21世纪：中国人将遨翔太空

发展迅速的空间技术为人类匍设了通向太空和开发利用太空资源的道路。回顾过去，空疸工发成就卓著。展望２１世纪，空间事业前景光辉，人类将在太空开辟新天地，中国人也将遨翔太空。     

试论空间安全

由于空间安全是人类和国家安全的新领域,所以对于什么是空间安全（或者称为太空安全）,目前还没有统一的定义,人们对此有不同的解读。笔者认为,就整个人类来说,空间安全是指人类的太空活动和太空资产的安全状态。就一个主权国家来说,空间安全是指国家的太空活动、     

我国"太空垃圾"观测中心在紫金山天文台成立

3月初,我国唯一专门针对“太空垃圾”的观测中心———中国科学院空间目标与碎片观测研究中心在中科院紫金山天文台成立。它将为我国在太空领域建起安全预警系统。空间碎片也称作“太空垃圾”,指的是人类空间活动废弃物,大到废弃卫星和各类航天器的金属部件,小到固体发动机点火     

国际空间资源开发与利用现状及趋势研究

<正>近年来,作为提升国家基础创新能力、丰富人类认知、拓展人类生存空间的重要领域,太空持续受到主要航天国家的高度关注,各国纷纷制定太空政策,加强对空间探索的战略部署,尤其是对提升深空探测技术创新和空间资源开发利用的投入。但目前来看,空间资源开发处于“窗口期”,太空军事化趋势明显,空间资源“争夺”日趋白热化。随着越来越多的国家和组织进入太空领域,我国太空力量建设、空间资源开发与利用面临严峻复杂形势。     

履行航天大国的国际责任 实现空间活动的持续发展——中国开展空间碎片研究进展扫描

目前,人类已将6000多颗航天器送入太空,这些航天器在广泛服务社会的同时,在航天器发射和＂寿终正寝＂后将变成空间碎片（太空垃圾）,这些太空幽灵正在威胁着在轨运行航天器的安全。十多年来,如何清除太空垃圾,如何减缓太空垃圾的威胁,一直是国际社会广泛关注的问题。＂十五＂以来,中国政府在发展航天技术的同时,高度重视＂太空环保＂问题,许多中国航天工作者在为减缓和对付太空垃圾而孜孜不倦地工作,     

中国三管齐下应对空间碎片

作为一个负责任的航天大国，中国高度重视“太空环保”，目前已逐渐形成监测预警、航天器防护和空间环境保护三大工程体系应对空间碎片问题，有效减缓了空间碎片的产生，得到国际社会好评。空间碎片是指人类在航天活动中产生的太空废弃物，也称“太空垃圾”。     

R2：机器人航天员

空间机器人按用途主要分为星球（月球、火星等）探测机器人和空间站应用机器人，可以在太空恶劣的环境下代替人类完成危险和难以完成的任务，如探索火星和水星等行星，搭建空间站，进行太空实验和空间飞行器、卫星、太空望远镜等的维修和维护任务，甚至保卫太空安全等。     

太空移民和空间法的未来

哪里有探险家．哪里就有法学家。然而,在太空,人类法律的制定却似乎远远滞后于探索的进程,以及其在太阳系中的发展。尽管许多空间探索目标是要在地球以外的星际传播人类文明,但这其中同样存在着一个法律问题：国际法学家仍有义务为太空制定法律框架,然而这种框架却总是不能满足未来空间发展的需要。甚至连满足当前空间探索的需要都显得力不从心。尤其是涉及到人类太空移民的司法、商业和管理等问题时,这一缺陷更加明显。     

空间碎片减缓措施及其研究对策

为了合理利用和保护有限的太空资源,必须减少或清除太空垃圾。在人类尚无有效回收手段的情况下,考虑利用现有的技术提出一些空间碎片的减缓措施,并在此基础上提出我国对空间碎片减缓应采取的对策。     

