The RadioAstron project: Measurements and analysis of basic parameters of space telescope in flight in 2011–2013

The results of a large number of the antenna radiometric measurements at bands of 92, 18, 6.2, 1.35, and 1.7-1.2 cm are presented by the data of the standard telemetry system of the Spektr-R spacecraft. Both special sessions of calibration object observations in the mode of a single space radio telescope (SRT) operation and numerous observations of researched sources in the mode of the ground-space interferometer were used. The obtained results agree with the first results of Kardashev et al. (2013), i.e., within 10–15% at bands of 92, 18, and 6.2 cm and 20–25% at the band of 1.35 cm. In the main, the measurements for the eight subbands at wavelengths of 1.7-1.2 cm indicate a monotonic increase in the spectral system equivalent flux density (SEFD) of noise radiation with a frequency consistent with the calculated estimates for the discussed model. The sensitivity of the ground-space interferometer for the five subbands at wavelengths from 1.35 to 1.7 cm can be higher by a factor of 1.5, and for the three subbands from 1.35 to 1.2 cm lower by a factor of 1.5 than at the band of 1.35 cm. The SRT contribution to the interferometer sensitivity proportional to the square root of SEFD is close to the design one at the bands of 92 and 18 cm and decreases the design sensitivity approximately by a factor of 1.5 and 2 at the bands of 6.2 and 1.35 cm, respectively. These differences of implemented values from the design ones were not significantly affected the scientific program implementation.     

UV photochemistry of DNA in vitro and in Bacillus subtilis spores at earth-ambient and low atmospheric pressure: implications for spore survival on other planets or moons in the solar system

Two major parameters influencing the survival of Bacillus subtilis spores in space and on bodies within the Solar System are UV radiation and vacuum, both of which induce inactivating damage to DNA. To date, however, spore survival and DNA photochemistry have been explored only at the extremes of Earth-normal atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) and at simulated space vacuum (10(-3)-10(-6) Pa). In this study, wild-type spores, mutant spores lacking alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP), naked DNA, and complexes between SASP SspC and DNA were exposed simultaneously to UV (254 nm) at intermediate pressure (1-2 Pa), and the UV photoproducts cis,syn-thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (c,sTT), trans,syn-thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (t,sTT), and "spore photoproduct" (SP) were quantified. At 101.3 kPa, UV-treated wild-type spores accumulated only SP, but spores treated with UV radiation at 1-2 Pa exhibited a spectrum of DNA damage similar to that of spores treated at 10(-6) Pa, with accumulation of SP, c,sTT, and t,sTT. The presence or absence of alpha/beta-type SASP in spores was partly responsible for the shift observed between levels of SP and c,sTT, but not t,sTT. The changes observed in spore DNA photochemistry at 1-2 Pa in vivo were not reproduced by irradiation of naked DNA or SspC:DNA complexes in vitro, suggesting that factors other than SASP are involved in spore DNA photochemistry at low pressure.     

Gender differences in leader and follower perceptions of social support in Antarctica

The purpose of this study was to methodologically explore the links among social support, gender, age, prior experience, leader/follower status, and leadership effectiveness noted in previous accounts from Antarctic stations. Data for this study were collected from volunteers involved in Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions conducted from 1996 to 2001. Multilevel analysis revealed that most of the variance in perceptions of social support was at the individual level (71%). Perceptions of social support had less variance at the group level (29%) and little variance at the weekly level. At the group level, the explanatory variables we examined included leadership effectiveness, gender similarity, and age similarity. At the individual level, the explanatory variables we examined included age, gender, prior experience, and leader/follower status. An interaction between gender and leader/follower status contributed to a significant model of variation in perceptions of social support.     

Shock waves in water foams

Propagation of shock waves in tubes filled with water foams is studied using pressure gauges. Low amplitude shock waves consist of a precursor which propagates at a velocity slightly less than the acoustic velocity in the gas, and of a main compression wave which propagates slower than the precursor. Stronger shock waves have a single front. Maximum pressure rise in the incident and reflected shock waves cannot be calculated using one-dimensional conservation equations at the shock front. It is suggested that the flow of the liquid in foam cells has to be taken into account in order to predict the behavior of shock waves in foams. The nature of the gas which fills the cells is shown to have a strong effect on the quenching of blast waves in foams.     

