高超声速飞行器加速度导数数值模拟

在Etkin的非定常气动力模型基础上,采用非定常Navier-Stokes方程描述飞行器的非定常强迫沉浮振动流场,采用空间二阶精度的NND格式和"双时间"时间离散法进行数值求解,研究飞行器加速度导数的数值计算方法。并给出了返回舱外形和HBS(Hyper Ballistic Shape)标模外形的加速度导数、旋转导数和俯仰阻尼导数的计算结果及分析。     

基于CFD数值仿真技术的飞行器动导数计算

为了研究表征飞行器动态稳定特性的动导数,结合计算流体力学方法,基于滑移网格技术,采用小幅度强迫振动法和差分法两种非定常方法,推导了俯仰组合动导数以及滚转阻尼导数的计算表达式,并结合多参考系模型采用准定常方法计算滚转阻尼导数。建立了基于计算流体力学技术的飞行器动导数计算方法。对国际动导数标模Finner导弹进行了计算验证。两种非定常方法对俯仰组合动导数的计算误差分别为0.65%、6.13%,对滚转阻尼导数的计算误差分别为2.5%、0.06%。求解滚转阻尼的准定常方法对于滚转阻尼导数的计算误差为2.67%。三种方法的计算结果与风洞试验结果吻合的很好。非定常方法计算精度高,准定常方法可以快捷迅速得到结果。本文的数值方法不仅适用于超声速,同样可以用于亚、跨声速时的动导数计算。     

基于刚性动网格技术的动导数数值模拟

基于刚性动网格技术,建立了俯仰动导数的非定常数值计算方法.首先使用小幅度强迫俯仰振荡方法求解俯仰组合动导数,然后利用小幅度强迫升沉振荡方法求解洗流时差导数,通过两者相减即可得到俯仰阻尼导数.利用国际动导数标准模型Finner导弹进行算例验证,计算得到的俯仰组合动导数与试验值误差为2.76%,洗流时差导数值约为俯仰阻尼导数的11.5%,与文献的结果一致.结论表明:动导数单独模拟方法具有较好的工程实用价值,且可以推广到横向以及航向的动导数数值模拟.      

飞行器大迎角下俯仰静、动导数的数值计算

 采用一种适用于非定常流动计算的逐次超松弛（SOR）时间推进方法耦合求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程和强迫运动方程,数值模拟了NACA0012翼型、弹道外形(HBS)和有翼导弹等飞行器在不同初始迎角下做强迫俯仰振荡的黏性动态流场,给出动态气动力及力矩系数的时间历程;采用积分法获得飞行器的静导数和动导数,将计算结果与实验结果及半经验理论预测方法进行比较并分析飞行器在大迎角下动态特性的非线性特征;计算结果与实验值相吻合,表明本文采用的非定常数值模拟方法在大迎角下能够较准确地模拟飞行器的动态特性,具有工程应用价值。     

某型导弹动导数风洞试验和数值模拟

动导数的精确预测对于弹箭类武器的成功研制至关重要。以某型导弹动态特性的研究为对象,在FD06风洞中采用自由振动法完成动态特性试验,获取该型导弹俯仰和滚转两个方向的典型振幅衰减曲线和动导数结果;针对该型导弹,基于双时间推进法数值求解非定常N-S方程和强迫运动方程,获取该型导弹俯仰动导数和滚转动导数。结果表明:CFD计算结果与风洞试验结果有较好的一致性;在给定马赫数和攻角下CFD数值模拟结果可以为后续工程型号研制提供参考。     

一种高效的组合动导数分量数值模拟算法

基于传统网格速度法,发展了在流场网格不变的情况下,数值模拟沉浮运动、纯俯仰运动和俯仰振荡运动的算法,提出了一套直接求解旋转阻尼导数和洗流时差导数的方法,该方法不需要实时更新网格,减少了计算时间和所需内存,避免了负体积的出现。首先通过NACA 0006的阵风响应和NACA 0012翼型的强迫俯仰振荡,验证了程序和方法的正确性;然后数值模拟了BFM(basic finner missile)标准模型的沉浮运动、纯俯仰运动和俯仰振荡运动,并计算了其旋转阻尼导数、洗流时差导数和组合动导数,所得结果与动网格方法和风洞试验值吻合,最大误差不超过4%,进一步验证了该方法的正确性。     

