,得到变速捕获推力器燃料消耗低,但需要实时速度信息等结论。进一步地,通过数值分析点火时刻对制动捕获效果的影响,发现探测器最优点火时刻为到达近火点前制动耗时一半左右所对应的时刻。为实现特定捕获过渡轨道,设计了基于ZEM/ZEV闭环制导的捕获策略。通过与变速捕获对比表明:所设计捕获策略的制动效果与变速捕获相当,且能满足特定的末端位置/速度约束,可为实际任务提供一种备选方案。     

大气密度变化对卫星返回轨道参数的影响

本文在考虑大气密度(90km高度以下) 随地理纬度、高度及时间(月份)随机变化的基础上,沿卫星的返回轨道建立了随机大气密度的统计模型。并应用该模型产生的随机大气密度样本,进行返回轨道的Monte Corlo法模拟计算。通过对模拟计算得到的返回轨道参数样本的统计处理,本文分析了大气密度变化对卫星返回轨道参数的影响。另外,本文还介绍了近似估计大气密度变化对返回轨道参数影响的影响系数法。     

一种适用于火星气动捕获的自适应预测制导算法

火星探测捕获制动需要的速度增量大,制动消耗燃料多,因此针对火星大气密度低、大气不确定性强等问题,提出一种基于解析及自适应预测校正结合的分段式气动捕获制导算法,实现无人钝头体飞行器由双曲线接近段轨道到目标停泊椭圆轨道的轨道转移.考虑到多约束条件,将制导算法分为高度数值预测校正 高度保持 入轨控制3个阶段,其中第三阶段使用基于一阶特征模型的全系自适应预测校正算法.该方法利用施加控制量的时间与最终半长轴改变量的关系形成动态输入变换,以抵消该系统一阶特征模型输入输出间巨大的动态增益.仿真结果表明,该算法即可满足一定的多约束条件,同时能够克服较强的初始条件不确定性和环境不确定性,具有较强的鲁棒性.     

火星进入段探测器自校准状态估计

由于大气密度、气动参数、突风和沙尘暴等因素的影响,火星探测器在进入段高速飞行的动力学模型中往往带来未知输入,这些未知输入使传统的滤波方法出现较大的偏差。研究采用一种新的自校准扩展Kalman滤波方法,对火星进入段的探测器进行状态估计,可以成功地消除这些未知输入带来的影响。数值仿真结果表明,该方法能有效提高导航精度。     

火星探测微流星体环境模型及风险预测

微流星体是自然存在的微型天体.在太阳系空间范围内,微流星体的主要起源为彗星及小行星.在地球至火星的空间范围内,微流星体的飞行速度范围为24.13~42.2km·-1.高速飞行的微流星体一旦撞击火星探测器,将有可能对探测器造成毁灭性的损害.本文基于太阳神探测器的观测结果及彗星轨道观测统计结果,针对火星探测,分别建立了地火转移段及环火飞行段的微流星体环境模型,并基于有限元离散方法建立了火星探测任务的微流星体碰撞风险预测方法.设计了一个虚拟火星探测器,分别对其在地火转移段及环火飞行段的微流星体撞击通量进行了分析.结果显示,在探测器有效任务期内,探测器正面受微流星撞击次数约为背面的10倍.根据本文模型计算结果,将探测器顶板铝合金蒙皮的厚度增加至0.7mm后,在整个任务周期内可将探测器正面受微流星体撞击出现击穿损伤的风险降低为每平米7次.      

基于阻力跟踪的火星大气进入段非线性预测制导律设计

针对火星探测任务大气进入段的高精度着陆问题,提出一种基于阻力跟踪的非线性预测制导策略。基于火星探测器大气进入段的三维运动模型,综合考虑探测器气动参数摄动、火星大气密度摄动、外部扰动以及进入时刻状态初值不确定性,设计了基于优化思想的非线性预测制导律,并对所提出的制导方法进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明:非线性预测制导律在满足控制约束的条件下可以获得较高的着陆精度。     

Disturbance observer based model predictive control for accurate atmospheric entry of spacecraft

Facing the complex aerodynamic environment of Mars atmosphere, a composite atmospheric entry trajectory tracking strategy is investigated in this paper. External disturbances, initial states uncertainties and aerodynamic parameters uncertainties are the main problems. The composite strategy is designed to solve these problems and improve the accuracy of Mars atmospheric entry. This strategy includes a model predictive control for optimized trajectory tracking performance, as well as a disturbance observer based feedforward compensation for external disturbances and uncertainties attenuation. 500-run Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed composite control scheme achieves more precise Mars atmospheric entry (3.8?km parachute deployment point distribution error) than the baseline control scheme (8.4?km) and integral control scheme (5.8?km).     

Command generator tracker based direct model reference adaptive tracking guidance for Mars atmospheric entry

In order to accurately deliver an entry vehicle through the Martian atmosphere to the prescribed parachute deployment point, active Mars entry guidance is essential. This paper addresses the issue of Mars atmospheric entry guidance using the command generator tracker (CGT) based direct model reference adaptive control to reduce the adverse effect of the bounded uncertainties on atmospheric density and aerodynamic coefficients. Firstly, the nominal drag acceleration profile meeting a variety of constraints is planned off-line in the longitudinal plane as the reference model to track. Then, the CGT based direct model reference adaptive controller and the feed-forward compensator are designed to robustly track the aforementioned reference drag acceleration profile and to effectively reduce the downrange error. Afterwards, the heading alignment logic is adopted in the lateral plane to reduce the crossrange error. Finally, the validity of the guidance algorithm proposed in this paper is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation analysis.     