“哈勃”的弟兄们

哈勃空间望远镜与它的弟兄们不曾相互打过照面,只是各自在太空孤独地遨游。它们带着各自的希望和使命,兢兢业业地为人类工作,直至生命完结。这些近20年里先后进入太空的望远镜们,宛如一只只犀利的“太空之眼”,极大地拓展了人类的视野,增强了人类对宇宙的感知,使我们有更强的能力去洞察遥远时空的边际。     

High energy-density propulsion—reducing the risk to humans in planetary exploration

The potential benefits to humankind of space exploration are tremendous. Space is not only the final frontier but is also the next marketplace. The orbital space above Earth offers tremendous opportunities for both strategic assets and commercial development. The critical obstacle retarding the use of the space around the Earth is the lack of low cost access to orbit. Further out, the next giant leap for mankind will be the human exploration of Mars. Almost certainly within the next 30 years, a human crew will brave the isolation, the radiation, and the lack of gravity to walk on and explore the Red planet. Both of these missions will change the outlook and perspective of every human being on the planet. However, these missions are expensive and extremely difficult. Chemical propulsion has demonstrated an inability to achieve orbit cheaply and is a very high-risk option to accomplish the Mars mission. An alternative solution is to develop a high performance propulsion system. Nuclear propulsion has the potential to be such a system. The question will be whether humanity is willing to take on the challenge.     

From Earth's orbit to the outer planets and beyond: Psychological issues in space

Current planning for the first interplanetary expedition to Mars envisions a crew of 6 or 7 people and a mission duration of around 2.5 years. However, this time frame is much less than that expected on expeditions to the outer solar system, where total mission durations of 10 years or more are likely. Although future technological breakthroughs in propulsion systems and space vehicle construction may speed up transit times, for now we must realistically consider the psychological impact of missions lasting for one or more decades.Available information largely deals with on-orbit missions. In research that involved Mir and ISS missions lasting up to 7 months, our group and others have studied the effects of psychological and interpersonal issues on crewmembers and on the crew-ground relationship. We also studied the positive effects of being in space. However, human expeditions to the outer planets and beyond will introduce a number of new psychological and interpersonal stressors that have not been experienced before. There will be unprecedented levels of isolation and monotony, real-time communication with the Earth will not be possible, the crew will have to work autonomously, there will be great dependence on computers and other technical resources located on board, and the Earth will become an insignificant dot in space or will even disappear from view entirely.Strategies for dealing with psychological issues involving missions to the outer solar system and beyond will be considered and discussed, including those related to new technologies being considered for interstellar missions, such as traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light, putting crewmembers in suspended animation, or creating giant self-contained generation ships of colonists who will not return to Earth.     

核火箭原理、发展及应用

人类在不懈地对浩瀚的宇宙进行着探索,而强劲的推力是人类探索宇宙的关键。化学火箭在人类宇宙探索活动中书写了一页又一页的华丽篇章,现今在人类新的探索使命下,出现了激光、太阳能、微波、核热能等新的推进技术。在这些技术中,核火箭推进无疑是人类继续探索太空最有希望的技术之一。对核火箭的原理、发展状况以及应用前景进行了介绍。     

But what is the true rationale for human spaceflight?

Human interest in spaceflight is ancient. It is therefore ironic that, at a time when humans finally have the capability to travel in space, the notion that we should do so is being questioned. The author analyses the reasons for this — the historical/political and technological contingency of the Space Age and the sudden falling away of the conditions which drove space activity — and in the process provides a critique of the forgoing article and the tendency to search for utilitarian justifications of human spaceflight. He argues rather that space programmes will thrive only when driven by non-material cultural and political forces. US-Russian cooperation, which has principally been undertaken for geopolitical reasons is a model for the future.     

The future of space medicine.