Changes in organ perfusion and weight ratios in post-simulated microgravity recovery

Head-down tilt models have been used as ground-based simulations of microgravity. Our previous animal research has demonstrated that there are significant changes in fluid distribution within 2 h after placement in a 45 degrees head-down tilt (45HDT) position and these changes in fluid distribution were still present after 14 days of 45HDT. Consequently, we investigated changes in fluid distribution during recovery from 16 days of 45HDT. Changes in radioactive tracer distribution and organ/body weight ratio were examined in rats randomly assigned to a 45HDT or prone control group. The 45HDT rats were suspended for 16 days and then allowed to recover at the prone position 0, 77, 101, or 125 h post-suspension. Animals were injected with technetium-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate (99mTcDTPA, MW=492 amu, physical half-life of 6.02 h) and then killed 30 min post-injection. Lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain were harvested, weighed, and measured for radioactive counts. Statistical analyses included two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) that compared 45HDT versus controls at the four experimental time points. The organ weight divided by the body weight ratio for the brain, heart, kidneys and liver in the 45HDT rats was significantly different than the control rats, regardless of time (treatment). There was no difference between the different time points (time). The average 99mTcDTPA count divided by the organ weight ratio values for the heart, liver, and spleen were significantly higher in the 45HDT group than the control group. The average counts for the heart and spleen were significantly higher at 77, 101, and 125 h than at time zero. We conclude that the major organs have different recovery patterns after 45HDT for 16 days in the rat.     

月球坑内空间环境热流的分布研究

文章推导获得了月面阳光矢量和月球坑内探测器表面关系的表达式,采用蒙特卡罗法数值计算探测器各表面的辐射热流,分析了月球坑内环境辐射热流的分布特征。讨论了月面纬度、月球坑尺寸、月面发射率等参数对探测器表面热流的影响。计算表明:月面纬度增加及月球坑坑口半径的减小均会导致某些时刻阳光无法照射到坑底,从而与其他工况有较大的计算差别,两参数对探测器各面热流的影响规律不同;月面发射率对探测器表面热流的影响作用较大,增加月面发射率能明显降低探测器某些表面的辐射热流。     

Germination and growth of wheat in simulated Martian atmospheres

One design for a manned Mars base incorporates a bioregenerative life support system based upon growing higher plants at a low atmospheric pressure in a greenhouse on the Martian surface. To determine the concept's feasibility, the germination and initial growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) was evaluated at low atmospheric pressures in simulated Martian atmosphere (SMA) and in SMA supplemented with oxygen. Total atmospheric pressures ranged from 10 to 1013 mb. No seeds germinated in pure SMA, regardless of atmospheric pressure. In SMA plus oxygen at 60 mb total pressure, germination and growth occurred but were lower than in the Earth atmosphere controls.     

Magnetic Storms in October 2003

Preliminary results of an analysis of satellite and ground-based measurements during extremely strong magnetic storms at the end of October 2003 are presented, including some numerical modeling. The geosynchronous satellites Ekspress-A2and Ekspress-A3, and the low-altitude polar satellites Coronas-F and Meteor-3M carried out measurements of charged particles (electrons, protons, and ions) of solar and magnetospheric origin in a wide energy range. Disturbances of the geomagnetic field caused by extremely high activity on the Sun were studied at more than twenty magnetic stations from Lovozero (Murmansk region) to Tixie (Sakha-Yakutia). Unique data on the dynamics of the ionosphere, riometric absorption, geomagnetic pulsations, and aurora observations at mid-latitudes are obtained.     

空间交会最优控制理论和方法的研究进展

本文概述了国内外最优交会控制理论和方法,着重论述了近几年国内的进展。介绍了有限推力作用下邻近的近圆轨道最优交会,一般共面椭圆轨道全局最优交会,多冲量推力线性化和非线性交会轨道最优制导和水平冲量推力最优交会控制理论和方法的研究成果。     

Measurement of the transpolar potential in laboratory magnetosphere

Results of measurements of the transpolar potential in a laboratory magnetosphere are presented. Its approximately linear dependence on the kinetic energy of ions of the incoming flow is found. The measurements of the electric potential in plasma have shown the presence of an asymmetry along the dawn-dusk line. Near the boundary layer at the dawn side, the potential is systematically higher than the average values, while at the dusk side it is systematically lower. The observed difference in the plasma potential in the lowlatitude equatorial part of the magnetosphere by its sign and magnitude approximately corresponds to the transpolar potential at the poles of a dipole. The obtained laboratory data give a direct confirmation of the magnetospheric generator model.     

在地球极区无奇异的再入飞行器质心运动方程

传统的再入飞行器质心运动方程用经度和纬度描述地理位置，在南北极极点处奇异，在南北极区病态。本文提出利用位置矢量的三个方向余弦，称为“三余弦数”或“三元数”，代替经纬度，推导出无奇异再入质心运动方程。再入飞行器临近极点和到达极点的算例显示，使用三元数的无奇异再入方程完全避免了传统方程有关极点的奇异性。同时，无奇异方程所选状态变量与传统方程可进行很简便的转换。     

钢-钢筋混凝土结构在高层建筑的应用

随着高层建筑的发展，结构形式也在不断创新，本文介绍了钢-钢筋混凝土混合结构的特点，概述了目前国内外钢-混凝土混合结构的研究进展，预计将在今后的高层建筑中广泛地应用。     

