固体材料的空间环境摩擦试验

为了开展在模拟空间环境下材料摩擦学性能的研究,利用自行研制的空间环境摩擦试验装置,进行了几种固体材料在超高真空、交变温度和辐照（原子氧、紫外）等环境下的摩擦试验。试验结果表明:与大气环境下相比,PTFE、PI、MoS₂/PI粘结涂层和离子镀Ag薄膜在≤5×10-4 Pa真空环境中的摩擦系数发生了明显变化;高低温对离子镀Ag薄膜在真空中的摩擦系数有显著影响,而对溅射MoS₂薄膜的摩擦系数影响不明显;原子氧和紫外辐照导致PI、Kapton、PTFE和MoS2/PI粘结涂层等的真空摩擦系数显著改变。     

原子氧辐照下GF/PI和nano-TiO2/GF/PI复合 材料的摩擦学性能研究

文章研究了原子氧辐照下GF/PI和nano-TiO₂/GF/PI复合材料的摩擦学性能,结合结构分析探讨了原子氧辐照对其摩擦学性能的影响机理。研究发现原子氧辐照能够破坏复合材料表面的树脂基体分子链,引起复合材料表面结构发生变化。原子氧辐照对PI复合材料的摩擦系数影响不大,但有使其磨损率降低的趋势,这可以归因于复合材料表面化学结构和组成的变化对对偶钢环上的转移膜所产生的影响。     

40 keV质子辐照对HfO2/SiO2高反射薄膜激光损伤性能影响试验研究

在低地球轨道，低能质子辐照是造成空间光学元器件损坏的重要因素之一。激光高反射薄膜是空间激光系统中激光产生和输出部件的重要组成部分，其激光损伤性能变化直接影响激光系统的稳定性。文章采用地面空间环境模拟装置模拟低能（40 keV）质子单独作用效果，通过定点原位测量技术和光热吸收测试获得薄膜的光谱透射率、表面形貌和光热吸收特性，采用激光损伤阈值测量方法表征微小初始破坏的激光损伤阈值及损伤形貌；结合SRIM程序模拟计算粒子在材料中输运的具体过程，定量分析过程中的能量损失情况。试验结果表明，40 keV质子辐照会造成HfO₂/SiO₂三波段高反膜的激光损伤阈值明显降低。     

航天器用低太阳吸收比无机热控涂层制备及性能研究

航天技术的发展和深空探测的需要,对热控涂层的光热性能和空间环境稳定性提出了更加苛刻的要求。为此,文章设计内核为Zn₂SiO₄、外壳为具有可见光波段高透过性SiO₂的核壳结构颜料,并将其制备成热控涂层。试验结果表明：涂层T-Zn₂SiO₄@SiO₂的太阳吸收比为0.09,具有超低吸收特性。在此基础上,文章系统性表征了涂层在真空-紫外辐照后太阳吸收比和内部缺陷的变化,初步解析了紫外辐照后光学性能演化机理,可为研制低太阳吸收比、高稳定性新型热控材料提供新思路。     

AZO改性Y2O3-ZnO-Al2O3热控涂层性能分析

为解决铝合金表面液相等离子体电解氧化（PEO）涂层（Y₂O₃-ZnO-Al₂O₃）导电性差而导致的静电效应,对其进行表面改性处理。采用原子层沉积（ALD）技术在铝合金表面PEO涂层原位沉积铝掺杂氧化锌（AZO）导电薄膜以提高PEO涂层的导电性。对AZO改性PEO涂层的相组成和表面微观结构进行分析;对不同沉积温度下所得复合涂层的电阻率、载流子浓度和迁移率,以及沉积前后的热控性能、耐腐蚀性进行测量分析。结果表明:AZO导电薄膜均质连续致密地沉积在PEO涂层表面;当沉积温度为150 ℃时,AZO@Y₂O₃-ZnO-Al₂O₃复合涂层的电阻率为1.15×10-4 Ω·cm,载流子浓度为1.8×1020 cm-3,太阳吸收比为0.409,发射率为0.892,且抗电化学腐蚀性能良好,能够满足航天器热控涂层在空间环境应用的技术要求。     

纳米CuCr2O4在HTPB复合推进剂中应用的安全性及燃烧机理

为提高纳米CuCr₂O₄(n-CuCr₂O₄)燃烧效能，阐明其促进HTPB复合推进剂燃烧的机理，研究了n-CuCr₂O₄分散方法，探讨了n-CuCr₂O₄对复合推进剂安全性和燃烧性能的影响。结果表明，癸二酸二异辛酯(DOS)可使n-CuCr₂O₄颗粒充分分散，颗粒粒径为50 nm。将DOS与乙酸乙酯混合作为分散液，n-CuCr₂O₄/分散液为12/100,超声分散30 min, n-CuCr₂O₄可以有效分散，使推进剂燃速提高1.5%。在含量均为2.5%时，含n-CuCr₂O₄推进剂的燃速虽然低于含卡托辛的，但是摩擦感度和撞击感度均降低。与微米CuCr₂O₄相比，n-CuCr₂     