In November 2000, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and its partners in the International Space Station (ISS) ushered in a new era of space flight: permanent human presence in low-Earth orbit. As the culmination of the last four decades of human space flight activities. the ISS focuses our attention on what we have learned to date. and what still must be learned before we can embark on future exploration endeavors. Space medicine has been a primary part of our past success in human space flight, and will continue to play a critical role in future ventures. To prepare for the day when crews may leave low-Earth orbit for long-duration exploratory missions, space medicine practitioners must develop a thorough understanding of the effects of microgravity on the human body, as well as ways to limit or prevent them. In order to gain a complete understanding and create the tools and technologies needed to enable successful exploration. space medicine will become even more of a highly collaborative discipline. Future missions will require the partnership of physicians, biomedical scientists, engineers, and mission planners. This paper will examine the future of space medicine as it relates to human space exploration: what is necessary to keep a crew alive in space, how we do it today, how we will accomplish this in the future, and how the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to achieve future goals.     

How shall we live in space? Culture, law and ethics in spacefaring society

The US civilian space program is focused on planning for a new round of human missions beyond Earth orbit, to realize a ‘vision’ for exploration articulated by President George W. Bush. It is important to examine this ‘vision’ in the broader context of the global enterprise of 21st century space exploration. How will extending a human presence into the Solar System affect terrestrial society and culture? What legal, ethical and other value systems should govern human activities in space? This paper will describe the current environment for space policy making and possible frameworks for future space law, ethics and culture. It also proposes establishment of a World Space Conference to aid deliberations on the above.     

Challenges to US space sustainability

With space now crucial to such a wide range of activities on Earth, the USA must ensure the sustainability of its efforts, a task that involves technological feasibility and political will. Near-term challenges include US human access to space and the Shuttle transition, funding NASA sufficiently in a time of recession, and rebuilding the country's space industrial base. Longer-term challenges will be better protecting the space environment (including the electromagnetic spectrum) from overcrowding and the effects of space weather and NEOs, and defining responsibilities for distributing climate change data and recognition of property rights for the commercial development of in-space resources. As an aid to dealing with these challenges the USA must ask itself whether there is a human future in space and seek to answer the question in the course of human and robotic exploration beyond Earth.     

Introduction to Japanese exploration study to the moon

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) views the lunar lander SELENE-2 as the successor to the SELENE mission. In this presentation, the mission objectives of SELENE-2 are shown together with the present design status of the spacecraft. JAXA launched the Kaguya (SELENE) lunar orbiter in September 2007, and the spacecraft observed the Moon and a couple of small satellites using 15 instruments. As the next step in lunar exploration, the lunar lander SELENE-2 is being considered. SELENE-2 will land on the lunar surface and perform in-situ scientific observations, environmental investigations, and research for future lunar utilization including human activity. At the same time, it will demonstrate key technologies for lunar and planetary exploration such as precise and safe landing, surface mobility, and overnight survival. The lander will carry laser altimeters, image sensors, and landing radars for precise and safe landing. Landing legs and a precisely controlled propulsion system will also be developed. A rover is being designed to be able to travel over a wide area and observe featured terrain using scientific instruments. Since some of the instruments require long-term observation on the lunar surface, technology for night survival over more than 2 weeks needs to be considered. The SELENE-2 technologies are expected to be one of the stepping stones towards future Japanese human activities on the moon and to expand the possibilities for deep space science.     

Space life and biomedical sciences in support of the global exploration roadmap and societal development

The human exploration of space is pushing the boundaries of what is technically feasible. The space industry is preparing for the New Space era, the momentum for which will emanate from the commercial human spaceflight sector, and will be buttressed by international solar system exploration endeavours. With many distinctive technical challenges to be overcome, human spaceflight requires that numerous biological and physical systems be examined under exceptional circumstances for progress to be made. To effectively tackle such an undertaking significant intra- and international coordination and collaboration is required. Space life and biomedical science research and development (R & D) will support the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) by enabling humans to ‘endure’ the extreme activity that is long duration human spaceflight. In so doing the field will discover solutions to some of our most difficult human health issues, and as a consequence benefit society as a whole. This space-specific R&D will drive a significant amount of terrestrial biomedical research and as a result the international community will not only gain benefits in the form of improved healthcare in space and on Earth, but also through the growth of its science base and industry.