地球低纬区边缘大气密度的预测

基于NRLMSISE-00大气模型讨论日地空间环境对地球低纬度地区边缘大气密度的影响,提出预测地球低纬地区边缘大气日平均密度的简化模型法和经验法。简化模型法利用地磁活动和太阳活动的11年准周期特性,通过预测地磁活动和太阳活动的变化规律以预测地球边缘大气密度。经验法则直接利用第23个太阳活动周期的日平均密度变化曲线经过傅里叶变换处理得到日平均密度变化规律曲线,然后将曲线拟合得到不同高度下的密度昼夜波动规律,再利用预测得到的日平均密度即可计算出具体当地时间对应的密度情况。误差分析说明经验预测法比简化模型法精度更高。两种方法均具有较高的精度并且使用方便,可用于地球边缘大气密度的工程化预测计算。     

The role of the united nations in promoting international cooperation in peaceful uses of outer space

The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) was established in 1959 by the United Nations General Assembly in order to review and foster international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space and to consider legal issues arising from the exploration of outer space. Since its establishment, the Committee has addressed such issues as benefits from space activities, the definition and delimitation of outer space and the use of the geostationary orbit, implications of remote sensing, space sciences, space-based communications, navigation and meteorological systems, as well as use of nuclear power sources in outer space, space debris and spin-off benefits of space technology. At its session in 1996, a symposium on the ‘Utilization of micro- and small satellites for the expansion of low-cost space activities, taking into particular account the needs of developing countries’ was organized by COSPAR and IAF to complement discussions on this theme. It was noted at the symposium that the increasing number of small satellites, in particular the proposed introduction of multi-satellite ‘constellations’ at low orbits, would result in concentrations of satellite mass at certain regions of space around the Earth. Special provisions would be needed to minimize the probability of satellite breakups and collisions which might create more space debris and compromise the future of spaceflight.     

Intelligent fault-tolerant control for swing-arm system in the space-borne spectrograph

Fault-tolerant control (FTC) for the space-borne equipments is very important in the engineering design. This paper presents a two-layer intelligent FTC approach to handle the speed stability problem in the swing-arm system suffering from various faults in space. This approach provides the reliable FTC at the performance level, and improves the control flow error detection capability at the code level. The faults degrading the system performance are detected by the performance-based fault detection mechanism. The detected faults are categorized as the anticipated faults and unanticipated faults by the fault bank. Neural network is used as an on-line estimator to approximate the unanticipated faults. The compensation control and intelligent integral sliding mode control are employed to accommodate two types of faults at the performance level, respectively. To guarantee the reliability of the FTC at the code level, the key parts of the program codes are modified by control flow checking by software signatures (CFCSS) to detect the control flow errors caused by the single event upset. Meanwhile, some of the undetected control flow errors can be detected by the FTC at the performance level. The FTC for the anticipated fault and unanticipated fault are verified in Synopsys Saber, and the detection of control flow error is tested in the DSP controller. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the novel FTC approach.     

灵巧噪声在SAR中的干扰应用研究

针对合成孔径雷达（SAR）难干扰的特点提出了灵巧噪声干扰,并分析了灵巧噪声对SAR进行干扰所具有的特点和优势。最后介绍了利用数字射频存储器（DRFM）实现灵巧噪声干扰的方法。     

膨胀循环发动机推力室传热优化

针对膨胀循环发动机推力室身部燃气侧的内壁增强换热结构和冷却剂侧的冷却通道结构这两个影响推力室身部换热最关键的结构分别进行多种结构下的数值模拟对比。通过分析各结构的模拟结果,得到了能够合理提高推力室身部换热能力的内壁加肋结构和圆柱段冷却通道深宽比的结构特征。     

A forward plan for space in the UK

Below we present edited extracts from a Forward Plan recently prepared by the UK government which sets out aims and actions for the UK civil space programme. These have been developed during a process of consultation involving British National Space Centre (BNSC) partners, industry and academia which started with a forum held at Surrey University in September 1995, and culminated in the discussion of a draft Plan at the Second UK Space Policy Forum in June 1996. Crowm copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO.     

英汉对比的微观与宏观研究

文章首先简要总结了国内外英汉对比微观研究的现状，指出了理论研究主要在语言结构的普遍性方面，而目前最迫切的是要进行大量实用方面的研究，其重点在于两种语言的相异之处，包括同中有异和一方有一方无，同时又提出了对比中宏观研究的问题及宏观研究的两种重要方法－结合语言的社会功能和语言心理进行对比研究的方法，这就扩大了对比研究的领域，把英汉对比研究推进了一步。     

The possible use of a metal-gas MHD energy converter in space

An MHD converter using a mixture of metal in liquid and a metallic vapor should prove very efficient due to its high conductivity, and should function at relatively low temperatures. An experimental apparatus is being tested at the Grenoble Institute.