初始轨道高度对气动力辅助异面变轨的影响

气动力辅助变轨技术可以有效利用大气资源,借助气动力作用减少推进剂消耗,有可能成为未来有大气行星进入/再入飞行的重要手段之一。文章针对改变轨道平面的变轨过程,进行气动力辅助异面变轨分析,探讨了初始轨道高度对气动力辅助异面变轨性能的影响。计算气动力辅助变轨特征速度,并与冲量变轨所需消耗能量进行比较。研究结果表明:气动力辅助异面变轨推进剂消耗量与升阻比呈非线性变化,当升阻比大于某一数值时,气动力辅助异面变轨在一定初始轨道高度区间内能够节省推进剂。文章的研究成果可为有翼再入航天器的研制提供依据,为气动力辅助变轨的工程应用提供技术参考。     

横程动态约束的预测-校正再入制导方法

针对大升阻比飞行器再入滑翔制导问题，基于预测-校正制导法，提出一种横程动态约束的侧向制导策略。利用再入过程中横程与剩余航程的近似线性关系，设计边界约束动态变化的横程走廊控制倾侧角反转。对大气密度和飞行器气动参数扰动引起的预测模型不确定性进行在线参数估计。以CAV-L高超声速飞行器为研究对象，进行再入制导仿真。结果表明，对不同航程的再入任务该制导法均能精确引导飞行器飞向目标，侧向制导倾侧角反转时机分布合理，反转次数少。Monte Carlo仿真校验了横程动态约束制导法对再入状态误差和过程扰动具有良好的自适应性和鲁棒性。     

飞行器制导方式研究和仿真实现

在拦截问题中，拦截器经初、中制导阶段，进入末制导阶段。主要研究末制导段两种方式的制导律，即滑动模态制导律和趋近零控拦截曲面的制导律。应用Matlab与STK软件对使用上述两种制导律的航天器的追踪问题进行了联合仿真，给出了可视化的结果。仿真结果显示出，这两种制导律都能满足制导精度要求。     

航天器跳跃式返回的再入动力学特性仿真

深空高速再入返回是航天返回技术面临的新问题。研究采用跳跃式返回方式解决高速再入产生的高过载、高热流峰值问题。建立了完整的航天器再入大气层飞行动力学模型;依据航天器跳跃式返回飞行剖面和返回飞行的运动特性,将再入大气过程划分为初始再入段、初次再入下降段、初次再入上升段、大气层外飞行段和二次再入段,详细研究了各飞行段航天器的动力学特性,简要分析了各阶段的制导任务。通过分析仿真结果,初步摸清了航天器深空飞行跳跃式再入动力学特性。     

航天器再入制导方法综述

航天器再入制导方法国内外已有不少的学者进行了研究。本文对国内学者这方面的工作作一综述。目前国内研究的大多为有标准轨道的再入制导方法，且从最优原理出发对再入标准轨道进行了优化。对纵向再入制导规律也找出了最佳增益系数。侧向制导采用漏斗型开关曲线其效果良好。预测制导方法也开始了研究工作。     

《航天控制》选题大纲

一、现代控制理论在航天器系统中的应用二、制导、导航和控制技术1.导弹、运载器制导、导航和控制一体化设计2.全程复合制导研究(包括星光、GPS、末制导等) 3.大型捆绑式运载火箭姿态控制系统研究4.系统精度分析5.飞船的制导、导航和控制系统6.航天器控制系统的模块化设计7.航天器的交会对接、变轨、返回技术的研究8.航天器的自主导航技术     

卫星快速绕飞轨迹设计与制导

快速绕飞在航天器近距离观测、空间目标识别与侦察、在轨服务与应急情况处理活动中具有重要应用。首先建立了适用于目标航天器运行在圆轨道或椭圆轨道的相对运动状态转移矩阵;然后,推导了采用多脉冲控制方法实现与目标航天器共面和异面快速绕飞、进入绕飞和退出绕飞的轨迹设计与制导的模型和算法;最后,分析了绕飞过程速度脉冲需求与绕飞参数的关系。仿真计算结果表明所提出的快速绕飞轨迹设计模型和制导算法可以用于对圆轨道或椭圆轨道目标航天器的共面或异面快速绕飞。     

火星大气进入段轨迹优化与制导技术研究进展

首先根据国际上实施的火星探测任务及未来火星着陆探测的发展需求，阐述火星大气进入段轨迹优化与制导的重要性。结合火星着陆环境和探测器的气动特性等，归纳出火星大气进入段轨迹优化与制导面临的挑战。在此基础上，结合未来火星着陆任务的安全精确着陆目标，梳理火星大气进入段轨迹优化与制导所需解决的关键技术，分析目前火星进入段轨迹优化与制导技术研究进展及发展趋势。最后，对未来火星精确着陆所需的进入段轨迹优化与制导技术发展方向进行了展望。     

