基于原始对偶内点法的EST图像重建

静电层析成像（EST）被动感应电荷的机理决定了其独立测量值数等于电极数目,远小于电容层析成像（ECT）等相对成熟的电学成像（ET）技术的测量值数,导致逆问题的欠定性更加严重。为此,对基于压缩感知理论的EST图像重建算法进行了研究。利用奇异值分解（SVD）处理灵敏度矩阵使其满足有限等距性质（RIP）,采用l₁范数正则化模型和原始对偶内点法（PDIPA）实现图像重建,并在迭代过程中针对荷电磨粒稀疏分布的特点,对图像向量中非零元素个数施加约束。仿真实验表明:该算法相对于基于"Circle of Appolonius"的反投影（BP）算法和Landweber迭代算法,明显改进了成像质量,对不同位置的单个电荷可准确重建;2个电荷距离不小于1 mm时可正确分辨电荷数目与位置;对10组随机分布的3个电荷模型进行测试,荷电磨粒数目监测的准确率约为80%。      

静电传感器测量固体颗粒质量流量实验研究

航空发动机气路和排放尾气中固体颗粒物的监测有助于提高相关设备故障的识别和预警能力。采用3种不同形式的静电传感器测量方形管道中固体颗粒质量流量,并对其测量准确度进行了对比分析。3种静电传感器在4种输送气流速度和4种固体颗粒质量流量组合成的16种工况下测量了稀相固体颗粒的静电信号,并利用静电信号强度和固体颗粒速度进行了全工况固体颗粒质量流量标定。实验结果表明:方环形静电电极的平均测量偏差最大,侵入式条状静电电极阵列在质量流量较低时的测量偏差最小,非侵入式条状静电电极阵列在质量流量较高时的测量偏差最小。      

基于速度观测的双余度电液舵机系统容错同步控制

考虑飞机电液舵机活塞杆运动速度不易测量的情况，提出一种基于速度观测的容错同步控制策略，解决了双余度电液舵机系统（DREHAS）内泄漏共模故障（IL-CMF）下的位置跟踪控制问题。首先，通过引入2组参考轨迹并对模型进行线性变换，实现舵面位置跟踪与两舵机力输出同步控制解耦；其次，在扩展状态观测器（ESO）中加入故障参数自适应项，设计一种自适应扩展状态观测器（AESO）估计两通道舵机活塞杆速度和扰动，从而克服了故障条件下利用原系统模型设计ESO带来的估计结果不准确问题；最后，基于AESO的估计结果及故障参数在线更新结果，利用反步法设计了一种非线性容错同步控制器。Lyapunov稳定性分析结果表明，该控制方法可确保IL-CMF故障及时变干扰条件下，闭环系统所有信号有界，系统输出满足规定的性能要求。IL-CMF故障及常值干扰条件下，系统跟踪误差渐进收敛于零。仿真实验进一步验证了所提方法的有效性。      

基于IMU与UKF的船舶升沉运动信息测量方法

为获取实时、精确的船舶升沉运动信息,根据船舶升沉运动模型和频谱分析方法,建立描述惯性测量单元（IMU）的加速度测量信息与船舶升沉运动状态量关系的解析模型。基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）算法非线性滤波的特点,进行升沉运动滤波解算。通过仿真分析证明了所提方法在船舶升沉运动测量中的有效性。利用三自由度平台升沉运动测量实验验证,结果表明,同一模型下,相比于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法的解算结果,所提方法具有更快的收敛速度和更高的测量精度;对船舶升沉位移的估计精度达到最大升沉幅值的5%,可以得到精确、无时延的船舶升沉运动信息。      

非接触式静电电压测量仪校准方法研究

根据非接触式静电电压测量仪的工作原理,建立了一套非接触式静电电压测量仪校准系统.重点介绍了校准系统的组成和工作过程,以及决定校准系统测量准确度关键因素的标准平板电极的设计原则,并通过实验数据分析了标准平板电极的直径和边缘效应对测量结果的影响.最后以常用的非接触式静电电压测量仪EST101为例,根据校准装置测量不确定度主...     