飞机大迎角滚转运动频率域建模与稳定性分析

本文运用频率域建模法,分别建立了飞机大迎角滚转运动的Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换模型及非线性代数模型,并从数学模型中提取动导数。基于非线性非定常数学模型与局部线化的动导数数学模型,计算了飞机滚转运动的稳定性,并运用李雅普诺夫稳定性分析理论,进行飞机滚转运动稳定性分析。结果表明,大振幅非定常滚转运动实验可以用于飞机绕体轴滚转运动的稳定性分析。从大振幅实验数据提取的动导数,基本反映了飞机的非定常气动力特性。通过     

基于阶跃响应的飞行器单独静、动导数数值求解方法

基于阶跃响应方法,结合刚性动网格技术,对飞行器的单独静、动导数的精细化数值计算进行了研究.以纵向为例,通过给物面施加恒定附加攻角,求解得到阶跃响应运动过程的非定常气动力,求导得到静导数.同样给物面施加恒定的俯仰角速度,并同时强迫物面平动以抵消俯仰转动产生的附加攻角影响,可由非定常气动力求导得到动导数值.分别利用NACA0012翼型和三维SACCON飞翼无人机进行了计算验证,各攻角下的静、动导数值与文献、试验结果吻合得很好,最大误差不超过5%.结论表明:基于阶跃响应的单独静、动导数直接模拟方法计算耗时仅为传统强迫振动方法的21%,效率相对较高,且可推广到横航向的动导数计算,为飞行器的稳定性研究提供参考.      

高超声速滚转阻尼导数数值模拟

采用非定常Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程描述物体简谐振动流场,并在Ｅｔｋｉｎ理论下给出绕定轴转动时滚转阻尼导数的计算公式,定常流场的计算采用空间二阶精度的交替方向隐式分解的ＮＮＤ格式,非定常流场的计算采用时、空二阶精度的Ｒｕｎｇｅ－Ｋｕｔｔａ多步格式,采用代数和方法生成物体静、动网格。最后给出高超声速下钝体外形滚转阻尼导数的计算结果,以及滚转力矩系数随瞬时振幅的变化曲线。     

动力入流对直升机旋翼前飞操纵导数的影响

动力入流模型把直升机旋翼扰动运动产生的气动力变化和诱导速度的扰动直接联系起来，是一种简便实用的旋翼非定常气动力模型，本文把动力入流模型引入到直升机旋翼前飞操纵导数（升力，滚转力矩和俯仰力矩随总距及周期变距的变化）的分析计算中，通过分析，弄清了不同前进比，不同总距条件下动力入流对操纵导数的影响规律，并对动力入流的影响作了物理解释。     

Effects of yaw-roll coupling ratio on lateral-directional aerodynamic characteristics

Experimental investigation of large amplitude yaw-roll coupled oscillations was conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel using an aircraft configuration model. A special test rig was designed and constructed to provide different coupled motions from low to high angles of attack.A parameter ‘‘coupling ratio" was introduced to indicate the extent of yaw-roll coupling. At each pitch angle, seven coupling ratios were designed to study the yaw-roll coupling effects on the lateraldirectional aerodynamic characteristics systematically. At high angles of attack, the damping characteristics of yawing and rolling moments drastically varied with coupling ratios. In the coupled motions with the rotation taking place about the wind axis, the lateral-directional aerodynamic moments exhibited unsteady characteristics and were different from the ‘‘quasi-steady" results of the rotary balance tests. The calculated results of the traditional aerodynamic derivative method were also compared with the experimental data. At low and very high angles of attack, the aerodynamic derivative method was applicative. However, within a wide range of angles of attack, the calculated results of aerodynamic derivative method were inconsistent with the experimental data, due to the drastic changes of damping characteristics of lateral-directional aerodynamic moments with yaw-roll coupling ratios.     