远紫外辐射下Kapton/Al薄膜材料的力学性能研究

薄膜材料在探测器中有着重要的应用,在深空辐照环境下,其力学性能将发生较大的变化。文章首先介绍了薄膜材料在航天器中的应用,接着对Kapton/Al薄膜材料空间远紫外辐照下的力学性能进行了研究。研究发现:随着拉伸速度增加,薄膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率随着拉伸速度的增加而降低;随着远紫外曝辐量的增加而呈线性减小;远紫外辐照下薄膜材料分子键出现断裂和交联,C―CO和C―N键断裂并发生脱氧和脱氮,C-H基团相对含量增大的主要原因是薄膜力学性能降低。     

PBO纤维的紫外光老化及防老化研究

研究了PBO纤维的紫外光老化行为,并对PBO纤维的防光老化做了初步的研究.研究首次发现,PBO纤维的光降解过程可分为物理和化学2个阶段.物理阶段主要表现为纤维皮层结构缺陷的产生和发展,纤维强度缓慢下降;化学阶段表现为PBO大分子链的化学断链,纤维皮层和结晶结构遭到严重的破坏,纤维强度快速降低.另外,通过调整PBO纤维内...     

载人航天器密封舱CO2扩散规律仿真研究

文章以载人航天器密封舱为研究对象,采用k-ε湍流模型、组分输运模型及自定义函数边界对空间站密封舱内航天员代谢产物CO₂的分布规律进行了数值仿真,结果表明:45°角送风及舱间通风交换方案形成的流场可以保证舱内CO₂成分的有效传质,航天员两侧舱壁附近的CO₂浓度相对较高,异舱放置CO₂净化设备的方法可以满足CO₂控制需求。研究结果可以为载人航天器CO₂传感器以及净化装置的布置以及通风形式的优化提供参考。     

GaN基高电子迁移率晶体管的质子辐照效应研究

文章研究了A1GaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管（HEMT）的质子辐照效应。在3MeV质子辐照下,采用三种不同辐照剂量6×10¹⁴,4×10¹⁴和1×10¹⁵protons/cm²。在最高辐照剂量下,漏极饱和电流下降了20%,最大跨导降低了5%。随着剂量增加,阈值电压向正向漂移,栅泄露电流增加。AlGaN/GaN HEMT电学特性的退化主要是由辐照引入的位移损伤引起的。从SRIM软件计算出空位密度,将Ga空位对应的能级引入Silvaco器件仿真软件中,仿真结果与实验结果相匹配。Hall测试结果显示二维电子气（2DEG）浓度和迁移率在辐照后有所降低。     

基于Fe3O4陶粒的密封舱微波辐射空气净化技术

着眼于开发满足生物安全性的密封舱空气净化技术,制备Fe₃O₄陶粒吸波材料,并探讨基于该吸波材料的微波辐射过程对不同种类生物气溶胶的灭活特性。验证实验显示:灭活效果随着微波辐射时间的延长而增强;微波辐射对不同种类生物气溶胶的灭活率依次为大肠杆菌＞杂色曲霉菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌孢子。分析发现:添加Fe₃O₄陶粒使微波辐射对生物气溶胶的灭活增强是微波热效应、非热效应以及O?和?OH的氧化作用共同所致;Fe₃O₄陶粒还可降低48.56%～59.23%的单位微波能耗。基于Fe₃O₄陶粒的微波辐射技术可有效用于我国载人航天器（含空间站）发射前的舱内空气净化除菌。     

SMC模式下RBCC发动机4Ma工况性能仿真

为研究SMC模式下火箭混合比对RBCC发动机性能的影响规律,完成了氢/氧火箭推力室中心布局、二元定几何结构模型发动机飞行马赫数Ma₀=4、高度H=17 km弹道点流场仿真,获得了不同火箭混合比(MR=2、3、4、5、6、8)及燃烧室长度的推力、比冲性能。研究表明:在火箭燃气富燃条件下(MR<8),产生了正的火箭推力增益,且随着混合比的减小,火箭推力增益增加;二次燃烧过程受火箭射流与冲压主流剪切层掺混主导,在给定的基准燃烧室长度下,燃烧效率随着混合比的提高而增加,且火箭射流与冲压主流的超/超射流剪切层燃烧过程一直持续到喷管出口;通过增加燃烧室长度,火箭富燃燃气获得更为充分的燃烧,发动机性能显著提升,但在具体发动机设计中,燃烧室长度的选取需在燃烧效率与结构惩罚之间进行权衡。     

Liquid rocket engines for large thrust: Present and future

The possibility of an increase in economy and rise in efficiency of liquid-propellant rocket engines of launch vehicles and flight vehicles is considered. The characteristics of liquid-propellant rocket engines, made in the Soviet Union, U.S.A., France, Japan, China and other countries, and working on the following fuels: O₂, +H₂, O₂ + kerosene, N₂O₄ + H₂N-N(CH₃)₂, HNO₃ + dimethylhydrazine, etc. are recalled. Ways of further improvement of liquid-propellant rocket engines are outlined and the problems, arising during their realization, are discussed.     