一种电磁层析图像快速重建算法

针对电磁层析成像（EMT）逆问题中,灵敏度矩阵的病态性、不适定性等问题,提出了一种新的电磁层析图像快速重建算法。利用主成分分析（PCA）对灵敏度矩阵做降维映射,再利用奇异值分解（SVD）求广义逆矩阵,重建图像。在选取灵敏度矩阵的协方差矩阵的特征值个数中,利用灵敏度矩阵特有的多样本特性,提出图像相关系数最大化算法,更加合理地去除灵敏度矩阵中的冗余信息,在尽可能不丢失成像特征信息的条件下,提高了解稳定性。实际采集数据成像时,该算法只需一次矩阵乘法运算,为快速实时成像提供了可能。与传统单步算法和迭代算法相比,该算法在成像质量和速度上都有较明显优势。      

优化Landweber迭代快速电磁层析成像图像重建算法

电磁层析成像(EMT)中灵敏度矩阵的病态性、不适定性导致重建图像质量较差。为了提高重建图像的质量与速度，提出了一种优化Landweber迭代快速图像重建算法。首先，对灵敏度矩阵作降维映射，去除灵敏度矩阵中的冗余信息，减少每次迭代的计算量。然后，利用人群搜索算法(SOA)优化降维后的灵敏度矩阵，降低灵敏度矩阵的条件数，改善其病态程度。最后，通过Landweber迭代算法和预处理后的灵敏度矩阵进行图像重建。仿真实验结果表明:相同实验条件下，相比于Landweber迭代算法，所提算法有效提高了成像质量，降低了成像运算量。      

基于非线性模型预测滤波的微纳卫星定位方法

针对采用星载GPS(Global Position System)定位的LEO(Low Earth Orbiter)微纳卫星获得的位置速度数据不连续,而使用轨道动力学获得的连续的位置速度信息误差快速发散的问题,提出了一种基于非线性MPF(Model Predict Filter)的LEO微纳卫星定位方法,它采用非线性MPF预测的模型误差作为一步状态估计,同时使用GPS信息作为观测量,并与改进的扩展卡尔曼滤波组合,既可获得连续的卫星位置速度信息,又可获得相当于GPS单点定位的精度.仿真结果表明,此种方法可以有效地获得连续的微纳卫星位置速度信息,并且精度优于EKF(Extended Kalman Filter).      

“地球云和气溶胶辐射探测”卫星2014年升空

“地球云和气溶胶辐射探测”（EarthCARE）卫星是日本宇宙航空研究开发机构（JAXA）和欧洲航天局（ESA）共同研制的世界上首颗配备以主动式遥感器-云和气溶胶观测雷达（CPR）为主,同时搭载了大气探测激光雷达（ATLID）、多频段图像获取装置（MSI）和宽带辐射收支计量装置（BBR）的卫星。值得注意的是在云和气溶胶观测雷达上安装了可展开式主反射镜,且具备功能保持和热控功能,星上搭载的各种遥感器均具备对内部和外部仪器进行性能校正的能力。就这颗卫星而言,不仅检测灵敏度和测速精度高,还具备双频段多普勒测量功能,是一颗专用于环境监测和对云、气溶胶进行观测任务的卫星。它可获取并以大功率、毫米波向地面发送云上升和下降的动态信息、云粒和气溶胶生成以及保有状况等信息,在地面接收包括云粒产生的散射电波等信息,可大幅度提高对云和气溶胶等的观测灵敏度和测速精度。地面仿真实验和多种精密测算认定,这种雷达可以是当前在轨运行卫星搭载的最先进对云观测雷达灵敏度的10倍。这些高灵敏度、高精度的观测和测量数据,不仅对搞清楚云和气溶胶的辐射收支机理,而且对提高气候变化的观测与预报精度,以及采取切实有效对策等都有着重要作用。     

静电悬浮位置控制系统设计与实现

静电悬浮位置控制技术是静电悬浮材料实验装置中的关键技术. 以静电悬浮位置控制系统为研究对象, 分析了稳定悬浮样品的基本条件, 并以两组不同波段正交平行光作为光源, 位置测量传感器(PSD)作为位置信号接收器来组成样品的三维位置测量装置. 将PSD的位置输出信号作为输入、模拟电压信号作为输出构建PID位置反馈控制系统, 再利用PID反馈控制系统的输出来驱动高压放大器, 从而按照样品的实时位置变化调整电场强度. 通过选择合理的PID参数, 最终很好地实现了静电悬浮系统中样品位置的稳定控制.      