飞机大振幅非定常滚转运动的非线性稳定性分析

本文根据某飞机大振幅非定常滚转力矩的风洞试验结果,采用两种方法,计算了飞机绕体轴作自由滚转运动时的滚转角时间历程,分析研究了飞机非线性滚转运动的稳定性,并对非定常空气动力对飞机稳定性的影响作了较深入的研究。本文通过两种滚转运动时间历程结果的比较,表明了给出的从大振幅实验提取常规动导数方法是可行的;而且也表明了通过测量飞机绕体轴滚转时大振幅非定常滚转运动时的滚转力矩值,可以研究飞机的摇滚（Ｗｉｎｇ     

基于预估校正和嵌套网格的虚拟飞行数值模拟

 针对导弹虚拟飞行数值模拟问题,发展了空气动力学/飞行力学数值计算方法和软件。控制方程为非定常雷诺时均Navier-Stoker(RANS)方程和刚体六自由度运动方程;流场求解器为有限体积法结构网格求解器,时间推进采用双时间步法,湍流模型为Spalart-Allmaras一方程模型;采用Adams预估校正法实现飞行力学方程与流场控制方程的耦合计算;使用嵌套网格方法模拟多体运动。首先模拟了美国国家航空航天局(NASA)窄条翼导弹模型纵向虚拟飞行,研究耦合方式和时间步长的影响。仿真结果表明,双时间步三阶Adams耦合方法,同等精度下可以显著增大时间步长,缩短仿真时间。最后,采用该方法模拟了导弹自由摇滚特性和纵向虚拟飞行,模拟结果与试验值吻合较好。     

一种提高风洞动态试验数据质量的模型姿态控制和测量技术

低速风洞动态试验装置通常采用“电机+减速器+偏心机构+线性传动机构”的方式,存在传递环节多、机械间隙大等问题,给模型运动的精确控制和模型姿态的精确测量带来较大困难。为满足大型客机等大飞机对低速风洞动态试验的要求,基于现有的静态试验通用支撑平台,采用“电子凸轮”技术,建立了一套迎角/侧滑角解耦、可进行飞机小振幅动导数和大振幅非定常气动特性研究的动态试验装置。利用该动态试验装置进行了某飞机大尺度动态试验模型动导数试验和大振幅振荡试验,获得了试验数据的重复性,并研究了动态试验数据和静态试验数据之间的相关性。试验结果表明：利用该装置获得的某飞机动态试验数据重复性较好、规律合理,能满足大型飞机动态试验要求。     

Validation of numerical prediction of dynamic derivatives: The DLR-F12 and the Transcruiser test cases

The dynamic derivatives are widely used in linear aerodynamic models in order to determine the flying qualities of an aircraft: the ability to predict them reliably, quickly and sufficiently early in the design process is vital in order to avoid late and costly component redesigns. This paper describes experimental and computational research dealing with the determination of dynamic derivatives carried out within the FP6 European project SimSAC. Numerical and experimental results are compared for two aircraft configurations: a generic civil transport aircraft, wing-fuselage-tail configuration called the DLR-F12 and a generic Transonic CRuiser, which is a canard configuration. Static and dynamic wind tunnel tests have been carried out for both configurations and are briefly described within this paper. The data generated for both the DLR-F12 and TCR configurations include force and pressure coefficients obtained during small amplitude pitch, roll and yaw oscillations while the data for the TCR configuration also include large amplitude oscillations, in order to investigate the dynamic effects on nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics. In addition, dynamic derivatives have been determined for both configurations with a large panel of tools, from linear aerodynamic (Vortex Lattice Methods) to CFD. This work confirms that an increase in fidelity level enables the dynamic derivatives to be calculated more accurately. Linear aerodynamics tools are shown to give satisfactory results but are very sensitive to the geometry/mesh input data. Although all the quasi-steady CFD approaches give comparable results (robustness) for steady dynamic derivatives, they do not allow the prediction of unsteady components for the dynamic derivatives (angular derivatives with respect to time): this can be done with either a fully unsteady approach i.e. with a time-marching scheme or with frequency domain solvers, both of which provide comparable results for the DLR-F12 test case. As far as the canard configuration is concerned, strong limitations for the linear aerodynamic tools are observed. A key aspect of this work are the acceleration techniques developed for CFD methods, which allow the computational time to be dramatically reduced while providing comparable results.     