Theoretical and experimental investigation of C60-propellant for ion propulsion

The large mass as well as the low first ionization potential and the large electron impact ionization cross-section make Buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀) potentially attractive as an ion engine propellant. To evaluate the advantages of C₆₀ it was necessary to calculate characteristic quantities like the thrust-beam-power ratio and the different efficiencies. It was found that, compared with xenon, the use of C₆₀ would significantly reduce the necessary beam power by 57 percent for the same power level, resulting in a reduction of power supply mass and thus in a higher payload capacity.

Calculations of the efficiencies show a clear increase in overall efficiency. Particularly, the mass efficiency and the electrical efficiency would increase significantly over that obtained with a xenon-fuelled ion engine. Together with the exceptionally high flexibility of the molecular structure of C₆₀, this results in a very low ablation in the grid system, and consequently in a longer lifetime.

One of the most severe problems in using C₆₀ as propellant for ion engines is the temperature sensitivity of C₆₀. High temperatures cause fragmentation of the C₆₀ molecule, low temperatures lead to resublimation of C₆₀ on the inner walls of the engine. Both would result in a decrease of the mass efficiency. Therefore, extensive experiments with a special ion source were carried out to determine the temperature behavior of an ion thruster.

This and the theoretical research yield in a temperature window (400–700°C) for systems operating with C₆₀.     

大型GEO通信卫星平台转移轨道段热分析

为了增强大型高价值卫星的抗风险能力,针对极端温度环境以及相较一般发射工作程序有所偏离的情况,进行转移轨道卫星平台的热性能分析。对抛整流罩、星箭分离、出地影、南板受照、北板受照5个典型状态下的卫星平台进行热分析,结果显示:卫星平台本体的温度包络为51.68～-16.35 ℃,未超出一般要求,表明卫星平台的热性能有一定保持能力,但平台本体温度与热控要求间的裕度仅3.3～3.6 ℃,须予以关注;同时,采用3D舱板的有限元分析方法揭示出服务舱板厚度方向热梯度在出地影时刻最大值达5 ℃,对结构精度和机构运动性能或带来潜在风险。     

Interaction between exercising humans and growing plants in a Closed Ecological Life Support System

The purpose of this study was to quantify the gas exchange between plants growing in a Closed Environmental Life Support System (CELSS) and the metabolism of human subjects undergoing various levels of physical exercise, and subsequently determine the buffer characteristics in relation to the carbon exchange established for plants in this closed loop life support system. Two men (ages 42 and 45 yr) exercised on a cycle ergometer at three different work intensities, each on a separate day. The CELSS, a 113 m³ chamber, was sized to meet the needs of one human. The plants, consisting of 20 m² of potato, provided oxygen to the human during an artificially lighted photosynthesis phase and the human provided CO₂ to the plants. The average rates of exchange for the subjects were 0.88, 1.69, and 2.47 liters O₂/min and 0.77, 1.47, and 2.21 liters CO₂/min at approximately 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximal aerobic capacity, respectively. The photosynthetic rate for the CELSS was 0.95 liters/ min. A balance between human CO₂ production and plant utilization was noted at approximately the 50% VO_2max level. The oxygen balance and changes were not within detectable limits of the CELSS instrumentation for the durations of these exercise exposures. If a CELSS environment is the methodology selected for long term spaceflight, it will be important to select plants that efficiently grow at the available light and nutrient levels while balancing the needs for the human crew at their levels of physical activity.     

The loss of stability in ground based experiments in liquid bridges

In this study our primary goal is to investigate the loss of stability of the steady convection in deformable liquid bridges. Definitely, the deformation plays an important role in the transition process from the steady axi-symmetric 2-D basic state to the 3-D periodical one. As it was shown experimentally by many researchers, the critical Marangoni number is very sensitive to the volume of liquid.

It seems to be proved^1–4, that the critical wave number for high Prandtl fluids (for example, silicone oil of different viscosities. Pr > 50) is m = 1 for aspect ratios Γ = height/radius ≥ 1.0 regardless of the free surface shape. But the data from our last experiments show, that by changing surrounding conditions around the liquid bridge we can change the critical wave number. Particularly, by placing the liquid bridge of diameter 2r = 6mm into another cylindrical volume of the diameter 2R = 12mm kept at constant temperature, the critical mode is switched from m = 1 to m = 2.     

On halo orbits spacecraft stabilization

The paper deals with the application of recent non-linear control techniques to the problem of tracking and maintaining a given satellite on prescribed orbits around the so-called translunar libration point L₂. Such orbits, known in literature as Halo Orbits, have the property of ensuring visibility both from the dark side of the Moon and from Earth at any time. Their importance is strictly related to the placement of a base situated on the dark side of the Moon for advanced space missions as deep space observation, solar system exploration and scientific researches in a low gravity enviroment.

Because of the instability of the equilibrium L₂, such orbits cannot be maintained without an active control. In this paper we investigate the application of nonlinear control techniques to solve the problem. A comparison between linear and nonlinear methods is developed and simulation results are discussed.