The influence of solid rocket motor retro-burns on the space debris environment

The ESA space debris population model MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference) considers firings of solid rocket motors (SRM) as a debris source with the associated generation of slag and dust particles. The resulting slag and dust population is a major contribution to the sub-millimetre size debris environment in Earth orbit. The current model version, MASTER-2005, is based on the simulation of 1076 orbital SRM firings which contributed to the long-term debris environment. A comparison of the modelled flux with impact data from returned surfaces shows that the shape and quantity of the modelled SRM dust distribution matches that of recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) solar array measurements very well. However, the absolute flux level for dust is under-predicted for some of the analysed Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) surfaces. This points into the direction of some past SRM firings not included in the current event database. The most suitable candidates for these firings are the large number of SRM retro-burns of return capsules. Objects released by those firings have highly eccentric orbits with perigees in the lower regions of the atmosphere. Thus, they produce no long-term effect on the debris environment. However, a large number of those firings during the on-orbit time frame of LDEF might lead to an increase of the dust population for some of the LDEF surfaces. In this paper, the influence of SRM retro-burns on the short- and long-term debris environment is analysed. The existing firing database is updated with gathered information of some 800 Russian retro-firings. Each firing is simulated with the MASTER population generation module. The resulting population is compared against the existing background population of SRM slag and dust particles in terms of spatial density and flux predictions.     

Active space debris charging for contactless electrostatic disposal maneuvers

The remote charging of a passive object using an electron beam enables touchless re-orbiting of large space debris from geosynchronous orbit (GEO) using electrostatic forces. The advantage of this method is that it can operate with a separation distance of multiple craft radii, thus reducing the risk of collision. The charging of the tug–debris system to high potentials is achieved by active charge transfer using a directed electron beam. Optimal potential distributions using isolated- and coupled-sphere models are discussed. A simple charging model takes into account the primary electron beam current, ultra-violet radiation induced photoelectron emission, collection of plasma particles, secondary electron emission and the recapture of emitted particles. The results show that through active charging in a GEO space environment high potentials can be both achieved and maintained with about a 75% transfer efficiency. Further, the maximum electrostatic tractor force is shown to be insensitive to beam current levels. This latter later result is important when considering debris with unknown properties.     

A noise attenuation method for medium-energy electron measurements in the radiation belt

From the viewpoint of plasma particle measurements in the radiation belt, background noise is a serious problem. High-energy particles penetrating the sensor shielding generate spurious signals, and their count rate often can be comparable to the true signals. In order to attenuate such background noise during medium-energy (5–83 keV) electron measurements, we propose the double energy analyses (DEA) method. DEA is conducted by a combination of an electrostatic analyser (ESA) and avalanche photo-diodes (APDs); ESA and APD independently determine the energy of each incoming particle. By using the DEA method, therefore, the penetrating particles can be rejected when the two energy determinations are inconsistent; spurious noise are caused only when the deposited energy at an APD is by chance consistent with the measured energy by ESA. We formulate the noise count rate and show the advantage of DEA method quantitatively.     

基于相控阵雷达波束篱笆的空间碎片数量与分布估计方法

随着载人航天与空间站等航天活动的增多,不能有效防护、也无法定期跟踪和编目的小尺寸(尤其是1～10 cm)碎片的危害越来越受到关注,这些碎片信息的获取依赖于统计采样技术.针对简化的相控阵雷达波束篱笆空间碎片探测模式,提出了一种采用统计技术估计空间碎片总数量以及高度和倾角分布的方法.将碎片穿越波束篱笆的过程用Poisson分布来建模,根据观测时段内穿越波束篱笆目标的平均到达率及测量的轨道高度和倾角数据来估计给定轨道高度范围或倾角范围内碎片的数量,进而得到碎片的总数量以及碎片数量随轨道高度或倾角的分布.在获取雷达散射截面信息时,该方法还可用于估计碎片数量随尺寸的分布.通过仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性.      