类升力体外形俯仰阻尼特性数值研究

采用有限差分方法求解薄层近似的非定常Navier-Stokes方程，定常流场采用交替方向隐式分解的NND格式，非定常流场采用四步Runge-Kutta方法，在保证时、空二阶精度前提下引入变系数残值光顺技术提高非定常流场计算效率，复杂带翼外形的空间网格通过求解抛物化的椭圆型方程生成，最后在Etkin理论下给出球锥及类升力体外形的俯仰阻尼导数计算结果。     

基于RANS-LES混合方法的翼型大迎角非定常分离流动研究

使用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程-大涡模拟（RANS-LES）混合方法中的延迟分离涡模拟（DDES）方法,模拟了NACA 0015翼型在大迎角下的静态绕流和强迫振荡运动并与实验值进行了比较。在大迎角静态翼型大分离流动模拟中,DDES方法捕获了非定常RANS计算未能获得的机翼背风面的涡脱落现象。在所采用的RANS和DDES模型中,基于剪切应力输运（SST）湍流模型的SST-DDES混合方法给出的时均压力系数分布与实验吻合得最好。在大迎角强迫振荡翼型绕流模拟中,DDES方法得到的非定常气动载荷与实验值吻合得很好,正确地反映了最大迎角处阻力和俯仰力矩的阶跃性突变,而非定常RANS计算则给出了完全错误的趋势。     

An active damping vibration control system for wind tunnel models

In wind tunnels, long cantilever sting support systems with low structural damping encounter flow separation and turbulence during wind tunnel tests, which results in destructive low-frequency and big-amplitude resonance, leading to data quality degradation and test envelope limitation. To ensure planed test envelope and obtain high-quality data, an active damping vibration control system independent of balance signal based on stackable piezoelectric actuators and velocity feedback using accelerometer, is proposed to improve the support stability and wind tunnel testing safety in transonic wind tunnel. Meanwhile, a design of powerful sting-root embedded active damping device is given and an active vibration control method is presented based on the mechanism analysis of aircraft model vibration. Furthermore, a self-adaptive fuzzy Proportion Differentiation(PD) control model is proposed to realize control parameters adjustment automatically for various testing conditions. Besides, verification tests are performed in laboratory and a continuous transonic wind tunnel. Experimental results indicate that the aircraft model does not vibrate obviously from -4° to 11° at Ma = 0.6, the number of useable angle-of-attack has increased by 7° at Ma = 0.6 and 5° at Ma = 0.7 respectively, satisfying the requirements of practical wind tunnel tests.     

飞机大振幅滚转运动动态气动特性实验研究

在南航NH-2低速风洞中,对BJ-1飞机模型动态气动特性进行了实验研究.模型在不同攻角、不同振幅和不同频率时绕体轴作大振幅滚转运动,测量了模型的动态气动特性,着重分析了模型不同运动参数对模型滚转力矩和偏航力矩的影响.结果表明,模型攻角从小到大变化过程中,模型的滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼变化很大,滚转力矩和偏航力矩迟滞环变化方向发生改变.模型滚转频率对模型的滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼影响不明显,只改变力矩迟滞环的大小.随着模型振幅增加,滚转力矩和偏航力矩迟滞环从一个变成3个,出现2个交叉点,大滚转角时滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼特性与小滚转角时的相反.