非合作目标自主交会对接的椭圆蔓叶线势函数制导

针对非合作式航天器自主交会对接任务的安全性要求,提出了一种基于椭圆蔓叶线的人工势函数制导方法。首先根据视线坐标系建立了相对动力学方程与状态方程。进而应用人工势函数制导方法解决了非合作目标航天器自主交会对接与静态障碍物躲避问题,并且把势函数方法与椭圆蔓叶线函数相结合,解决了追踪航天器在接近目标航天器时运行在安全走廊中的安全性要求。应用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了在所提出的制导方法控制下系统的稳定性。最后,用精确的数学模型进行了计算机数值仿真,验证了所提出的制导控制方法的正确性和有效性。
     

椭圆轨道交会、悬停与绕飞的全状态反馈控制

面向大椭圆轨道航天器交会对接、编队伴飞以及在轨操控等空间应用的需求,对大椭圆轨道上航天器间的相对运动进行了分析与建模,采用幂级数法分别在脉冲推力和常值推力作用两种情况下对系统进行了近似求解。通过对系统解的变换以及对系统状态的重构,给出了大椭圆轨道上的三种交会制导律。脉冲推力作用假设下的脉冲制导类似近圆轨道的Hill制导方法。常值推力作用假设下的全状态反馈制导律则在交会制导、相对悬停和循迹绕飞控制的过程中实现了对相对位置和相对速度的同步控制。通过构造新的系统状态,改进的变系数全状态反馈制导律提高了相对速度的制导精度,降低了相对制导过程中的最大轨控加速度。三种制导律的制导效果通过数学仿真进行了校验和比较,文中给出的方法实现了椭圆轨道上相对交会制导、悬停保持和循迹绕飞控制。     

典型再入返回器气动特性对比与改进研究

返回器气动特性研究对宇宙飞船的研制起着先导和制约作用。文章对Apollo、CEV和类Soyuz这3种典型的轴对称钝头体再入返回器气动布局进行了气动特性的对比分析,发现与Apollo、CEV相比,类Soyuz外形的升阻比偏小,无法满足以第二宇宙速度载人空间再入返回的要求。在此基础上研究了几何参数（包括倒锥角和球冠半径）变化对类Soyuz外形返回器气动性能的影响规律,从中得到类Soyuz外形的改进方向,提出了一种以类Soyuz外形为基础的改进设计外形,并对该外形的升阻特性、稳定性和配平特性等相关气动特性进行了分析。研究表明通过对几何外形参数的调整优化来提高类Soyuz外形的升阻比,从而达到以第二宇宙速度再入返回的升阻比要求,这样的技术途径是可行的。     

Guidance of a spacecraft with low lift-to-drag ratio to a landing point

The problem of terminal control over a deorbiting spacecraft at the stage of its flight after leaving plasma (altitude of ∼40 km) is considered, the aim being to guide it to a preset landing point. The algorithm is based on a modification of the well-known method of proportional navigation, when a fixed point is the target. It is suggested to use satellite navigation systems (of the GLONASS or GPS types) and/or radio beacons, which should allow one to determine the spacecraft trajectory parameters with high precision. Single-channel control is performed by changing the roll angle according to current parameters of the trajectory, which ensures adaptability of the method. Examples of three-dimensional trajectories of flight are presented for a manned spacecraft with low lift-to-drag ratio (∼0.5), currently under design in Russia. The results of statistical modeling taking into account initial deviations of the trajectory parameters and wind disturbances are presented. A method of statistical choice of a reference trajectory for the guidance stage is suggested. A theoretical possibility of using the algorithm of spacecraft guidance (in case of in-light accident with a carrier launcher) to preset regions in the vicinity of launching route is demonstrated. A qualitative analysis of proportional navigation with a fixed target is presented.     

Predictive guidance algorithms for maximal downrange maneuvrability with application to low-lift re-entry

The paper concerns the general problem of a bounded final state control of non-linear dynamic systems with reference to near-optimal predictive guidance for low lift-to-drag ratio re-entry vehicles. More specifically, it addresses deriving guidance strategies capable to provide a maximal downrange maneuvrability for a maximal remaining flight time. Such robust, “guaranteed”, or assured, guidance keeps the remaining range-to-go to be coincident with the center of instant attainability domain. The paper discusses the existing guaranteed guidance strategy, and presents more general approach that provides an on-board planning of the entry trajectory, thus giving future state and control profiles. As a consequence the proposed guidance law is able to satisfy not only specified terminal conditions but also typical inequality constraints such as the maximal load factor and heat load. Computer simulations show that the algorithm can generate the feasible trajectories with equal downrange margins, using simple two-parametric families of control functions.     

Optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment

This paper deals with the determination of optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE). The intent of this experiment is to simulate a GEO-to-LEO transfer, where GEO denotes a geosynchronous Earth orbit and LEO denotes a low Earth orbit. Specifically, the AFE spacecraft is released from the Space Shuttle and is accelerated by means of a solid rocket motor toward Earth, so as to achieve atmospheric entry conditions identical with those of a spacecraft returning from GEO. During the atmospheric pass, the angle of attack is kept constant, and the angle of bank is controlled in such a way that the following conditions are satisfied: (a) the atmospheric velocity depletion is such that, after exiting, the AFE spacecraft first ascends to a specified apogee and then descends to a specified perigee; and (b) the exit orbital plane is identical with the entry orbital plane. The final maneuver, not analyzed here, includes the rendezvous with and the capture by the Space Shuttle. In this paper, the trajectories of an AFE spacecraft are analyzed in a 3D space, employing the full system of 6 ODEs describing the atmospheric pass. The atmospheric entry conditions are given, and the atmospheric exit conditions are adjusted in such a way that requirements (a) and (b) are met, while simultaneously minimizing the total characteristic velocity, hence the propellant consumption required for orbital transfer. Two possible transfers are considered: indirect ascent (IA) to a 178 NM perigee via a 197 NM apogee; and direct ascent (DA) to a 178 NM apogee. For both transfers, two cases are investigated: (i) the bank angle is continuously variable; and (ii) the trajectory is divided into segments along which the bank angle is constant. For case (ii), the following subcases are studied; 2, 3, 4 and 5 segments; because the time duration of each segment is optimized, the above subcases involve 4, 6, 8 and 10 parameters, respectively. It is shown that the optimal trajectories of cases (i) and (ii) coalesce into a single trajectory: a two-subarc trajectory, with the bank angle constant in each subarc (bang-bang control). Specifically, the bank angle is near 180° in the atmospheric entry phase (positive lift projection phase) and is near 0° in the atmospheric exit phase (negative lift projection phase). It is also shown that, during the atmospheric pass, the peak values of the changes of the orbital inclination and the longitude of the ascending node are nearly zero; hence, the peak value of the wedge angle (angle between the instantaneous orbital plane and the initial orbital plane) is nearly zero. This means that the motion of the spacecraft is nearly planar in an inertial space.     

带配平翼月球返回舱跳跃再入轨迹优化设计

为解决小升阻比月球返回舱再入大气层时安全性低、机动能力差的问题,提出采用一种带配平翼的中等升阻比返回舱做为月球采样返回舱,并对动压约束下轨迹优化问题进行了分析。首先介绍了一阶状态变量约束最优控制问题。然后采用庞德里亚金极大值原理以总吸热量最小为优化目标,对动压约束下再入轨道的初始再入段进行了优化设计,给出了升力系数的最优表达式。仿真研究表明,该方法能有效地降低返回舱再入过程中的动压。
     

Features of rotational motion of a spacecraft descending in the Martian atmosphere

Angular motion at atmospheric entry is studied in the paper for a spacecraft with a bi-harmonic moment characteristic. Special attention is given to the case when the spacecraft possesses two stable balanced positions, and, hence, it can oscillate in dense atmospheric layers in the ranges of small or large angles of attack. The averaged equations of spacecraft motion are derived, which allow one to increase the speed of calculations by several orders of magnitude. A real example is presented, which concerns a spacecraft specially designed for descending in the Martian atmosphere.     

Problems of control of a re-entry vehicle with a moderate lift-to-drag ratio during its entry into the atmosphere

We consider the problems of control of the angular and trajectory motion of the Kliper re-entry vehicle. This spacecraft with a moderate hypersonic lift-to-drag ratio is designed according to the load-carrying frame scheme. Gas-dynamic engines, a split balancing flap, and an air brake are used as mounting devices of control.     

General solution for the optimal trajectory of an AFE-type spacecraft

The aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE) refers to an experimental spacecraft to be launched and then recovered by the Space Shuttle. It simulates a transfer from a geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) to a low Earth orbit (LEO). In this paper, with reference to an AFE-type spacecraft, an actual GEO-to-LEO transfer is considered under the following assumptions: the GEO and LEO orbital planes are identical; both the initial and final orbits are circular; the initial phase angle is given, while the final phase angle is free. The aeroassisted orbital transfer trajectory involves three branches: a preatmospheric branch, GEO-to-entry; an atmospheric branch, entry-to-exit; a post-atmospheric branch, exit-to-LEO. The optimal trajectory is determined by minimizing the total characteristic velocity. The optimization is performed with respect to the velocity impulses at GEO, LEO, and the time history of the angle of bank during the atmospheric pass. It is assumed that the entry path inclination is free and that the angle of attack is constant, = 17.0 deg. The sequential gradient-restoration algorithm is used to compute the optimal trajectory and it is shown that the best atmospheric pass is to be performed with constant angle of bank. The resulting optimal trajectory constitutes an ideal nominal trajectory for the generation of guidance trajectories for two reasons: the fact that the low value of the characteristic velocity is accompanied by relatively low values of the peak heating rate and the peak dynamic pressure; and the simplicity of the control distribution, requiring constant angle of bank.