基于视惯融合的大型空间碎片质心位置辨识

大型自由翻滚碎片的质心是在轨操作基坐标系下的不动点，也是碎片连体基下动力学参数向卫星坐标系转换的基准，对其精确识别是提高碎片动力学参数辨识精度的关键。提出基于惯性单元测量数据与双目视觉定位数据融合的大型空间碎片质心位置识别方法。基于无力矩欧拉方程，获取附着到空间碎片表面的惯性单元间转换关系，利用该转换关系对惯性单元冗余测量数据优化，再优化求解惯性单元到质心点距离；利用双目视觉获取惯性单元上标记点动态坐标，再利用惯性单元到质心点距离，基于三点定位原理识别大型空间碎片的质心位置。以加入高斯白噪声的惯性单元与双目视觉测量数据进行仿真，结果表明优化解算后惯性单元实时测量数据的误差降低到1%以下，解算的质心位置三轴误差小于0.47mm；开展了地面试验，结果表明，解算的质心位置三轴误差小于0.49mm。仿真和试验证明，该方法能够为大型空间碎片的消旋、捕获任务提供准确的数据基准。     

DISCOS - ESA''s database and information system characterising objects in space

This paper presents an overview of the main features of ESA's future space debris database DISCOS (Database and Information System Characterising Objects in Space). The DISCOS system has been developed around an ORACLE relational database management software by the University of Kent (UK) under an ESA contract. The DISCOS catalogue will be installed at ESOC, the European Space Operations Centre, and serve as a common ESA information system for the space debris environment.     

Properties of the high area-to-mass ratio space debris population at high altitudes

In the framework of its space debris research activities ESA established an optical survey program to study the space debris environment at high altitudes, in particular in the geostationary ring and in the geostationary transfer orbit region. The Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) performs these surveys on behalf of ESA using ESA’s 1-m telescope in Tenerife. Regular observations were started in 1999 and are continued during about 120–140 nights per year. Results from these surveys revealed a substantial amount of space debris at high altitudes in the size range from 0.1 to 1 m. Several space debris populations with different dynamical properties were identified in the geostationary ring. During the searches for debris in the geostationary transfer orbit region a new population of objects in unexpected orbits, where no potential progenitors exist, was found. The orbital periods of these objects are clustered around one revolution per day; the eccentricities, however, are scattered between 0 and 0.6. By following-up some of these objects using the ESA telescope and AIUB’s 1-m telescope in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, it was possible to study the properties of this new population. One spectacular finding from monitoring the orbits over time spans of days to months is the fact that these objects must have extreme area-to-mass ratios, which are by several orders of magnitudes higher than for ‘normal-type’ debris. This in turn supports the hypothesis that the new population actually is debris generated in or near the geostationary ring and which is in orbits with periodically varying eccentricity and inclination due to perturbations by solar radiation pressure. In order to further study the nature of these debris, multi-color and temporal photometry (light curves) were acquired with the Zimmerwald telescope. The light curves show strong variations over short time intervals, including signals typical for specular reflections. Some objects exhibit distinct periodic variations with periods ranging from 10 to several 100 s. All this is indicative for objects with complicated shapes and some highly reflective surfaces.     

深空微波测距测速现状及发展建议

研究了国外深空测控无线电测距和测速的最新进展,包括欧洲空间局（European Space Agency,ESA）和美国航空航天局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA）的深空测控系统测量精度提升计划。结合总体单位的X频段试验测试数据,分析了目前我国深空测控系统无线电测距测速现状,从测量设备层面以及空间传输等方面,包括目前深空站采用的超窄带锁相环以及提高到500 kHz的测距主音等措施,对测距测速的误差源进行了分析,探讨了测距和测速精度提升的主要制约因素。结合我国深空测控系统发展规划,给出了后续深空测控无线电测量的发展建议,结合相关课题研究成果,重点分析了多频链路和实时标校技术的可行性及具体效果。     

Novel sensor technology for monitoring and control of critical plant nutrient parameters.

A novel dielectric sensor technology has been developed for monitoring and control of plant nutrient delivery systems as part of NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program. A unique measurement phenomenon was discovered in which the electrostatic field is shunted to a third terminal of the sensor, resulting in a much greater sensitivity to changes in the complex dielectric properties of the nutrient solution. Based on this phenomenon, a small, flexible, thin-film shunting dielectric sensor (SDS) was designed to provide low-frequency, non-invasive measurement of both the thickness and nutrient concentration of the layer of solution on a plant growth surface. Test results indicate a sensitivity of +/- 0.05mm in layer thickness while characterization of the ability to measure nutrient concentration continues. The development plan for this sensor is presented and other applications are discussed.