火星再入飞行器风洞试验与真实飞行之间相关性的探讨

由于风洞试验条件限制,难以完全模拟火星再入飞行器真实飞行环境,因此需要建立火星再入飞行器风洞条件与真实飞行之间的关联关系。基于国外文献公开数据,采用数值方法和对比分析方法探讨了类"探路者号"外形的火星再入飞行器的风洞试验与真实飞行之间的外推方法。结果表明,在高焓空气风洞和常规空气风洞试验条件下,可以将模型驻点附近的无量纲压力和压力系数作为相关性参数,将风洞条件与飞行条件相关联起来,但是不能直接利用风洞试验的热流、无量纲热流和Stanton数作为关联参数;在高焓CO₂风洞试验条件下,可以利用模型驻点附近的无量纲压力、压力系数和Stanton数作为外推参数,但是不能直接将风洞试验的热流、无量纲热流作为相关性参数,将风洞条件下的风洞数据通过外推获取飞行条件下飞行器的性能参数。      

火星探测器轨道运动建模的时空基准转换研究

火星探测的理论研究和工程实践需要一套便于描述火星探测器轨道运动的时空基准转换体系,环火星轨道的探测任务期间需要给出探测器以火星为基准的运动信息,而地面测控只能获得探测器以地球为基准的运动信息。为此,文章定义了一套新的以火星为基准的坐标系以及过渡到以地球为基准的坐标系,并给出了各坐标系转换的求解方法。最后,对以文中所提出的时空转换基准为基础建立的火星探测器轨道运动模型进行数值仿真,并将计算结果同STK进行了比较,验证了该时空转换体系的正确性。     

DYNAMO: a Mars upper atmosphere package for investigating solar wind interaction and escape processes, and mapping Martian fields

DYNAMO is a small multi-instrument payload aimed at characterizing current atmospheric escape, which is still poorly constrained, and improving gravity and magnetic field representations, in order to better understand the magnetic, geologic and thermal history of Mars. The internal structure and evolution of Mars is thought to have influenced climate evolution. The collapse of the primitive magnetosphere early in Mars history could have enhanced atmospheric escape and favored transition to the present arid climate. These objectives are achieved by using a low periapsis orbit. DYNAMO has been proposed in response to the AO released in February 2002 for instruments to be flown as a complementary payload onboard the CNES Orbiter to Mars (MO-07), foreseen to be launched in 2007 in the framework of the French PREMIER Mars exploration program. MO-07 orbital phase 2b (with an elliptical orbit of periapsis 170 km), and in a lesser extent 2a, offers an unprecedented opportunity to investigate by in situ probing the chemical and dynamical properties of the deep ionosphere, thermosphere, and the interaction between the atmosphere and the solar wind, and therefore the present atmospheric escape rate. Ultraviolet remote sensing is an essential complement to characterize high, tenuous, layers of the atmosphere. One Martian year of operation, with about 5,000 low passes, should allow DYNAMO to map in great detail the residual magnetic field, together with the gravity field. Additional data on the internal structure will be obtained by mapping the electric conductivity, sinergistically with the NETLANDER magnetic data. Three options have been recommended by the International Science and Technical Review Board (ISTRB), who met on July 1st and 2nd, 2002. One of them is centered on DYNAMO. The final choice, which should be made before the end of 2002, will depend on available funding resources at CNES.     

A new Mars radiation environment model with visualization.

A new model for the radiation environment to be found on the planet Mars due to Galactic Cosmic Rays (OCR) has been developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. Solar modulated primary particles rescaled for Mars conditions are transported through the Martian atmosphere, with temporal properties modeled with variable timescales, down to the surface, with altitude and backscattering patterns taken into account. The Martian atmosphere has been modeled by using the Mars Global Reference Atmospheric Model--version 2001 (Mars-GRAM 2001). The altitude to compute the atmospheric thickness profile has been determined by using a model for the topography based on the data provided by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft. The Mars surface composition has been modeled based on averages over the measurements obtained from orbiting spacecraft and at various landing sites, taking into account the possible volatile inventory (e.g., CO2 ice, H2O ice) along with its time variation throughout the Martian year. Particle transport has been performed with the HZETRN heavy ion code. The Mars Radiation Environment Model has been made available worldwide through the Space Ionizing Radiation Effects and Shielding Tools (SIREST) website, a project of NASA Langley Research Center.     

火星信道衰落特性对通信链路预算的影响

对火星星体段的信道衰落特性进行研究.通过对近火段自然环境因素的分析,提取影响火星通信性能的因素,重点分析火星的大气、云雾、沙尘对通信信道的衰落作用机理;并以NASA实际火星探测任务为例,针对以上衰落因素对UHF,S,X和Ka频段下的通信链路影响情况进行仿真;结合实际探测数据对地球通信链路预算模型进行修正,提出一种适用于火星通信链路预算的模型;明确火星大气衰落、云雾衰落、沙尘衰落的取值范围.研究结果可作为火星及其他深空探测任务的通信系统设计与链路复核复算的参考.